英語(yǔ)句子成分分析及基本句型

1、句子成分句子成分定義定義 ：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有分。句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次要成分次要成分；主要成分主要成分：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)次要成分次要成分：表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、：表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主語(yǔ)語(yǔ)謂謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)定定語(yǔ)語(yǔ)賓賓語(yǔ)語(yǔ)同同位位語(yǔ)語(yǔ)狀狀語(yǔ)語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)（subject）句子說(shuō)明的人或事物句子說(shuō)明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went

2、out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. （名詞）（名詞） （代詞）（代詞） （數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（不定式） （動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞） （名詞化的形容詞（名詞化的形容詞） （句子）（句子）找出句中主語(yǔ)找出句中主語(yǔ)The sun rises in the east. Twenty years is a short time in histo

3、ry. The poor are now living in the shelter. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. He likes dancing. What he needs is a book.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名詞）（名詞） （代詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞） （不定式）（不定式） （句子）（句子）(名詞化的形容詞）名詞化的形容詞）（It形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句是真正主語(yǔ)）形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句是真正主語(yǔ)）謂

4、語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征 簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ):由由動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞或或動(dòng)詞詞組動(dòng)詞詞組組成組成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)復(fù)合謂語(yǔ) 由由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞; He can speak English well. She doesnt seem to like dancing Show your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I w

5、ant two. They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名詞（名詞 ）( 代詞）代詞）(數(shù)詞數(shù)詞)(名詞化的形容詞名詞化的形容詞)(三三)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)（不定式）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞）（句子）（句子） 賓語(yǔ)分為賓語(yǔ)分為直接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)和和間接賓語(yǔ)間接賓語(yǔ).直接賓語(yǔ)指直接賓語(yǔ)指物或事物或事,間接賓語(yǔ)指人或動(dòng)物

6、間接賓語(yǔ)指人或動(dòng)物. He gave me some books.間接間接賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)直接直接賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.（四）表語(yǔ)（四）表語(yǔ)在在系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞后的部分就是表語(yǔ)后的部分就是表語(yǔ)The war was over.They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.Im not quite myself today.That remains a puzzle.1. I dont feel at ease. （五）定語(yǔ)（五）定語(yǔ)修飾或限制名詞或代詞的

7、詞、詞組或從句修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或從句 He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel work. There are 54students in our class. Do you known bettys sister? He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good.(形容詞形容詞)(名詞名詞)(數(shù)詞數(shù)詞)(名詞的所有格名詞的所有格)(動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞)(現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞)(過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞)定語(yǔ)后

8、置：定語(yǔ)后置：如果定語(yǔ)是由如果定語(yǔ)是由一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞表示時(shí)，通常要前置。表示時(shí)，通常要前置。而由而由一個(gè)詞組或一個(gè)句子一個(gè)詞組或一個(gè)句子表示時(shí)，通常則后置表示時(shí)，通常則后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now? （六）狀語(yǔ)（六）狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)的功用：狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、狀語(yǔ)的功用：狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、

9、方式和伴隨狀況等。結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。 I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train. I waited to see you. He often went to school by bus. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. Please call me if it is necessary

10、. This book is very interesting. He went to school in spite of his illness. I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them. （六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有些有些及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞除了有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓除了有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的身份和狀態(tài)以補(bǔ)充其意義不足，語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的身份和狀態(tài)以補(bǔ)充其意義不足，使句子的意義完整。這類(lèi)常用的及物動(dòng)詞有

11、使句子的意義完整。這類(lèi)常用的及物動(dòng)詞有 ：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let. She asked me to lend her a hand.同位語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ) 位于名詞或代詞后面，說(shuō)明它們的性質(zhì)和情況位于名詞或代詞后面，說(shuō)明它們的性質(zhì)和情況 We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.He is the oldest among them four.He told me the news that our team won

12、 the game.名詞名詞代詞代詞數(shù)詞數(shù)詞從句從句Exercises:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)1）You are a student.2）He felt happy today.3）What you said made me happy.4）Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?5）After he finished his homework, he went away.6）He likes pop music.7）The sound sounds strange.8）The food tastes good.9

13、）He gave me a book yesterday. 10）We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. 系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞（be動(dòng)詞）動(dòng)詞） 例如：例如： He is a teacher. （is與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份。）與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份。） 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand 例如：例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。他開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。3）表像系動(dòng)詞表像系動(dòng)詞 seem, ap

14、pear, look, 例如：例如： He looks tired. 他看起來(lái)很累。他看起來(lái)很累。 4）感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞 feel, smell, sound, taste 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。這種布手感很軟。注意：系動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)注意：系動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài). .5）變化系動(dòng)詞變化系動(dòng)詞 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。自那之后，他瘋了。6）終止系動(dòng)詞終止系動(dòng)詞 p

15、rove, turn out, 表達(dá)表達(dá)“證實(shí)證實(shí)”，“變成變成”之意之意例如：例如： The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。這謠言證實(shí)有假。 英語(yǔ)句子有長(zhǎng)在短，有簡(jiǎn)有繁，從現(xiàn)象看，似乎千英語(yǔ)句子有長(zhǎng)在短，有簡(jiǎn)有繁，從現(xiàn)象看，似乎千變?nèi)f化，難以捉摸，但從實(shí)質(zhì)看，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系變?nèi)f化，難以捉摸，但從實(shí)質(zhì)看，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，找出其共同規(guī)律。英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五，找出其共同規(guī)律。英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)?；揪湫?，是掌

16、握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語(yǔ)五種基本句型列式如下：英語(yǔ)五種基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一：基本句型一： + （主謂）（主謂） 基本句型二：基本句型二： + + （主系表）（主系表） 基本句型三：基本句型三： + + （主謂賓）（主謂賓） 基本句型四：基本句型四： + +IO +（主謂間賓直賓）（主謂間賓直賓） 基本句型五：基本句型五： + + +（主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）（主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）基本句型基本句型 一一 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。完整的意思。 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞

17、短語(yǔ)、狀后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等。語(yǔ)從句等。 （不及物動(dòng)詞）（不及物動(dòng)詞）1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He10.Theyflies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink.laughed? woke. talked for half an hour.walked yesterday is playinghave gone基本句型 二 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語(yǔ)此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加

18、上一個(gè)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，才能表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類(lèi)：詞分兩類(lèi)：be, look, feel,smell,taste,soundbe, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等屬一類(lèi)，表示情況；等屬一類(lèi)，表示情況；get, grow, become, get, grow, become, turn,goturn,go等屬另一類(lèi)，表示變化。等屬另一類(lèi)，表示變化。be be 本身沒(méi)有什本身沒(méi)有什么意義么意義,

19、,只起連系主語(yǔ)和表的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞只起連系主語(yǔ)和表的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義另仍保持其部分詞義另:stay,prove,remain,stand:stay,prove,remain,stand（是系動(dòng)詞（是系動(dòng)詞）(表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ))1. This 2. The dinner3. He 4. Everything5. He 6. The book 7. The weather 8. His face is smells(聞聞)fell looks is is becameturned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall an

20、d strong. interesting.warmer. red. 基本句型基本句型 三三 此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫者，才能使意思完整。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。做及物動(dòng)詞。（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）(賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 4. He knows laugh at underst

21、ands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good morning. 基本句型基本句型 四四 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整的意動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，思。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。 通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來(lái)連通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來(lái)連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者之前時(shí)，這一介詞往往被省略。受者之前時(shí)，這一介詞往往被省略。（及（及物）物）（多（多指人）指人）（多指物）（多指物）1. She2. She 3. He 8. He 5. I 6. I 7. I 4. He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress. a delicious meal