英語(yǔ)五段作文法

1、12 五段英語(yǔ)寫作是美國(guó)大學(xué)寫作課上普遍向?qū)W生推薦的一種寫作法。它的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)合理，段落層次分明，觀點(diǎn)闡述充分，語(yǔ)言變化生動(dòng)。特別適合于較高一級(jí)的250-350詞的論述文寫作。 五段作文，顧名思義，是由五個(gè)段落組成的文章，它的基本寫法是：Para.1 Introduction of Topic Thesis Statement Para.2 Topic Sentences Supporting SentencesPara.3 Topic Sentences Supporting Sentences3 第一段是引言部分。主要是引出文章要討論的主題，并在段尾寫出文章中心思想句(thesis s

2、tatement)，且盡可能點(diǎn)出各段的中心思想和文章發(fā)展的方法(the way to develop the essay)。 第二段到第四段是文章的正文部分，這一部分一般分為三段（三個(gè)方面）來(lái)闡述的一段的中心思想，每一段以段落主題句(topic sentence)開頭，它說(shuō)明thesis statement，本身又被本段Supporting Sentences所說(shuō)明。 第五段是結(jié)尾部分。主要是對(duì)文章進(jìn)行歸納和總結(jié)。Para.4 Topic Sentences Supporting SentencesPara.5 Conclusion Restatement of the Thesis4I. 解

3、釋結(jié)構(gòu)：解釋結(jié)構(gòu)： （1）解釋原因）解釋原因 解釋現(xiàn)象，分析原因、理由是英語(yǔ)寫作中常見的結(jié)構(gòu)。這種作文主要是對(duì)某種社會(huì)（自然）現(xiàn)象，問題的出現(xiàn)或原因、理由進(jìn)行解釋。五段作文模式中，它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下： Para.1 Introduction of Problem or Phenomenon Para.2 Thesis Statement Cause IPara.3 Cause II 5 可見這鐘結(jié)構(gòu)主要有兩大部分。第一部分也是引言段，即把要解釋的問題或現(xiàn)象描寫和表示出來(lái)；第二部分也就是正文段，解釋和分析問題出現(xiàn)的原因。Para.5 Conclusion Para.4 Cause III Task

4、 1: You are allowed 40 minutes to write an essay about 250 words on the following topic.Since 1980, divorce rate in China has increased rapidly as shown in the following graph.What are the causes for it?6 Percentage of People Who Got Divorced During the Years Between 1960 to 20005.00%4.00%3.00%2.00%

5、1.00%0.00% 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1.00%5.60%2.00%2.90%1.70%6.00%7Sample Answer: Divorce in China In recent years China has experienced a dramatic increase in the divorce rate. According to the chart given, during the last decade, the divorce rate in big cities has increased as much as it had in th

6、e entire previous thirty years. In 1960 there were only one divorced person for every 100 married people, and thirty years later the rate was 2.9 percent. But by 2000 the rate jumped to 5.8 percent.（第一段是通過對(duì)圖表的描寫把近十年來(lái)離婚率大幅上升的現(xiàn)象表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。） The upward trend in divorce reflects three important changes in our

7、 society.（這一句是文章的中心思想句，對(duì)造成離婚率上升總的概括，然后用three important changes交代了隨后的正文發(fā)展方向8The most significant one is the change in social attitude towards the divorced people.（主題句） In the past the act of divorce itself was considered a social stigma. Even if a couple had already lived separately, they dared not t

8、o seek divorce. Now that divorce has become socially acceptable, you wont be looked down upon just because you are a divorced person.（原因（原因1：人們對(duì)離婚觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變）：人們對(duì)離婚觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變） Second, the change in personal economic activities also facilitate divorce.（主題句）Millions of farmers floods into cities to seek jobs, an

9、d thousands of city dwellers go abroad for study or work. The unprecedented social mobility has placed severe strains on married couples, not only in terms of geographic separation, but also psychological change.（原因（原因2：民工潮和出國(guó)熱的社會(huì)流動(dòng)對(duì)家庭的壓力）：民工潮和出國(guó)熱的社會(huì)流動(dòng)對(duì)家庭的壓力）9 Finally, legal changes have greatly sim

10、plified divorce procedures. （主題句）In the past suing for a divorce was the most difficult thing ever imagined, you wouldnt succeed without years of efforts. Now the revised divorce law makes legal separation easy for most people to obtain. People, for example, are allowed to get divorce merely for lov

11、ers sake. Thus the last barrier to divorce is removed.（原因3：新的婚姻法簡(jiǎn)便了離婚手續(xù)） Whatever changes responsible for the rise in divorce rate, one thing is certain: there is a significant change in peoples traditional view of marriage and divorce.（最后是歸納性總結(jié)，對(duì)文章中心思想句加以重復(fù)）10 解釋性文章不僅是解釋某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)問題及其原因，例如：為什么離婚率高？為

12、什么青少年抽煙的越來(lái)越多？為什么成功者不總是最聰明者？也有解釋做個(gè)人事情的理由：比如為什么我要上網(wǎng)？為什么我要學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)等等。其結(jié)構(gòu)是一樣的，所不同的是往往以第一人稱著筆。Task 2:You are allowed 40 minutes to write an essay about 250 words on the following topic.Going abroad for studies costs a large sum of money. But even so it attracts many young people.Do you like to join them if y

13、ou have an opportunity? Why? Give your reasons.11Sample Answer: Going Abroad for Studies The other day I announced that I would go abroad for further studies right after my college education. My decision evoked the immediate objection of my family: Why? Why should I bought a huge sum of money for ov

14、erseas studies while I might receive the same education at home at relatively low cost? My answer is: in addition to knowledge, I can gain experiences that those who stay at home will never have.（用個(gè)人經(jīng)歷引出主題，繼而引出了文 章觀點(diǎn)：我出國(guó)讀書不只是為了知識(shí)，還有在國(guó)內(nèi)讀書體驗(yàn)不到 的經(jīng)歷。）12 First, experience is the opportunity for the real-

15、life use of foreign languages. （主題句）While a person can study a foreign language at home, the effect can never be compared with constant use of the language in academic and everyday life. There is no better opportunity to improve second-language skills than living in the country in which it is spoken

16、. Living in English-speaking countries such as America and Australia for several years, for example, my English will be as perfect as native speakers.（在國(guó)外自然接觸外語(yǔ)的經(jīng)歷，其能力的提高是在國(guó)內(nèi)不能比的。） 13 Second, living and studying abroad offers me a different perspective of the world. （主題句）On a university campus, fore

17、ign students are likely to encounter their counterparts fromdifferent countries and areas and are exposed to different ideas and values. This helps me to have a meaningful understanding of different societies and inevitably sees my own country in a new light.（在國(guó)外接觸不同國(guó)家的價(jià)值觀念，對(duì)了解自己國(guó)家，了解世界，開闊眼界很有幫助。）14

18、 Third, overseas experience, frustrating and painful as it may be, is helpful. （主題句）（主題句）A person going abroad for study often experiences much more difficulty-difficulty in adapting to a new culture and in dealing with all problems alone. Yet, the difficulty, coupled with the frustration brought on

19、 by culture shock, is a rewarding experience for ones future life and development of personality.（在國(guó)外遇到的挫折和獨(dú)立處理問題的經(jīng)歷對(duì)人生的成長(zhǎng)是一種寶貴的財(cái)富。）15 Although going abroad is expensive and perhaps painful, the payoff is worthwhile. For the benefit is not merely knowledge gained, but the experiences desirable in on

20、es personal life.（回到文章開頭：出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)所得到的不僅僅是知識(shí)，而且還有經(jīng)歷。） II. 分析結(jié)構(gòu)：分析結(jié)構(gòu)： 這類文章主要對(duì)某事物產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析。因此這種結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單。第一部分也即引言段引出要討論的問題或現(xiàn)象；第二部分的正文段則對(duì)這個(gè)問題或現(xiàn)象所產(chǎn)生的影響或后果進(jìn)行分析。其結(jié)構(gòu)模式如下： Para.1 Introduction of Problem or Phenomenon Thesis Statement16Task 3:You are allowed 40 minutes to write an essay about 250 words on the fol

21、lowing topic. While most people pursue success, either academic or professional, some believe that success is not always a good thing. What do you think of it? What kind of adverse effects it may producePara.3 Effect or Benefit IIPara.2 Effect or Benefit IPara.4 Effect or Benefit IIIPara.5 Conclusio

22、n Solution or Suggestion17Sample Answer: Wangan, a bright and most successful student in our class, scores high in all courses she takes. From primary school to college, she is an A student and awarded scholarships every year, but no one expects she has mentally collapsed recently simply because she

23、 failed to be selected in her department as the candidate for studying overseas. Wangans case is not rare, but reflects a common phenomenon which shows that success is not always a good thing.（通過描述故事引出觀點(diǎn)：成功并不一定好。）18 Success, especially the one that comes easily, is damaging. （主題句）The child who wins

24、the first prize in a painting contest with limited entries, the student who gets three As in his first year of primary school, the adult who distinguishes himself at a first job by accident may face probable disappointment and frustration when real challenges arise.（成功來(lái)之不易，往往在遇到真正挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)束手無(wú)策）19 Success

25、is also bad when its achieved at the cost of the total quality or an experience. （主題句）For example, successful students are often the ones who are so obsessed with grades that they never enjoy other activities on campus and in life. They never dare venture into new areas. And the lack of experiences

26、in different fields tends to contribute to frustration and failure when they handle problems beyond their fields.（以犧牲發(fā)展其他方面的能力而獲得單一方面的成功有害無(wú)益。） 20 Success can be destructive for it produces unbearable pressure.（主題句）To score high in learning, to pass college entrance examination, to defeat rivals in f

27、ierce competition, one has to work under extremely terrible pressure and drive himself too hard to a point where he sees a single examine as a matter of life and death. Hence come many tragedies.（為獲取成功而承受巨大壓力也會(huì)帶來(lái)害處。） It is time to rethink of our success. We may ask ourselves: Is it good for our soci

28、ety-for our parents, for our media - to place so much emphasis on success?（提出重新考慮對(duì)成功的價(jià)值觀，以問題結(jié)束，發(fā)人深思。） 21 III.比較結(jié)構(gòu)：比較結(jié)構(gòu)： 對(duì)比和比較型論說(shuō)文是英語(yǔ)考試作文中一種常見的命題方式。即要求對(duì)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的事物、事件、觀點(diǎn)作比較，通過它們之間相同或相異之處的比較，看出它們各自的特點(diǎn)或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。由于目的不同，寫法也不同。一種是純介紹性的，即通過比較或?qū)Ρ葋?lái)客觀地提供有關(guān)兩事物的信息，并不表明自己的看法和態(tài)度。 另一種是論述性的，即通過比較或?qū)Ρ葋?lái)表明對(duì)兩個(gè)事物的態(tài)度和看法。目前考試中的命

29、題作文都屬于這一種。22 （1）傾向性比較：）傾向性比較： 通過兩事物(A, B)之間的不同特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的比較，進(jìn)行比較深入的論述。它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下:Para.1 Introduction Thesis: Prefer A to BPara.2 Bs advantages and disadvantagesPara.3 As disadvantages and advantages Para.4 As advantagesPara.5 Conclusion23 第一段先引出要比較的兩個(gè)事物或事件。如能表明自己的傾向，也可在此段里表達(dá)。第二段至第四段主要通過對(duì)比和比較，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明或闡述自己的看法

30、。由于這種比較是有傾向的比較，因此對(duì)兩事物的特點(diǎn)及優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的敘述不能“一視同仁”，而要有區(qū)別。 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，對(duì)要否定的事物其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)要少寫、略寫，一筆帶過，在句子結(jié)構(gòu)里，把優(yōu)點(diǎn)置于從句位置。而其缺點(diǎn)要充分暴露，甚至不惜夸大。相反，對(duì)要肯定的事物其優(yōu)點(diǎn)應(yīng)多寫、詳寫，充分顯示，而對(duì)其缺點(diǎn)應(yīng)輕描淡寫，甚至不寫。這種有側(cè)重的敘述，較能保證觀點(diǎn)鮮明。24 在段落安排上，為體現(xiàn)這種主次輕重，可以這樣安排： 第二段要寫否定的事物，先肯定其優(yōu)點(diǎn)，然后指出其次致命的缺點(diǎn)。第三段要肯定的事物，先承認(rèn)有一定的缺點(diǎn)，后分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。第四段繼續(xù)寫肯定的事物，分析其他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Task 4: You are allowed 40

31、minutes to write an essay about 250 words on the following topic.There are two popular models of traveling. One is to join the package tour, another is to travel individually.Which one do you prefer? Give reasons to illustrate your choice.25Sample Answer: Models of Travelling With the increased stan

32、dard of living and the declining working weeks, more and more city-dwellers are taking their holidays in scenic spots and places of interest. Most of them like to join package tours as this mode of travel is said to be most convenient. But I prefer to travel individually for freedom.（引出兩種不同的旅游方式，并表明

33、傾向自助旅游，因?yàn)樽杂桑?It is true that joining a package tour can bring great convenience. You dont have to worry about room and board during the travel, nor about your transportation. The guide will take care of everything. What you do is to follow the guide and enjoy the scenery. But you lose26 your freedom

34、 for this. At the sight of his/her flag waving, you have to take yourself away from the scenes you are marveling at and follow the guide whose sole interest is to cover all spots according to his schedule, regardless of the weather of your health condition.（先肯定旅行社旅游的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，接著就分析其缺點(diǎn) Individual travel, ho

35、wever, gives you a great degree of freedom. （主題句）In climbing mountains, you can choose to drive up in cable cars, or take pleasure in the process of climbing. You can decide when to start your way, where to linger a little longer and which spot to be skipped over to save time for another spot. You c

36、an always adjust your plan.（然后轉(zhuǎn)到自助旅游點(diǎn)上，詳細(xì)闡述其優(yōu)點(diǎn)，如可以自由安排日程等）27 Travelling alone, you may encounter inconvenience such as getting accommodation for the night and a place for meals. But you can choose the hotel and restaurant to your liking, and avoid the embarrassment of being forced to share a table o

37、r a room with a stranger.（用一句話自助旅游有食宿困難，但在這一點(diǎn)上繼續(xù)分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)，如可以找自己喜歡的飯店和旅館） To have a holiday tour is to enjoy and relax yourself, and to relax thoroughly, freedom is of essence. If you lose the freedom of action, it is no longer a holiday in anything but name. For this reason I like traveling alone with

38、several friends.（歸納自助旅游的優(yōu)點(diǎn)）28（2）平衡性比較：）平衡性比較： 有些文章作者既不完全贊成一事物，也不完全贊成另一事物，因而在依次分析了這兩個(gè)事物的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)后，可作出平衡的結(jié)論。其基本模式是：Para.1 Introduction Thesis: Both A & B have advantages and disadvantagesPara.2 As advantagesPara.3 As disadvantagesPara.4 Bs advantages(and disadvantages)Para.5 Balanced Conclusion29 第一段引出

39、要比較的兩個(gè)基本點(diǎn)事物，然后表明看法，它們各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)；第二段寫A事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)；第三段寫A事物的缺點(diǎn)；第四段寫B(tài)事物的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)；第五段寫平衡的看法。Task 5:You are allowed 40 minutes to write an essay about 250 words on the following topic.Some emphasize book knowledge; others stress practical experience.Which one is more important? Give your reasons to illustrate your opinio

40、n.30Sample Answer: Knowledge or Experience Which is more important in life, knowledge from the books you read, or personal experience you gain in reality? The answer may vary from person to person. The young, educated may emphasize the former, and the old may stress the latter. But in my opinion, th

41、ey are of the same importance.（引出要比較的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并表明兩者都重要） Experience is priceless. How to become an efficient secretary? How to prepare for your first child to come into the world? There is so much experience we need in careers, in life and even in academic studies. It helps one deal with the problems wi

42、th ease and confidence. 31 Especially for students who grow up in the ivory tower, to get involved in practical activities and to accumulate experience of different kinds is more crucial.（首先強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的重要） Experience, however, is limited in terms of time and space. （主題句）For one thing, it is impossible for

43、anyone to experience all the events and meet all the famous people. For another, as the speed with which skills are obsolete and new problems crop up is unprecedented because of the fast development of society, experience is far less adequate. Depending too much on it only leads to narrow-mindedness

44、 and prejudice.（分析單靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)的缺點(diǎn)）32 One way to compensate for it is to read books, Books of various kinds can bring us almost unlimited additional experience. From books you can not only trace back to the wisdom of our antecedents, but keep up with the latest developments of science and technology. To be s

45、ure, its secondhand experience. But it is the ideal supplement to our limited experience. Few of us can travel around the world, or live long beyond one hundred years, but all of us live many lives by reading books.（接著指出書本知識(shí)的重要性） Both book knowledge and personal experience are essential. While exper

46、ience makes one more resourceful, book knowledge makes one more learned.（歸納總結(jié)，作出平衡性結(jié)論）33IV評(píng)論結(jié)構(gòu)：評(píng)論結(jié)構(gòu)： 評(píng)論某一事物、某一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或某一觀點(diǎn)（特別是有爭(zhēng)議性的），以發(fā)表自己的看法是一種常見的寫作題型。這種評(píng)論型的文章可以根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)采取不同的寫法：一種是對(duì)談?wù)摰氖挛锍挚隙?、贊成的態(tài)度；另一種是對(duì)談?wù)摰氖挛锍址穸?、反?duì)的態(tài)度；還有一種是對(duì)談?wù)摰氖挛锍制胶獾目捶?。贊成與反對(duì)型的寫法：贊成與反對(duì)型的寫法：Para. Introduction of the issue to be discussed T

47、hesis:Para.2 Its advantages （贊成）或（反對(duì)）Para.3 Its advantages（贊成） Its disadvantages（反對(duì)）34 第一段引出要討論的事物，可能的話在最后一句贊成或反對(duì)的態(tài)度。第二段不論是贊成型還是反對(duì)型都要先評(píng)論事物好的一面。第三段贊成型繼續(xù)評(píng)論事物好的一面，反對(duì)型開始評(píng)論事物壞的一面。第四段贊成型的談?wù)撌挛锏牧硪幻?，即不好的一面；反?duì)型繼續(xù)評(píng)論事物壞的一面。第五段是結(jié)論性的意見：贊成 / 反對(duì)。Para.4 Its advantages （贊成） Its disadvantages（反對(duì)）Para.5 Conclusion Bias

48、ed or Balanced35Task 6:You are allowed 40 minutes to write an essay about 250 words on the following topic.It is said that American students are incapable of simple addition and most Chinese students cant use the abacus（算盤）（算盤）.Do you think it is a bad thing? What is your attitude?36Sample Answer: O

49、ld Technologies In a recent issue of China Daily, I read a story about American high school students who cant do simple addition. It says that when the computerized cash register in a fast-food restaurant broke down, the girl who did a part-time job there had to stop work because she could not figure how much change is o