工學(xué)化工英語馬正飛版

1、CONTENTSCharacteristicsofSpecialpurposeEnglish:1LESSON15MaterialsScience5LESSON16ChemicalProcessSafety7LESSON17PlantDesignandGeneralConsiderations9LESSON19ProcessReactorDesign11LESSON21Bioengineering13LESSON22GeneticEngineering16LESSON23HowWeDigestCarbohydrates18LESSON26GreenHouseEffect20LESSON28Nom

2、enclatureofChemicalCompounds23LESSON1ChemicalEngineering25LESSON3UnitOperations29LESSON5Filtration31LESSON6HeatTransfer33LESSON7AbsorptionofGases36LESSON8DistillationOperations38LESSON9SolventExtraction41LESSON10DryingofSolids43LESSON11PackedTowers45CharacteristicsofSpecialpurposeEnglish:1: Language

3、詞匯意義比較單一，不具有情感內(nèi)容，很少使用比喻，排比，夸張等修辭手法。常會(huì)出現(xiàn)難看,難念，難聽的詞。2: Vocabulary國(guó)際性強(qiáng)：很多從拉丁語或希臘語中派生出來。很少口語詞匯，常用單個(gè)動(dòng)詞代替動(dòng)詞短語：Absorbtakein;discover-findout;assemble-puttogether.利用前綴后綴派生的詞很多。專業(yè)，科技詞匯占1/4。3: Grammar大量使用名詞和名詞詞組beveryimportant-beofgreatimportance大量使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)大量使用非謂語動(dòng)詞詞組長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)多HeyJudeBeatlesHeyJude,dontmakeitbad.嘿！Ju

4、de,不要沮喪Takeasadsongandmakeitbetter唱首悲傷的歌曲來舒緩自己的心情Remembertoletherintoyourheart請(qǐng)將她存放于心Thenyoucanstarttomakeitbetter.生活才會(huì)更美好HeyJude,dontbeafraid嘿Jude不要害怕Youweremadetogooutandgether.你生來就是要得至U她Theminuteyouletherunderyourskin,在將她深藏于心的那一亥UThenyoubegintomakeitbetter.你已經(jīng)開始過的更好Andanytimeyoufeelthepain,無論何時(shí)，當(dāng)

5、你感到痛苦heyJude,refrain,嘿Jude停下來Dontcarrytheworlduponyourshoulders.不要把全世界者B扛在肩上Forwellyouknowthatitsafoolwhoplaysitcool你應(yīng)該懂得傻瓜才會(huì)假裝才會(huì)把自己的世界變得冷漠堅(jiān)強(qiáng)Bymakinghisworldalittlecolder.HeyJudedontletmedown嘿Jude別讓我失望Youhavefoundher,nowgoandgether.Remembertoletherintoyourheart,Thenyoucanstarttomakeitbetter.Soletito

6、utandletitin,heyJude,begin,振作起來Yourewaitingforsomeonetoperformwith.你已遇見她現(xiàn)在就去贏得她芳心請(qǐng)將她深藏于心生活才會(huì)更美好遇事要拿得起放得下嘿！Jude,你一直期待有人同你一起成長(zhǎng)Anddontyouknowthatitsjustyou,heyJude,youlldo你不明白?只有你Jude嘿你行的Themovementyouneedisonyourshoulder未來肩負(fù)在你身上HeyJude,dontmakeitbad.嘿不要消沉JudeTakeasadsongandmakeitbetterRemembertolether

7、underyourskinThenyoullbegintomakeitbetter唱首憂傷的歌曲讓自己振作些記得心中常懷有她生活才會(huì)變得更美好更美好Betterbetterbetterbetterbetterbetter,Oh.Someonelikeyou另尋滄海Adele阿黛爾Iheardthatyouresettleddown.已聞君，諸事安康。Thatyoufoundagirlandyouremarriednow.遇佳人，不久女昏嫁。Iheardthatyourdreamscametrue.已聞君，得償所想。Guessshegaveyouthings,Ididntgivetoyou.料得

8、是，卿識(shí)君望。Oldfriend,whyareyousoshy?舊日知己，何故張皇？Aintlikeyoutoholdbackorhidefromthelie.遮遮掩掩，欲蓋彌彰。Ihatetoturnupoutoftheblueuninvited.客有不速，實(shí)非我所想。ButIcouldntstayaway,Icouldntfightit.避之不得，遑論與相抗。Idhopedyoudseemyface&thatyoudbereminded,異日偶遇，識(shí)得依稀顏。Thatforme,itisntover.再無所求,涕零而目下。Nevermind,Illfindsomeonelikeyou.毋須

9、煩惱，終有弱水替滄海。Iwishnothingbutthebest,foryoutoo.拋卻糾纏，再把相思寄巫山。Dontforgetme,Ibeg,Irememberyousaid:勿忘咋日，亦存君言于肺腑。“Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead”“情堪雋永，也善心潮掀狂瀾?！盨ometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead,yeah.情堪雋永，也善心潮掀狂瀾，然。歡笑仍如咋，今卻孤影憶花繁。彼時(shí)初執(zhí)手，夏霧郁郁濕衣衫。自縛舊念中，詫喜榮光永不黯。客有不速，實(shí)非我所想。避之不得，遑論與

10、相抗。dbereminded,異日偶遇，識(shí)Youknow,howthetimeflies,光陰常無蹤，詞窮不敢道荏苒。Onlyyesterday,wasthetimeofourlives.Wewerebornandraisedinasummeryhaze.Boundbythesurpriseofourglorydays.Ihatetoturnupoutoftheblueuninvited.ButIcouldntstayaway,Icouldntfightit.Ihadhopedyoudseemyfaceandthatyou得依稀顏。Thatforme,itisntover.再無所求,涕零而目下

11、。Nevermind,Illfindsomeonelikeyou.毋須煩惱，終有弱水替滄海。Iwishnothingbutthebest,foryoutoo.拋卻糾纏，再把相思寄巫山。Dontforgetme,Ibeg,Irememberyousaid:勿忘咋日，亦存君言于肺腑?！癝ometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead”“情堪雋永，也善心潮掀狂瀾?！盨ometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead,yeah.情堪雋永，也善心潮掀狂瀾，然。Nothingcompares,noworrieso

12、rcares.無可與之相提，切莫憂心同掛念。Regretsandmistakestheyrememoriesmade.糊涂遺恨難免，白璧微瑕方可戀。Whowouldhaveknownhowbittersweetthiswouldtaste?止匕中酸甜苦咸,世上誰人堪相言？Nevermind,Illfindsomeonelikeyou.毋須煩惱，終有弱水替滄海。Iwishnothingbutthebest,foryoutoo.拋卻糾纏，再把相思寄巫山。Dontforgetme,Ibeg,Irememberyousaid:勿忘咋日，亦存君言于肺腑?！癝ometimesitlastsinlovebu

13、tsometimesithurtsinstead”“情堪雋永，也善心潮掀狂瀾。”Sometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead,yeah.情堪雋永，也善心潮掀狂瀾，然。Nevermind,Illfindsomeonelikeyou.毋須煩惱，終有弱水替滄海。Iwishnothingbutthebest,foryoutoo.拋卻糾纏，再把相思寄巫山。Dontforgetme,Ibeg,Irememberyousaid:勿忘咋日，亦存君言于肺腑?！癝ometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead”“情

14、堪雋永，也善心潮掀狂瀾?！鼻榭癝ometimesitlastsinlovebutsometimesithurtsinstead,yeah.雋永，也善心潮掀狂瀾，然。LESSON15MaterialsScienceMaterialsscienceisthestudyofthenpropertiesofsolidmaterialsandhowthosepropertiesaredeterminedbyamaterialcsmpositionandstructure.Thestudyencompassestheentirerangofproperties,includingmechanic,ther

15、mal,chemical,electric,magnetic,andopticalbehavior.Itgrewoutofamalgamofsolid-statephysics,metallurgy,andchemistry,sincetherichvarietyofmaterialspropertiescannotbeunderstoodwithinthecontextofanysingleclassicaldiscipline.Theoptionaluseofmaterialsinapplicationssuchaspackaging,construction,magnets,batter

16、ies,engines,automobilebodies,insulation,catalyticcracking,electrics,andcomputersdependsontheintelligentexplosionoftheseproperties.Withabasicunderstandingoftheoriginalsofproperties,materialscanbeselectedordesignedforanenormousvarietyofapplications,rangingfromstructuralsteelstocomputermicrochips.Mater

17、ialsScienceisthereforeimportanttomanyengineeringactivitiessuchaselectronics,aerospace,telecommunications,informationprocessing,nuclearpower,andenergyconversion.Thepropertiesofmaterialsaredeterminedarebytheirinternalstructurethatis,thewayinwhichthefundamentalpartsofthematerialsareputtogether.Thus,the

18、atomicstructureisthearrangementoftheatomsinspace,theelectronstructureisthedistributionoftheelectronsinspaceandinenergy,thedefectstructureisthedistributionofcrystalflaws,(suchasimpurities,vacantatomicsites,anddislocation),andthemicroscopicstructureisthesizeandarrangementofmicroscopicgrainsandprecipit

19、ates.Thesestructures,andtheirinteractions,areresponsibleforthebehaviorofmaterials.Forexample,thecombinationofatomicandelectricstructurecontrolstheeasewithwhichelectioncanmoveinorthroughasolidandthereforedetermineswhetheritwillbeaninsulator,aconductor,orasemiconductor;theatomicanddefectstructurecontr

20、oltheeasewithwhichamechanicaldisturbancecanmovethroughasolidandthereforedetermineitsdegreeofductilityorbrittleness;andthedistributionofspinningelectronsgivesrisetomagneticproperties.AfterWorldWarH,economicprogressandnationaldefenseneedsrequiredthedevelopmentofsophisticatedmaterials,anditwassoonappar

21、entthatanintegrationoftheknowledgeandmethodsofmetallurgy,chemistry,andphysicswasessentialfortheirdevelopment.Thefieldofsemiconductorelectronicswasaprimeexampleofthis.Thebasicworkwasdonebyphysicists,whowereorientedtowardtheanalysisofelectronicpropertiesofpure,samplesolids.Butthesuccessfulproduction,o

22、fgoodsemiconductordevicesrequiredaknowledgeofdefectstructure,traditionallytheprovinceofthemetallurgist,andtheimportanceofimpuritycontrolwasinmanyrespectsaproblemofchemistry.By1960theintegrationofthethreefieldsintoanewactivitywaswellunderway.Inthelate1950stheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyoftheU.S.Dep

23、artmentofDefense,incooperationwithresearchuniversities,sponsoredanopencompetitiontoestablishgovernment-supportedresearchlaboratoriesatalimitednumberofuniversitytopursuetheintegratedstudyofmaterialsandtoeducategraduatestudentsinthenewfield.AdozensuchfacilitiesweresetupintheUnitedSates.Themethodsofmat

24、erialssciencehavebeenextendedtothestudyofpolymers,glasses,ceramics,amorphousmetals,andevenbiologicalmaterialssuchasbone.Thesimpleconceptofrelatingpropertiestostructurehasresultedinanastonishingvarietyofadvancedmaterialsofgreatutility.LESSON16ChemicalProcessSafetyIn1978,RobertM.Solow,aneconomistatthe

25、MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,receivedtheNobelPrizeineconomicsforhisworkindeterminingthesourceofeconomicgrowth.ProfessorSolowconcludedthatthebulkofaneconomysgrowthistheresultoftechnologicaladvances.Itisreasonabletoconcludethatthegrowthofanindustryisalsodependentontechnologicaladvances.Thisisesp

26、eciallytrueinthechemicalindustry,whichisenteringaneraofmorecomplexprocesses:higherpressure,morereactivechemicals,andexoticchemistry.Morecomplexprocessesrequiremorecomplexsafetytechnology.Manyindustrialistsevenbelievethatthedevelopmentandtheapplicationofsafetytechnologyisactuallyaconstraintonthegrowt

27、hofthechemicalindustry.Aschemicalprocesstechnologybecomesmorecomplex,chemicalengineerswillneedamoredetailedandfundamentalunderstandingofsafety.H.H.Fawcetthassaidthattoknowistosurviveandtoignorefundamentalsidtocourtdisaster.Since1950,significanttechnologicaladvanceshavebeenmadeinchemicalprocesssafety

28、.Today,safetyisequalinimportancetoproductionandhasdevelopedintoascientificdisciplinewhichincludesmanyhighlytechnicalandcomplextheoriesandpractices.Examplesofthetechnologysafetyinclude:(a) Hydrodynamicmodelsrepresentingtwo-phaseflowthroughavesselrelief.(b) Dispersionmodelsrepresentingthespreadoftoxic

29、vaporthroughaplantafterarelease.(c) Mathematicaltechniquestodeterminethevariouswaysthatprocessescanfail,andtheprobabilityoffailure.Recentadvancesinchemicalplantsafetyemphasizetheuseofappropriatetechnologicaltoolstoprovideinformationformakingsafetytodecisionwithrespecttoplantdesignandoperation.Thewor

30、dsafetyusedtomeanstheolderstrategyofaccidentpreventionthroughtheusedofhats,safetyshoes,andavarietyofrulesandregulations.Themainemphasiswasonworkersafety.Muchmorerecently,safetyhasbeenreplacedbylossprevention.Thistermincludeshazardidentification,technicalevaluation,andthedesignofnewengineeringfeature

31、stopreventloss.Thewordssafetyandlosspreventionwillbeusedsynonymouslythroughoutforconvenience.Safety,hazard,andriskarefrequently-usedtermsinchemicalprocesssafety.Theirdefinitionsare:(a) Safetyorlosspreventionisthepreventionofaccidentsbytheuseofappropriatetechnologiestoidentifiersthehazardofachemicalp

32、lantandtoeliminatethembeforeanaccidentoccurs.(b) Ahazardisanythingwithpotentialforproducinganaccident.(c) Riskistheprobabilityofahazardresultinginanaccident.Chemicalplantscontainalargevarietyofhazards.Fires,therearetheusualmechanicalhazardsthatcauseworkerinjuriesfromtrippingfailing,ormovingequipment

33、.Second,therearechemicalhazards.Theseincludefireandexplosionhazards,reactivityhazards,andtoxichazards.Aswillbeshownlater,chemicalplantsarethesafestofallmanufacturingfacilities.However,thepotentialalwaysexistsforanaccidentofcatastropheproportions.Despitesubstantialsafetyprogramsbythechemicalindustry,

34、headlinesofthetypeshowninFigurecontinuetoappearinnewspapers.Asuccessfulsafetyprogramrequiresseveralingredients.Theseingredientsarea) Safetyknowledgeb) Safetyexperiencec) Technicalcompetenced) Safetymanagementsupporte) CommitmentLESSON17PlantDesignandGeneralConsiderationsThegeneraltermplantdesignincl

35、udesallengineeringaspectsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofeitheranew,modified,orexpandedindustrialplant.Inthisdevelopment,thechemicalengineerwillbemakingeconomicevaluationsofnewprocesses,designingindividualpiecesofequipmentfortheproposednewventure,ordevelopingaplantlayoutforcoordinationoftheoveralloperatio

36、n.Becauseofthesemanydesignduties,thechemicalengineerismanytimesreferredtohereasadesignengineer.Ontheotherhand,achemicalengineerspecializingintheeconomicaspectsofthedesignisoftenreferredtoasacostengineer.Inmanyinstances,theprocessengineeringisusedinconnectionwitheconomicevaluationandgeneraleconomican

37、alysesofindustrialprocesses,whileprocessdesignreferstotheactualdesignoftheequipmentandfacilitiesnecessaryforcarryingouttheprocess.Similarly,themeaningofplantdesignislimitedbysomeengineerstoitemsrelateddirectlytothecompleteplant,suchasplantlayout,generalservicefacilities,andplantlocation.Thepurposeof

38、thetextistopresentthemajoraspectofplantdesignasrelatedtotheoveralldesignproject.Althoughonepersoncannotbeanexpertinallthephasesinvolvedinplantdesign,itisnecessarytobeacquaintedwiththegeneralproblemsandapproachineachofthephases.Theprocessengineermaynotbeconnecteddirectlywiththefinaldetaileddesignofth

39、eequipmentandthedesigneroftheequipmentmayhavelittleinfluenceonadecisionbymanagementastowhetherornotagivenreturnonaninvestmentisadequatetojustifyconstructionofacompleteplant.Nevertheless,iftheoveralldesignprojectistobesuccessful,closeteamworkisnecessaryamongthevariousgroupsofengineersworkingonthediff

40、erentphasesoftheproject.Themosteffectiveteamworkandcoordinationofeffortsareobtainedwheneachoftheengineersinthespecializedgroupsisawareofthemanyfunctionsintheoveralldesignproject.Thedevelopmentoftheoveralldesignprojectinvolvesmanydifferentdesignconsiderations.Failuretoincludetheseconsiderationsintheo

41、veralldesignprojectmay,inmanyinstances,altertheentireeconomicsituationsodrasticallyastomaketheventureunprofitable.Someofthefactorsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofacompleteplantdesignincludeplantlocation,plantlayout,materialsofconstruction,structuraldesign,utilities,buildings,storage,materialshandling,safe

42、ty,wastedisposal,federal,state,andlocatelawsorcodes,andpatents.Recordkeepingandaccountingproceduresarealsoimportantfactorsingeneraldesignconsiderations,anditisnecessarythatthedesignengineerbefamiliarwiththegeneralterminologyandapproachusedbyaccountantsforcostandassetaccounting.Thedevelopmentofadesig

43、nprojectproceedsinalogical,organizedsequencerequiringmoreandmoretime,effort,andexpenditureasonephaseleadsintothenext.Itisextremelyimportant,therefore,tostopandanalyzethesituationcarefullybeforeproceedingwitheachsubsequentphase.Manyprojectsarediscardedassoonasthepreliminaryinvestigationorresearchonth

44、eoriginalideaiscomplete.Theengineerworkingontheprojectmustmaintainarealisticandpracticalattitudeinadvancingthroughthevariousstagesofadesignprojectandnotbeswayedbypersonalinterestsanddesireswhendecidingiffurtherworkonaparticularprojectisjustifiable.Remember,iftheengineersworkiscontinuedonthroughtheva

45、riousphasesofadesignproject,itwilleventuallyendupinaproposalthatmoneybeinvestedintheprocess.Ifnotangiblereturncanberealizedfromtheinvestment,theproposalwillbeturneddown.Therefore,theengineershouldhavetheabilitytoeliminateunprofitableventuresbeforethedesignprojectapproachesatafinal-proposalstage.LESS

46、ON19ProcessReactorDesignEverychemicalengineershouldknownotonlytheprocessesofmanufacturingchemicalsbutalsothedesignandoperationoftheequipmentneededtocarryouttheprocesses.Thisequipmentcanbedividedintotwomaingroups.Thefirstgroupconsistsoftheequipmentusedtopurifyorseparaterawmaterialtotheextentnecessary

47、toobtainoptimumyields.Inasmuchasthepropertiesofthesubstancesafterprocessingremainthesameasthoseoftherawmaterials,theseseparationsareessentiallyphysicaltreatmentsteps;thedesignandoperationofthephysicalseparationequipmentarestudiedinunitoperations.Thesecondgroupconsistsofchemicalreactorsinwhichtheproc

48、essedrawmaterialsreacttocreateproductswithentirelynewphysicalandchemicalproperties.Thisisachemicaltreatmentstep.Whenwelookatchemicalprocesses,weseethateveryprocessbehavesasshowninFig.1.Thatistosay,therawmaterialsgothroughaseriesofphysicalseparationdevicesandthenenterthechemicalreactorsinwhichthetran

49、sformationiscarriedout.Fromthereactors,thereactionmixtureswhichcontainthenewdesiredproducts,sideundesiredproducts,andunreactedreactantswillbeoncemorepurifiedorseparatedtoobtainproductsofhighquality,torecoverthepotentiallyvaluableunreactedrawmaterials,andtodestroyorseparatethesideproducts.Inmostcases

50、,recyclingthereactionmixturesfromthelastgroupstothefirstgroupofthephysicalseparationdevicesincreasedtheyieldofthereaction.Here,weareprimarilyconcernedwiththechemicaltreatmentstep.Wewilldiscussthetypeofthereactorneeded,provisionsforexchangeofenergywithsurroundings,andoperationconditionssuchastemperat

51、ure,pressure,flowrates,andcompositions.Someeconomicconsiderationsofimportantinprocessreactorsystemsaretheoptimumoperatingconditions,costanalysisandprofitability,thestabilityofthereaction,thecontrolofthereaction,thematerialconstruction,andscale-upproblems.Whenevernecessary,someofthesefactorswillbebri

52、eflydescribed.Inthedesignofaprocessreactor,achemicalengineermustconsiderthefollowing:1. Whatreactorwilloccurinthereactor?2. Howfastcouldthereactiongo?3. Whattypeandsizeshouldthereactorbe?Whatoperatingtemperature,pressure,compositions,andflowratesshouldbeselected?4. Istheproductioneconomical?Thefirst

53、questiondealswiththethermodynamicsfromwhichtheequilibriumcompositionofthereactionmixturecanbeestimated.Thesecondconcernstheprocesskineticsfromwhichtherateconstantofareactioncanbepredicted.Thethirdaccountsformassandenergybalancesinthereactionsystem.Theincorporationofthesecondandthirddeterminesthetype

54、andsizeofthereactorrequiredforcertainreactions.Thefourthquestionconsiderstheeconomicsoftheprocessfromwhichtheoptimumoperatingconditionscanbeobtained.Inordertofulfilltheserequirements,weneeinformation,knowledge,andexperiencefromavarietyofareas:thermodynamics,chemicalkinetics,fluidmechanics,heattransf

55、er,masstransfer,andeconomics.LESSON21BioengineeringBioengineeringistheapplicationofengineeringknowledgetothefieldsofmedicineandbiology.Thebioengineermustbewellgroundedinbiologyandhaveengineeringknowledgethatisbroad,drawinguponelectrical,chemical,mechanical,andotherengineeringdisciplines.Thebioengine

56、ermayworkinanyofalargerangeofareas.Oneoftheseistheprovisionofartificiallimbs,andsupportiveorsubstituteorgans.Inanotherdirection,thebioengineermayuseengineermethodstoachievebiosynthesisofanimalsorplantproductssuchasforfermentationprocesses.BeforeWorldWarHthefieldofbioengineeringwasessentiallyunknown,

57、andlittlecommunicationorinteractionexistedbetweentheengineerandthelifescientist.Afewexceptions,however,shouldbenoted.Theagriculturalengineerandthechemicalengineer,involvedinfermentationprocesses,havealwaysbeenbioengineersinthebroadestsenseofthedefinitionsincetheydealwithbiologicalsystemsandworkwithb

58、iologists.Thecivilengineer,specializinginsanitation,hasappliedbiologicalprinciplesinthework.Mechanicalengineershaveworkedwiththemedicalprofessionformanyyearsinthedevelopmentofartificiallimbs.Anotherareaofmechanicalengineeringthatfallsinthefieldsofbioengineeringistheair-conditioningfield.Intheearly1920sengineersandphysiologistswereemployedbytheAmericanSocietyofHeatingandVentilatingEngineerstostudytheeffectsoftemperatureandhumidityonhumansandtoprovidedesigncriteriaforheatingandair-conditioningsystems.Todaythereareman