技能培訓(xùn)-機(jī)械防護(hù)

1、Any machine part, function, or process which may cause injury must be safeguarded 任何機(jī)器的部件、功能或者操作流程中有導(dǎo)致傷害的都需要護(hù)罩任何機(jī)器的部件、功能或者操作流程中有導(dǎo)致傷害的都需要護(hù)罩Hazards must be controlled or eliminated to prevent accidental contact 危害必須被控制或消滅以防止意外接觸危害必須被控制或消滅以防止意外接觸Accidents of this type are needless and preventable 這種類型的

2、意外時(shí)不必要的和可預(yù)防的這種類型的意外時(shí)不必要的和可預(yù)防的What is machine guard?何謂機(jī)械安全防護(hù)? Any machine guarding or devices, like belt protective cover machine rotating and moving parts guard fan blade cover machine fence photoelectric sensor switch, light curtain two hand control cover on rotating work piece interlocks tailgate

3、special jig aid pull back and Restraint, which prevent the injury caused by accessing the moving parts.凡是機(jī)臺(tái)之皮帶防護(hù)蓋 機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)和移動(dòng)件護(hù)罩 風(fēng)扇葉片罩 機(jī)器護(hù)欄 光電感應(yīng)開關(guān),光柵 雙手啟動(dòng)開關(guān) 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)工件防護(hù)蓋 互鎖裝置 各式檔板 特殊夾治具 輔助工具 回拉和抑制等設(shè)施 目的在於防止機(jī)械 對(duì)人員造成任何形式的傷害Machines consist of three fundamental areas機(jī)器的三個(gè)基本構(gòu)成面機(jī)器的三個(gè)基本構(gòu)成面 Point of Operation 運(yùn)作點(diǎn)運(yùn)作

4、點(diǎn) Power Transmission Device電輸送樞紐電輸送樞紐 Other Moving Parts其他活動(dòng)部件其他活動(dòng)部件Point of Operation - the place and/or point of actual contact between a machine and the material being processed運(yùn)作點(diǎn)運(yùn)作點(diǎn) - 機(jī)器和原材料接觸的區(qū)域或一個(gè)點(diǎn)機(jī)器和原材料接觸的區(qū)域或一個(gè)點(diǎn)Examples of these actions include cutting or shaping這些運(yùn)作點(diǎn)包括切削或成型這些運(yùn)作點(diǎn)包括切削或成型Nip P

5、oint Workers should not be able to reach into the point of operation. If it is possible to reach into this area then safeguards are needed. Safeguards can be electronic presence sensing controls or can be physical barriers. Physical barriers need to be attached with fasteners requiring tools for rem

6、oval or connected to approved interlocks. Openings in barriers need to meet the ANSI standards. These are based on the distance from the hazard。 Two hand controls, two hand trips and electronic presence sensing safeguards need to be set up by a qualified individual to assure they are located a safe

7、distance away from the point of operation. This requires “stop-time measurements” for installation of light curtains, lasers and two hand controls. Two hand trips are based on the cycle time of the machine. Some machinery cannot have point of operation guards and may be fitted with shields. A point

8、of operation guard prevents the worker from reaching into the point of operation, a shield does not prevent this action. On manual lathes, shields are used to provide some protection against contact with a rotating chuck and the point of operation. Power Transmission Transmits energy to the part of

9、the machine performing the work 電力傳送樞紐電力傳送樞紐 傳遞能量給機(jī)器供其工作的部件傳遞能量給機(jī)器供其工作的部件 Examples include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods and chains包括飛輪、滑輪、皮帶、連接桿和鏈條包括飛輪、滑輪、皮帶、連接桿和鏈條All of these must be covered with a substantial guard that is attached with fasteners that required tools for removal. Ope

10、nings in guard must meet the size versus distance requirement from moving parts. 所有的這些部件必須用堅(jiān)固的護(hù)罩固定好,只有用工具才能移除。護(hù)罩的開口須滿足移動(dòng)部件的開口尺寸及其對(duì)應(yīng)的安全距離要求。Guards need to fully enclose (all sides) of the power transmission. 對(duì)于電力傳動(dòng)樞紐的護(hù)罩必須是全方位的，遮蓋住所有暴露的部分。Other moving parts All parts of the machine which move while th

11、e machine is working其他移動(dòng)部件其他移動(dòng)部件 當(dāng)機(jī)器工作時(shí)，其他所有運(yùn)動(dòng)當(dāng)機(jī)器工作時(shí)，其他所有運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件的部件 rotating, reciprocating moving parts, feed mechanisms, and auxiliary parts of the machine旋轉(zhuǎn)、往返移動(dòng)部件、送料裝置和其他機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)、往返移動(dòng)部件、送料裝置和其他機(jī)器輔助部件器輔助部件 Guards- Prevent access to the danger areas, prevent broken parts or products fly out. 防止接觸危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域，防止破

12、裂的零部防止接觸危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域，防止破裂的零部件飛出來(lái)。件飛出來(lái)。 Devices-Control access to the Point of Operation. 控制進(jìn)入運(yùn)作點(diǎn)。控制進(jìn)入運(yùn)作點(diǎn)。Prevent contact - safeguard must prevent contact with any part of body, prevent broken parts or products fly out.預(yù)防接觸預(yù)防接觸 - 護(hù)罩須預(yù)防傳動(dòng)部件與人體接觸，防止破裂的零部件飛出來(lái)護(hù)罩須預(yù)防傳動(dòng)部件與人體接觸，防止破裂的零部件飛出來(lái)Secure - guards must be sec

13、ured to machine to prevent easy removal or tampering 護(hù)罩安全護(hù)罩安全 - 護(hù)罩須是安全的，確保護(hù)罩護(hù)罩須是安全的，確保護(hù)罩 不會(huì)很容易移除、被屏蔽或被損壞不會(huì)很容易移除、被屏蔽或被損壞Protect from falling objects - prevents objects from falling into moving parts預(yù)防其他物件掉入預(yù)防其他物件掉入 - 預(yù)防物件掉入移動(dòng)部件預(yù)防物件掉入移動(dòng)部件Creates no new hazard - guards should not have shear points or j

14、agged edges不創(chuàng)建新危害不創(chuàng)建新危害 - 護(hù)罩應(yīng)該沒有剪切點(diǎn)或者帶有毛刺的邊護(hù)罩應(yīng)該沒有剪切點(diǎn)或者帶有毛刺的邊Creates no interference - safeguard must not keep workers from performing job quickly and comfortably 不創(chuàng)建干擾不創(chuàng)建干擾 護(hù)罩必須不妨礙工人工作的速度和舒服性護(hù)罩必須不妨礙工人工作的速度和舒服性Allow workers should lubricate machines without removing guards 允許工人在沒有移除護(hù)罩的前提下，使機(jī)器運(yùn)行的更順滑些。

15、允許工人在沒有移除護(hù)罩的前提下，使機(jī)器運(yùn)行的更順滑些。Machine guard GuidelinePress Brakes/折彎?rùn)C(jī)Shears /剪床Lathes/ 車床Cold Headers/冷鐓機(jī)Milling and Drilling/ 銑床和鉆床Grinding Machines 磨床 - Surface Grinders 平面磨床Grinding Machine 砂輪機(jī) - Pedestal / Bench Grinder 立式/臺(tái)式砂輪機(jī)Metal Sawing Machines/金屬鋸床Screw Machines 螺絲機(jī)Spot Welding/ 點(diǎn)焊機(jī)Introducti

16、on/簡(jiǎn)介Machine Risk Assessment/機(jī)器風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估Region Specific Considerations/區(qū)域特定考量Machine Guidance Documents and Audit Templates/機(jī)器護(hù)罩文件與審核范本Using the Reference Guide/使用參考指南Machine Safeguarding Principles/機(jī)器護(hù)罩準(zhǔn)則Mechanical Power Presses 機(jī)械式?jīng)_床 - Part Revolution 部分回轉(zhuǎn)式Mech. Power Press機(jī)械式?jīng)_床 Full Revolution 整圈回轉(zhuǎn)式Hy

17、draulic Presses 液壓機(jī)Mechanical Power Presses 機(jī)械式?jīng)_床 - Part Revolution 部分回轉(zhuǎn)式A part revolution press uses an air clutch that permits the press to be stopped in any part of the cycle, unlike a full revolution clutch press that once the press is tripped, it must complete a full cycle. 部分回轉(zhuǎn)式?jīng)_床使用氣壓?jiǎn)?dòng)和停止離合器，

18、允許沖床在任何循環(huán)部分立即停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。與整圈回轉(zhuǎn)式?jīng)_床不同，沖床一旦觸發(fā)，它一定要完成一個(gè)完整的循環(huán)。Mech. Power Press機(jī)械式?jīng)_床 Full Revolution 整圈回轉(zhuǎn)式A full revolution press uses a type of clutch that, when tripped, cannot be disengaged until the crankshaft has completed a full-revolution and the press slide has completed the stroke. 整圈回轉(zhuǎn)式?jīng)_床使用離合器結(jié)構(gòu)，一旦觸發(fā)，

19、在曲柄整個(gè)行程中間以及滑塊完成整個(gè)行程之前，無(wú)法脫開（*沖次不能被干預(yù)而停止）GUARDS /護(hù)罩護(hù)罩Die enclosure 模具外殼Fixed 固定的Adjustable 可調(diào)的Interlocked (if press is equipped with a control system) 連鎖（如果沖床裝有控制系統(tǒng)）DEVICES Single Stroke Mode /設(shè)備設(shè)備- 單沖模式單沖模式Type A Gate (movable barrier) A型門 （可移動(dòng)屏障）Two-hand trip (usually not practical) 雙手啟動(dòng) （通常不具備適用性）P

20、ullbacks 手回拉裝置Restraints 手限制器Material feed in Options:Automatic feeds/自動(dòng)進(jìn)料Semi- Automatic Feeds such as/半自動(dòng)進(jìn)料，比如:Use sliding bolster, part loaded outside the Point of Operation. 使用滑枕，部分的加料動(dòng)作是在模具的外面進(jìn)行Pivoting jig /可旋轉(zhuǎn)夾具Rotating dial feeds or turntable / 旋轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)盤加料Use of fixtures 使用卡具Hand tools (less desi

21、rable) /手動(dòng)工具 （不太理想）Manual feeding such that parts can be positioned outside the point of operation /手工加料，員工可以在操作點(diǎn)外部加料This is extremely important with Full-Revolution clutch presses, as they have a nasty habit of repeat tripping. Never ever permit anyone to place their hands or other body parts in th

22、e point of operation! 需要重視的是， 由于整圈回轉(zhuǎn)式?jīng)_床會(huì)有連沖得現(xiàn)象。所以絕不允許任何手或者身體的部分進(jìn)入操作點(diǎn)。Hydraulic Presses 液壓機(jī)There are many varieties of hydraulic presses performing many different processes. These types of pressers are mechanically or hydraulically powered, or both (hydra-mechanical brakes combine both). Hydraulic pr

23、esses can normally be stopped at any point in their cycle and the force exerted by the dies can be varied. Operating speeds are normally slower than mechanical presses; however, because of the lower operating speeds they are not fully automated. Integral operator involvement is necessary, increasing

24、 the number of safety hazards and the need for applicable safeguarding. 有許多品種的液壓機(jī)執(zhí)行許多不同的操作流程.。這些壓力機(jī)有的是機(jī)械式或液壓動(dòng)力的，或者兩者都有（用液壓機(jī)械式制動(dòng)器連接）。液壓機(jī)通?？梢栽谄溥\(yùn)營(yíng)周期內(nèi)的任何點(diǎn)，施加到上模具的力可以各不相同。其操作速度通常比機(jī)械式壓力機(jī)慢。然而，由于其較慢的操作速度，往往這類機(jī)器沒有完全自動(dòng)化。員工的部分參與是必要的，這就增加了一些安全危害并且需要適當(dāng)?shù)姆雷o(hù)。Press Brakes/折彎?rùn)C(jī)A press brake, also known as a brake pres

25、s, is a machine tool for bending sheet and plate material, most commonly sheet metal. It forms predetermined bends by clamping the workpiece between a matching punch and die. 折彎?rùn)C(jī)，是用來(lái)彎曲片材和薄板的最常用的鈑金機(jī)床。 通過模具和與之匹配的沖頭夾緊工件來(lái)完成預(yù)先設(shè)定的型材彎曲。Example of Foot Treadle with GuardShears /剪床Mechanical power shears con

26、tain a ram for their shearing action. The ram moves a non-rotary blade at a constant rate past the edge of a fixed blade. Shears may be mechanically, hydraulically, hydra-mechanically, pneumatically, or manually powered and are used to perform numerous functions such as squaring, cropping, and cutti

27、ng to length. In the basic shear operation, stock is fed into the point of operation between two blades. A hold-down may then be activated that applies pressure to the stock to prevent movement. One complete cycle consists of a downward stroke of the top blade until it passes the lower fixed blade f

28、ollowed by an upward stroke to the starting position.機(jī)械電剪切機(jī)包含有一個(gè)帶動(dòng)剪切功能的沖柱。這個(gè)沖柱帶動(dòng)非旋轉(zhuǎn)的刀片，以恒定的速率相對(duì)另一個(gè)固定的刀片進(jìn)行往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。按剪切機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)辦法可以分為機(jī)械剪、液壓剪、機(jī)械和液壓相結(jié)合剪、氣動(dòng)剪、手動(dòng)供電剪。剪切機(jī)可以執(zhí)行許多功能，例如加工成方形、裁剪和切割長(zhǎng)度。在剪切的基本操作中，板料被送入兩個(gè)刀片之間的操作點(diǎn)。隨后，壓料裝置被激活，施加力到板料上以防止材料在剪切時(shí)移動(dòng)。一個(gè)完整的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)周期包括了上刀片往下運(yùn)動(dòng)直到低于固定的下刀片位置，再往上行程到回到起始位置。Install a properly

29、 applied fixed or adjustable point of operation guard at the in-feed of the shearing machine Install and arrange two-hand trips and controls so that the operator must use both hands to initiate the shear cycleLathes/ 車床A metal lathe is a precision turning machine that rotates a metal rod or irregula

30、r-shaped material while a tool cuts into the material at a preset position. The Lathe normally consists of a headstock and base that houses one or more spindles on which a work-holding device (chuck) can drive the stock and the cutting tools can remove metal, producing mainly cylindrical and conical

31、 shapes. 金屬切削機(jī)床是一種精密旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)器，刀具切削預(yù)先設(shè)定位置上的材料的金屬棒或者不規(guī)則形狀的材料。車床通常由主軸和床身，容納一個(gè)或多個(gè)主軸，主軸上的夾具（卡盤）可以驅(qū)動(dòng)刀具和工件可以切削金屬，主要是切削成圓柱形和圓錐形。For manual machines only:chuck guard and chip and coolant splash shields as required.卡盤防護(hù)罩，飛屑和切削液的護(hù)罩是必需的。For manual machines with automatic capabilityIn the manual mode: chuck guard and

32、 chip and coolant splash shields as required; in the automatic mode: interlocked guard of sufficient size to protect the operator when in operators position. 對(duì)于手動(dòng)模式：卡盤護(hù)罩和飛屑和切削液飛濺防護(hù)是必需的；對(duì)于自動(dòng)模式：有連鎖裝置及適當(dāng)大小的護(hù)罩對(duì)此區(qū)域操作的員工進(jìn)行保護(hù)Cold Headers/冷鐓機(jī)Cold headers and cold formers are mechanically-powered machines wh

33、ich perform many operations such as shearing, heading, upsetting, extruding, trimming, forming, cold working, or warm forming material by means of tools and dies. 冷鐓機(jī)和冷成型機(jī)是機(jī)械動(dòng)力機(jī)器，通過工具和模具執(zhí)行許多操作，如剪切、打尖、鐓粗、擠壓、切邊、成型、冷加工或熱成型。This type of equipment generally has the ram in a horizontal position. Included

34、are pointers and roll formers when they are mechanically an integral part of the basic machine. 這種類型的設(shè)備通常有臥式?jīng)_柱，包括指針和輥成形是機(jī)器的不可分割的基礎(chǔ)部分 Milling and Drilling/ 銑床和鉆床These machines utilize manually initiated steps to produce a part by moving a rotating cutter against a workpiece to remove metal and/or oth

35、er materials in the milling, drilling and boring operations. 這些機(jī)器采用手動(dòng)的步驟，通過移動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具來(lái)銑，鉆，鏜削去除工件上的金屬或者其他材料。Grinding Machines 磨床 - Surface Grinders 平面磨床Surface grinders are used for various grinding processes including truing flat metal stock, squaring material within tenths, sharpening cutting tools and

36、 for sharpening punch and die sets. 平面磨床用于各種磨削工藝，包括修正平坦的金屬、, 加工成方形產(chǎn)品，削尖刀具和銳化沖床和模具組。The abrasive product periphery shall not exceed 150 degrees. This exposure shall begin at a point not less than 15 degrees below the horizontal plane of the abrasive product spindle Grinding Machine 砂輪機(jī) - Pedestal / B

37、ench Grinder 立式/臺(tái)式砂輪機(jī)A bench or pedestal grinder is a machine used to drive an abrasive wheel(s). 臺(tái)式或者立式砂輪機(jī)是驅(qū)動(dòng)砂輪的機(jī)器Adjustable Tongue Guard1/4 Inch from Wheel (0.63cm)Adjustable Work Rest1/8 Inch from Wheel (0.3cm)Side GuardMetal Sawing Machines/金屬鋸床Metal sawing machines move a saw blade across a wor

38、k piece surface, causing a cutting action and relative feeding motion between blade and work piece, as metal is removed the work piece parted, slotted, or to change its shape. Sawing machines include band saws, circular saws and hacksaws. 金屬鋸床是通過在工件表面移動(dòng)鋸條，相關(guān)的工件和鋸條進(jìn)行相對(duì)進(jìn)給動(dòng)作，形成切割運(yùn)動(dòng)，如零部件分割成幾部分、開槽或者改變形狀。Band saw machines帶鋸機(jī)The machine shall be designed and guards or protective devices installed such that if the blade breaks or comes off the band wheels, any resulting hazard will be reduced to a tolerable level. 機(jī)器應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)和安裝防護(hù)裝置，以預(yù)防鋸片破裂或者從帶輪上脫落時(shí)造成的危害，危害結(jié)果要降到可接受的水平。Circular saw machines圓鋸機(jī)Means