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1、敦煌英文介紹DunhuangThenational,historicalcityofDunhuangisarenownedtouristcityfamousfortheMogaoCaves.ItissituatedinthecommonboundaryofGansuProvince,QinghaiProvinceandXinjiangProvince.Dunhuang,longagoreferredtoasShaZhou(beautifuldesertoasis),wasthehubofmiddleandeasternsilkroutesinancienttimes.Thecitylandma

2、rkisanattractivestatue,theideaofwhichcomesfromthemuralinMogaoCaves,ashrinetothecultureandartsofDunhuang.FromMt.Qilianinthesouth,Mt.Mazonginthenorthanddesertfromeasttowest,thelandformofDunhuangCityisadecliningbasin-plainfromwesttonortheast,highinthenorthandsouth,andlowinthemiddle.ThewesterncitiesofCh

3、ina,especiallythoseinthedesert,areknownfortheirsandstorms,sotouristsshouldprotectthemselveswithglasses,hatsandgauzekerchiefs,etc.Inancienttimes,DunhuangwasthecenteroftradebetweenChinaanditswesternneighbors.Atthattime,itwasthemostwesterlyfrontiermilitarygarrisoninChina.Withtheflourishingoftradealongt

4、heSilkRoad,DunhuangwaspromptedtobecomethemostopenareaininternationaltradeinChinesehistory.ItprovidedtheonlyaccesswestwardfortheChineseEmpireandeastwardforwesternnationalities.Today,asareminderofthishistoricalarea,weareleftwiththeMogaoCaves,YangguanPass,YumenguanPassandmanywonderfulChinesepoemsdepict

5、ingthetime.AlthoughwhatremainsofthetwoPassesarecrumblingwalls,onecanstillexperiencetheatmosphereofthattimewhilevisitinginperson.Today,Dunhuangisatypicaltouristcity,cleanandbeautiful.Becauseofitssplendidstonecaves,tourismhasbecomeanindispensableindustrytoDunhuangCity.Surroundingestablishmentsincludev

6、ariousclassesofhotelsandrestaurantsforyourchoosing.Aswell,tourismpersonnelareknowledgeableandwelltrainedthesedays.ForawesterncityinChina,ithasbecomemoreaccesibleforpeopletocomeandgoastheyplease.Transportationismuchmoreefficient,ensuringthatyourwonderfultriprunssmoothly.MaytoSeptemberisthebesttimetov

7、isit,sobesuretoplanyourtripduringthesemonths.IncludingDunhuangCityinyourtourisadecisionyouwontregret!DunhuangCity,anobviouspearlontheSilkRoad,opensherarmstowelcometouristsfromallovertheworld.ThefirstrecordedhistoryofDunhuang,avitalstationalongthelegendarySilkRoad,wasrelatedbyEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty

8、(206B.C.220).However,modernarchaeologicalfindingstracetheregionshistoryasfarbackastheXiaDynasty(21st16thcenturyB.C.).DuringtheShangandZhouDynastiesoverthenext1,400years,theareawasinhabitedbythreenomadictribestheQiang,WusunandYuezhi(Rouzhi).AttheendoftheQinDynasty(221B.C.206B.C.),theYuezhiconqueredth

9、eothertwotribesandoccupiedtheentireHexiCorridor.Thiscorridor(alsocalledGansuCorridor)wastheprimarysegmentoftheancientSilkRoad.Later,theHun(orXiongnu)armiesvanquishedtheYuezhiandestablisheddominancehereduringtheearlyHanDynasty.FromtheearlyseventhcenturyB.C.,Chinesekingdomsbuiltwallsalongtheirnorthern

10、frontierstodefendthemselvesagainstthewarlikeHuns.DuringtheHanDynasty,themostambitiousGreatWallprojecttodatewasbegunwithfoursystemsoffortificationspanningfromDunhuanginthewestallthewaytotheKoreanpeninsulaintheeast.Dunhuangsimportanceasamilitaryfortressledtoitsbecomingaprefecturein177B.C.concurrently,

11、constructionoftheYumenguanPassandYangguanPasstothewestofDunhuangopenedanewtraderoutebetweenthecentralplains(Hexi)andthestatesinXiYu(literallythewesternregions,referringtomostpartsofXinjiangandpartofcentralAsia)namelythenotedSilkRoad.Asmoreandmoreimmigrantsfromthecentralplainssettledhere,Dunhuanggrad

12、uallybecameaprosperousagriculturalbaseaswellasthekeymilitaryinstallationontheHansborderfrontier.Forthenextseveralcenturies,DunhuangservedasoneofChinasmostimportantmilitary,politicalandeconomiccenters.CommercialdevelopmentintheHanDynastywassoonaccompaniedbythegrowthofreligion.ThearrivalofConfucianism

13、initiallyandlaterTaoismandBuddhismwouldplayanimportantroleinDunhuangsdevelopment.Duringthisperiod,however,politicalturbulenceprevailedasfivedifferentregimesrulestheregion.AtthistimeBuddhismbegantogainastrongfootholdanditsearliestgrottoeswerebuiltinthenearbyMagaoCaves.Intheensuingyears,theSilkRoadflo

14、urishedasthepopularityofBuddhismincreased.MoreBuddhistwritingsandmusicwerebroughttoDunhuangwiththeencouragementoftheSui(561618)andTang(618907)Dynasties,moreandmorelocalpeoplebegantoembraceBuddhism.TheTangcontinueditsdominanceoftheregionfendingoffmilitaryattacksincludingadefeatoftheTufan(theancestors

15、ofTibetans).DunhuangandtheHexiCorridorwouldremainvitalmilitaryfortresses.Duringthistime,theart,ideasandculturesofothercivilizationssuchasGreece,India,andcentralandwesternAsiawereimportedintoDunhuang.EminentBuddhistmonkscontinuedtocomeheretocarryforwardtheirdharma.TheMagaoCaves,thegreatestexampleofBu

16、ddhistculturalsignificance,continuedtohousereligiousstatuaryandfrescoesinitsgrottoes.IntheSouthernSongDynasty(11271279),warfareintheregionbecamemorefrequentandcommercewasgraduallyshiftingfromlandtosearoutes.ThisresultedinDunhuanggraduallylosingitsnationalstatureastheeconomicgatewaytothewesternregions.DuringtheMingDynasty(13681644)nomadicMongoliantribesoccupiedtheregion.AftertheMongolianoccupation,Islamictribesconqueredtheregionin1516.Thiseventmarkedtheendofthecenturies-longpresenceofB

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