閱讀理解之“主旨大意”題解題指導(dǎo)

1、閱讀理解之“主旨大意”題解題指導(dǎo)主旨大意題是中考閱讀理解的主要題型之一，旨在考查考生對(duì)段落大意或者文章中心思想的把握和歸納能力。該題也是中考閱讀中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，這類題往往針對(duì)段落或短文的subject（主題）、mainidea（中心思想）、title（題目）或purpose（目的）來(lái)命題。因?yàn)樵~匯、句式、文化背景等原因，有相當(dāng)一部分同學(xué)對(duì)文章的理解會(huì)出現(xiàn)一定偏差，從而不能很好地解答這類題目。這類題的解題關(guān)鍵是采用快速閱讀法瀏覽全文，尋找文章的關(guān)鍵詞或中心句。關(guān)鍵詞即在文中頻繁出現(xiàn)的詞；中心句通常出現(xiàn)在文章的開(kāi)頭、結(jié)尾部分和各個(gè)段落的首尾。因?yàn)榭忌枰x完全文才能把握文章主旨，解答此類題時(shí)，不妨

2、把它作為最后一道來(lái)做。主旨大意題常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有下列幾種：1. Whatsthetopicofthearticle2. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout3. Whatsthemainideaofthepassage4. Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage5. Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthispassage6. Thewriterspurposeinwritingthisstoryis.7. Inthepassagetheauthorwantstotell.那么如何解這類題呢下面，結(jié)合今年中考試題以及多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，

3、提供一些基本的方法來(lái)幫助大家。一、設(shè)問(wèn)方式有哪些大意類：1. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout2. Themainideaofthepassageis.3. Thefirst/second/last.paragraphismainlyabout標(biāo)題類：1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage2.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe_3.Thebestheadlineforthispassagecouldbe目的型1.Theauthorsmainpurposeisto.2.Thepassageismeantto.3.T

4、hepurposeofthisarticleisto.二、高分攻略看過(guò)來(lái)！每篇文章都有它的寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)，如果我們能抓住文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，找到文章的主題句，就能輕而易舉地把握文章的中心大意，所以找準(zhǔn)主題句，對(duì)于獲取文章大意尤其重要。1.尋找主題句一般來(lái)說(shuō)，文章的主題句有以下幾種位置：(1) atthebeginning(2) attheend(3) atthebeginningandattheend(4)inthemiddleofthepassage(5)nocleartopicsentence2.排除干擾項(xiàng)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，干擾項(xiàng)有以下特點(diǎn)：(1) 主觀臆測(cè)，并非作者的觀(2) 范圍過(guò)大，過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)(3) 范圍過(guò)

5、小，以偏概全(4) 文中未提及，找不到出處三、考查類型及解題技巧有哪些1. 段落大意類【例1：內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特】Forjust$38,youcanhelponepersonsee;for$380,10peoplecansee;$1,300helpstrainadoctornewskills;andfor$13,000youcanprovideatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorswhocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagain.Yourlovecanhelpthemopentheireyestotheworld.Thelastpara

6、graphismainlyabout.A. howmuchatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorscostsB. whyORBISneedsyourhelptocontinuetheirworkC. whocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagainD. whatyoucandotohelpblindpeopleopentheireyes【解析】D。段落舉出幾個(gè)例子，說(shuō)明不同的金錢額度可以為盲人做到的事情。A和C選項(xiàng)分別是其中某一例子，不能概括全段。B選項(xiàng)的意思是ORBIS需要你的幫助，借此呼吁讀者，故B選項(xiàng)不正確?！窘忸}方法】提取關(guān)鍵

7、詞。關(guān)鍵詞是在文章或段落中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，甚至其它說(shuō)明內(nèi)容都為之服務(wù)的詞語(yǔ)。段落中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)有you,can,help(以及provide，在此表達(dá)意義相近)。找到關(guān)鍵詞，我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，該段落的每一句話都站在讀者“你”的角度，以“你能做某事來(lái)幫助盲人”為句子中心，呼吁讀者做出自己的貢獻(xiàn)。然后再綜合四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有D選項(xiàng)包含了全部三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。例2：山東煙臺(tái)卷】ThomasEdisonlituptheworldwithhisinventionoftheelectriclight.Withouthim,theworldmightstillbeinthedark.However,theelectricli

8、ghtwasnothisonlyinvention.Healsoinventedthemotionpicturecameraandover1,200otherthings.Abouteverytwoweekshecreatedsomethingnew.ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847.Heattendedschoolforonlythreemonths.Hismothertaughthimathome,butThomaswasmostlyself-educated.Hestartedexperimentingatayoungage.Whenhewas12yearsold,he

9、gothisfirstjob.Hebecameanewsboyonatrain.Hedidexperimentsonthetraininhissparetime.Unluckily,hisfirstworkexperiencedidnotendwell.Theyfiredhimwhenheaccidentallysetfiretothefloorofthetrain.ThenEdisonworkedforfiveyearsasatelegraphoperator,buthecontinuedtospendmuchofhistimeinexperimentinghisfirstpatentin1

10、868foravoterecorderrunbyelectricity.ThomasEdisonwastotallydeafinoneearandhardofhearingintheother,buthethoughtofhisdeafnessasablessinginmanyways.Itkeptconversationsshort,sothathecouldhavemoretimeforwork.Healwaysworked16outofevery24hours.Sometimeshiswifehadtoremindhimtosleepandeat.ThomasEdisondiedatth

11、eageof84.Heleftagreatmanyinventionsthatgreatlyimprovedthequalityoflifeallovertheworld.WhatdoesthepassagemainlytalkaboutA. Thefunctionoftheelectriclight.B.Edisonandhisexperiments.C.TheimportanceofD.Thewholelifeinventions.ofEdison.【解析】D。此題考查文章的大意。綜觀文章結(jié)構(gòu)，它不屬于上面所說(shuō)的任何一種。但細(xì)讀文章能發(fā)現(xiàn)，每一段都有明確的時(shí)間：第2段ThomasEdiso

12、nwasbornin1847;第3段Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob；第5段ThomasEdisondiedattheageof84。由此可以看出本文講的是愛(ài)迪生的人生經(jīng)歷，所以答案選D。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是片面的，犯了以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。A和C只在第一段中提到，而且沒(méi)有指明是愛(ài)迪生的發(fā)明；B選項(xiàng)，只提出愛(ài)迪生和他的實(shí)驗(yàn)，沒(méi)有包括文章的主要內(nèi)容愛(ài)迪生的人生經(jīng)歷。2. 文章標(biāo)題類【例3：山東德州】Greenisanimportantcolorinnature.Itis.Itis.Sometimes,theword“green”meansyoung,freshand

13、growing.Forexample.Inthe15thcentury.Acenturylater.Bythe18thcentury.Someonewhoisgoodatgrowingplantsissaidtohaveagreenthumb（大拇指）.Theexpres-sion.Apersonwithagreenthumb.TheGreenRevolution（綠色革命）isGreenisalsothecolorusedtodescribethepowerfulfeeling.Jealousy（嫉妒）.Thegreeneyedmonster.Itis.ItInmostplacesinthe

14、world,agreenlightisasignal（信號(hào)）tomoveahead.Ineverydayspeech,agreenlightmeansapproval（贊成）tocontinuewithaproject.WhichwouldbethebesttitleofthepassageA. Green,thecolorofgrassandtreesB.Thestoriesaboutthecolor“green”C.Green,asignofapprovalD.Differentmeaningsof“green”【解析】D。這篇文章講述了綠色的許多意義。第一段開(kāi)頭引出綠色的重要性，第二段到

15、第四段分別說(shuō)明綠色在不同語(yǔ)境不同環(huán)境的使用。A選項(xiàng)只說(shuō)了綠色在自然界的意義；文章沒(méi)有講述綠色的故事，只提到了不同地方綠色代表的不同含義，B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)是最后一段的概括，以偏概全?！窘忸}方法】跳讀。跳讀方法之一：看句子主語(yǔ)。在第一段中有三個(gè)主語(yǔ)，兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)都是代詞It，很容易判斷兩個(gè)代詞It指的是前文提到的Green,是進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明Green，屬于細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。第三段第二句的主語(yǔ)Theexpres-sion，用了定冠詞，實(shí)際上也是指前文提到的內(nèi)容。跳讀方法之二：忽略舉例詞。第二段中forexample是舉例說(shuō)明的標(biāo)志詞，也就是說(shuō)，后面的內(nèi)容舉例，用來(lái)解釋補(bǔ)充前面的觀點(diǎn)。在把握主旨大意時(shí)，可以適當(dāng)

16、忽略。以此類推，我們通過(guò)跳讀，分析出每個(gè)段落的主題句。例如這篇文章中，段落的主題句是首句。綜合段落大意，每段講了綠色的不同意義，從而總結(jié)出文章的最佳題目?！纠?：北京卷】Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned.Tobeginbuildingstructure,teensneedloveandtrust.Theyneedtoknowtheirparentsaretheretogivethemneededloveandsupport（支持）.Teenswanttobesurethatnothin

17、gcanpreventparentsfromshoulderingtheirresponsibilityforthem-nottheirgrowingmaturity（成熟）,misbehavior,norangeratsomethingtheyhavedone.Teenswantparentstokeepcontrolwhileallowingthemtomakesomedecisions.Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose.Themostimportantthingstorem

18、emberare:talkwithyourteens,listentotheirworriesandoffersuggestionswhenneeded.Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife.WhatisthebesttitleofthepassageA. TrainingTeenstoBecomeResponsibleAdults.B. HelpingTeenstoBuildReasonableStructure.C. ImprovingtheRelationshipwithYourTeens.D. SteppingintoYourTe

19、ensSecretWorld【解析】B。觀察文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)第一段中的Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned可知，文章話題是關(guān)于well-plannedlife。根據(jù)第2段中的Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose可知，下面講的是一些方法；根據(jù)最后一段中的Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife可知，這句話是對(duì)以上內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，所以，不

20、難看出，這兩句話是文章的主題句，所以答案選B。選項(xiàng)A的錯(cuò)誤在于主觀臆測(cè)，并非作者所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)；C選項(xiàng)，范圍過(guò)大，過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)；D選項(xiàng)，走進(jìn)青少年的秘密世界，文中未提及。3. 中心思想類【例5：四川宜賓卷】orsomepeople,musicisnofunatall.About4%ofthepopulationiswhatscientistscall“amusic”.Peoplewhoareamusicarebornwithouttheabilitytoenjoymusicalnotes.Amusicpeopleoftencannottellthedifferencesbetweentwosongs

21、.Asaresult,songssoundlikenoisetoanamusic.Manyamusicscomparethesoundofmusictopiecesofmetalhittingeachother.Lifecanbehardforamusics.BystudyingpeoplelikeMargaret,scientistsarefinallylearninghowtoidentify（辨別）thisunusualcondition.Scientistssaythatthebrainsofamusicsaredifferentforthoseofpeoplewhocanenjoym

22、usic.Thedifferenceiscomplex（復(fù)雜的）,anditisnotconnectedwithpoorhearing.Scientistscompareamusicstopeoplewhojustcantseecertaincolors.Manyamusicsarehappywhentheirconditionisfinallydiagnosed（診斷）.Thatmakesiteasierforthemtoexplain.WhatisthemainideaofthepassageA. Amusicsstrangebehaviors.B. Musicalability.C. S

23、omepeoplesinabilitytoenjoymusic.D.Identificationandtreatmentofamusic.【解析】C。整篇文章的關(guān)鍵詞是amusic（無(wú)法欣賞音樂(lè)的人）。文章主要介紹了amusic病癥及其原因的簡(jiǎn)單探究。【解題方法】抓住中心句。中心句是對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的概括或總結(jié)，通常是段落首句或尾句。另外，首尾句通常也有承上啟下的作用。所以，重視首尾句更有助于我們把握文章內(nèi)容。在上面的這個(gè)例子中，每段的首句就是段落的中心句。第段首句引出話題：amusic；第二段講了amusic的表現(xiàn)；第三段講了amusic現(xiàn)象背后的科學(xué)依據(jù)；第四段說(shuō)明了amusic的現(xiàn)狀。【例6：

24、廣西桂林卷】Multitaskingisevenchangingtherelationshipbetweenfamilymembers.Asyoungpeoplegivesomuchattentiontotheirownworlds，theyseemtohavenotimetospendwiththeotherpeoplearoundthem.Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehouse，norcantheyeatatthefamilytable.InParagraph3,theauthorpointsoutthat.A. fam

25、ilymembersdonotgreeteachotherB. familymembersdonoteatatthefamilytableC. youngpeoplegetonwellwiththeirfamiliesD. youngpeoplehardlycommunicatewiththeirfamilymembers【解析】D。選項(xiàng)A、B只是局部信息，不夠全面。C選項(xiàng)是無(wú)關(guān)信息，文章并沒(méi)有提到。仔細(xì)閱讀第三段，選擇D。4. 寫(xiě)作意圖類【例7：天津卷】VanuatuisanislandnationintheSouthPacific.Itisoneofthesmallestcountries

26、intheworld.Butforthosewhoareinterestedinadventureandsport,thereisalottodo.Vanuatusislandsoffervisitorstwoofthemostexcitinganddangerousactivitiesintheworld:volcano（火山）surfingandlanddiving.VolcanoSurfingOnTannaIsland,MountYasurrises300metersintothesky.YasurisRecently,peoplehavealsostartedclimbingYasur

27、tosurfthevolcano.Insomeways,volcanosurfingislikesurfinginthesea,butinotherwaysitsverydifferent.VolcanosurferstrytoItsfast,funanddangerous-theperfectextremesport（極限運(yùn)動(dòng)）.LandDivingAmantiestreevines（樹(shù)藤）tohislegs.Hethenjumpshead-firstfromahightowertotouchtheearthwiththetopofhisheadwithoutbreakingthevine.

28、Everyspring,islandnatives（menonly）stilltakepartinthisamazingactivity.WhatisthepurposeofthepassageA. Totellpeoplenottododangeroussports.B. Toexplainwhatvolcanosurfingandlanddivingare.C. Totalkabouttheworldsbestvolcanosurferandlanddiver.D. TocompareactivitiesinVanuatuwithsportsinNewZealand.【解析】B。本篇文章介

29、紹了南太平洋島國(guó)瓦努阿圖上的兩項(xiàng)極限運(yùn)動(dòng)：火山滑板和陸地蹦極。第一段引入兩項(xiàng)極限運(yùn)動(dòng)的話題；第二、三段分類介紹?！窘忸}方法】把握標(biāo)題。有些文章有文章標(biāo)題或段落標(biāo)題。通過(guò)標(biāo)題，我們就能了解文章或段落的主要內(nèi)容或中心思想。段落標(biāo)題常出現(xiàn)在說(shuō)明文或議論文中，并且有提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用。這類文章通常采取總分總的形式，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。第一段通常引出話題；中間段落逐條介紹；最后有時(shí)也有總結(jié)性的段落。例8：浙江杭州卷】WhentheAudetfamilyturnsonthelightsatBlueFarm,theyareusingelectricitythatcomesfromcows-cowwaste,tobespe

30、cific.Whenfarmerscleantheirbarns,theyputthewastesinabigheap,andspreadsomeofthemontheirfieldsforfertilizer（肥料）.ButnowplaceslikeBlueFarmhaveanewwayofusingcowwastes.Theyusethemtomakeelectricity.Methanegas（甲烷、沼氣）intheatmosphereisknownasa“greenhouse”gasItsgasiskeptandusedtopowerelectricgenerators（發(fā)電機(jī)）.At

31、BlueFarm,thegeneratorsmakeenoughelectricitytopower400homes.TheAudetfamilysellstheextraelectricitytheycantusethemselves.WhatisthemainpurposeforwritingthepassageA. tointroduceanewwayofmakingelectricityB. toexplainhowanewenergyworksbetterC. toshowanewrebuildingplanforabigfarmD. toexplainthereasonsforgr

32、eenhouseeffect【解析】A?？焖贋g覽全文，不難找出文章的核心詞electricity,通讀全文可以推斷作者的寫(xiě)作目的是介紹使用牛的糞便發(fā)電。再看選項(xiàng)B,文章講的是anewwayofusingcowwastes而不是anewenergy;C、D與文章無(wú)關(guān)。四、小結(jié)一下吧！上面我們介紹了解答主旨大意題的幾種方法：提取關(guān)鍵詞、跳讀、抓住中心句以及把握標(biāo)題。在解題時(shí),為了獲取有效信息,往往需要融合多種方法進(jìn)行概括、判斷和歸納。例如通過(guò)跳讀找出關(guān)鍵詞或中心句,從中心句概括出全文主旨。同時(shí),我們也可以從選項(xiàng)入手,運(yùn)用排除法排除干擾項(xiàng),比如主觀臆測(cè)、過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)或以偏概全的選項(xiàng)。在遇到標(biāo)題類的題目時(shí)

33、,我們可以假設(shè)自己是作者,檢驗(yàn)寫(xiě)作思路是否與原文相符。如果不符,可能就需要重新考慮答案。五、挑戰(zhàn)相關(guān)練習(xí)AIgrewupinNewHampshire,asmalltowninSouthCanada,whereinmyfatherswordsfortheseasonswere“Spring,Summer,FairtimeandWinter!”Atthattime,aweek-longfairwasheldinthetowneveryautumn.Thousandsofpeoplefromothertownscametosellandbuythings.Itwasthebusiesttimeoft

34、heyear.When“Fairtime”came,mygrandmabecamethemost“useful”andbusiestpersonofthefamily.Grandmawasakind,well-educatedoldlady.Shewasgoodatcooking.Allherrelativeslikedthefoodshecooked.During“Fairtime”,theywouldcometoliveinherhouseandhavemealsthere.Grandmawasalwayshappytolookafterthem.Yearafteryear,manypeo

35、plemovedtobigcities.Therewasnoloner“Fairtime”.Grandmabecameveryoldandwasgraduallygoingblind.MyparentsandImovedtolivewithGrandmainherhouse.Wedidourbesttomakeherday-to-daylifeascomfortableaspossible.Iwasathighschoolthen.WhatIoftendidathomewastohelpGrandmawiththedailynewspaperscrosswordpuzzle.However,s

36、hedidntlookhappy.Sheoftensatinherroomforhours,withoutsayingaword.Toattractpeopletomoveback,theTownHalldecidedtoreopentheFair.Oneday,whenIcamebackfromschool,IsawGrandmawearingherglasses,washingthedishesinthekitchen.Withabigsmileonherface,shelookedalotmuchyounger.Shetoldmethathertwonieceswouldcome.“Th

37、eysaidthefoodIcookedwasverydeliciousandtheywanttostayinmyhouseagain,”Grandmasaidhappily.“Theywillstayhereforoneweekandwecanhaveabigparty.ThatmustbethebusiestweekIvehadI乃inyears!”IsuddenlyrealizedthatGrandmadidntwanttobelookedafter.Shewantedtobe“useful”,appreciatedandhelpful.Whatsthebesttitleforthepa

38、ssageA.FairtimeB. My“Old”GrandmaC. ASmallTownD. GrandmasFamilyBItsreportedthatacompanycalledMicroCHIPShasdevelopedawirelesslycontrolleddevice（裝置）.Thedeviceisputundertheskinandcansupplyadrugdirectlyintothepatientsbody.Peoplegivethename“，丄丄“microchips”toit.Microchipsbringgoodnewstopatientswithlong-ter

39、m（長(zhǎng)期的）illnesses,forexample,Osteoporosis（骨質(zhì)疏松癥）.PeoplewithOsteoporosishavetogetdailyinjections（注射）ofmedicine.Onetypeoftreatmentrequiresinjectionsfortwoyears.Manypatientsstoptakingthemedicinebecauseofthepainandstressoftheinfections.However,microchipscandealwithit.Doctorswillprogramthedevicebeforeputti

40、ngitundertheskin,andthedevicehastheabilitytoreleas?（放）adose（劑量）atagiventime,everysingleday.Onemicrochipcanholdafullyearsworthofmedicine.Microchipsmayonedayfree（使擺脫）peoplefromhavingtoremembertotaketheirmedicine,orgetinjections.Thedevicemayalsobeusefulintreatingotherlong-termdiseases,includingheartdis

41、ease,cancerandevenAIDS.WhatisthepassagemainlyaboutA.ItintroducesthecompanyMicroCHIPS.B. Itintroducesanewwirelesslycontrolleddevicecalled“乃“microchips”.C. Itintroducessomecommonlong-terndiseases.D. Itsabouthowthedevicecalled“microchips”works.CAskanystudentwhichsubjectheorshehatesmost.Nineoutoftenstud

42、entswillanswer“math”.Nomatterwhichcountryyouvisit,nomatterwhichgradeyouarein,youmaynotlearnart,geography,chemistryorChinese,butyoualwayslearnmath.WhyisthissoHowcomesomanystudentshatemath,andyetcannotavoidlearningitinschoolJennySanders,ahighschoolstudentinCalifornia,asks,“WhatgooddowegetfromlearningmathWecanusecomputerstocomputenumbers,andwecanusecomputerstostoreinformation.Ithinklearningmathatschoolisawasteoftime.”However,thereismuchmoretomaththanjustlearningtoaddandsubtract（減）numbers.Infact,mathisnotsomuchaboutcalculation（計(jì)算）asitisaboutlearni