制藥工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯吳達(dá)俊參考模板

1、Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，.Natural products，and .Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most importan

2、t compounds of groups I and 一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an

3、 overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1單元生產(chǎn)的藥品 其生產(chǎn)或出身不同藥劑可以分為三類(lèi)：1。完全（合成纖維）合成材料，。天然產(chǎn)物，和 。產(chǎn)品從（半合成產(chǎn)品）的部分合成。本書(shū)的重點(diǎn)是團(tuán)體的最重要的化合物和一所以藥物合成。這并不意味著，但是，天然產(chǎn)品或其他代理人并不太重要。它們可以作為有價(jià)值的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)，他們常常為原料，或作為重要的合成中間體產(chǎn)品的需要。表1給出了獲取藥劑的不同方法的概述。Table 1 Possibilities for the preparation of drugsMeth

4、ods Examples1. Total synthesis -over 75 % of all pharmaceutical agents (synthetics)2. Isolation from natural sources (natural products): 2.Plants -alkaloids;enzymes;heart glycosides;polysaccharides;tocopherol; steroid precursors (diosgenin, sitosterin);citral (intermediate product for vitamins A, E，

5、and K) 2.2 Animal organs一enzymes;peptide hormones;cholic acid from gall; insulin) from the pancreas;sera and vaccines 2. 3 Other sources一cholesterol from wool oils;L-amino acids from keratin and gelatine hydrolysates3. Fermentation一antibiotics;L-amino acids;dextran; targeted modifications on steroid

6、s， e.g. 11-hydroxylation; also insulin, interferon, antibodies, peptide hormones，enzymes，vaccines4. Partial synthetic modification of natural products (semisynthetic agents) 一 alkaloid compounds;semisynthetic /3-lactam antibiotics;steroids;human insulin表1對(duì)藥物的可能性 方法舉例1。全合成，超過(guò)75的藥劑（合成纖維）2。分離（天然產(chǎn)物）天然來(lái)源

7、：  2.1植物-生物堿;酶;心甙，多糖，維生素E; 類(lèi)固醇前體（薯蕷皂素，sitosterin），檸檬醛（中間產(chǎn)品維生素A，E，K） 2.2動(dòng)物器官一酶;肽激素;膽酸從膽;胰島素）從胰臟;血清疫苗  2。從角蛋白和明膠L -氨基酸;三一膽固醇從羊毛油脂的其他來(lái)源        水解3。一抗生素發(fā)酵; L -氨基酸，葡聚糖，對(duì)類(lèi)固醇有針對(duì)性的修改，例如11 -羥基化;也胰島素，干擾素，抗體，肽    

8、60; 激素，酶，疫苗4。部分合成修改（半合成劑）天然產(chǎn)品：     一生物堿化合物;半合成/ 3-內(nèi)酰胺類(lèi)抗生素;類(lèi)固醇;人胰島素Several therapeutically significant natural products which were originally obtained from natural sources are today more effectively -i. e. more economically -prepared. by total synthesis. Such examples include

9、 L-amino acids，Chloramphenicol，Caffeine, Dopamine， Epinephrine，Levodopa, peptide hormones，Prostaglandins，D-Penicillamine，Vincamine， and practically all vitamins.其中幾個(gè)重要的治療作用最初是從天然產(chǎn)品天然來(lái)源獲得更有效的今天，我。大腸桿菌更經(jīng)濟(jì)的準(zhǔn)備.由全合成。這樣的例子包括L-氨基酸，氯霉素，咖啡因，多巴胺，腎上腺素，左旋多巴，肽類(lèi)激素，前列腺素，D -青霉胺，長(zhǎng)春胺，以及幾乎所有的維生素。Over the last few year

10、s fermentation - i. e. microbiological processes has become extremely important. Through modern technology and results from genetic selection leading to the creation of high performance mutants of microorganisms，fermentation has already become the method of choice for a wide range of substances. Bot

11、h Eukaryonts (yeasts and moulds)and Prokaryonts(single bacterial cells，and actinomycetes)are used microorganisms. The following product types can be obtained: 1. cell material (single cell protein)， 2. enzymes，3. primary degradation products (primary metabolites)4. secondary degradation products (se

12、condary metabolites).在過(guò)去的幾年里發(fā)酵-島大腸桿菌微生物過(guò)程變得極其重要。通過(guò)現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和基因選擇的結(jié)果導(dǎo)致了突變體的微生物創(chuàng)造高性能，發(fā)酵，已成為首選方法各種各樣的物質(zhì)。這兩個(gè)Eukaryonts（酵母菌和霉菌）和Prokaryonts（單細(xì)胞細(xì)菌，放線菌和）用于微生物。下列產(chǎn)品類(lèi)型可以得到：    1。細(xì)胞的物質(zhì)（單細(xì)胞蛋白），  2。酶， 3。主要降解產(chǎn)物（主要代謝物），  4。二級(jí)降解產(chǎn)物（次生代謝物）。 Disregarding the production of dextr

13、an from the mucous membranes of certain microorganisms，e. g. Leuconostoc mesenteroides，classes 2 and 3 are the relevant ones for the preparation of drugs. Dextran itself，with a molecular weight of 50,000 100,000，is used as a blood plasma substitute. Among the primary metabolites the L-amino acids fr

14、om mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Brevibacterium flavum are especially interesting. From these organisms some 350，000 tones of monosodium L-glutamate (food additive)and some 70，000 tones of L-lysine(supplement for vegetable proteins)are produced. Further important primary metabolites are

15、the purina nucleotides，organic acids， lactic acid，citric acid，and vitamins，for example vitamin B,2 from Propionibacterium shermanii.Among the secondary metabolites the antibiotics must be mentioned first. The following five groups represent a yearly worldwide value of US-$17 billion:不顧來(lái)自某些微生物，大腸桿菌粘膜

16、生產(chǎn)的葡聚糖克明串珠mesenteroides，2和3級(jí)是毒品有關(guān)的準(zhǔn)備工作。葡聚糖本身5萬(wàn)10萬(wàn)分子量，是用作血漿代用品。其中主要來(lái)自谷氨酸棒桿菌代謝產(chǎn)物和黃色短桿菌突變體的L -氨基酸特別有趣。從這些味精約35萬(wàn)噸L -谷氨酸（食品添加劑）生物體和L -賴氨酸（用于植物蛋白補(bǔ)充）約70,000噸的生產(chǎn)。此外重要的初級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物的普瑞納核苷酸，有機(jī)酸，乳酸，檸檬酸和維生素，例如維生素B，從丙酸shermanii 2。     其中次生代謝產(chǎn)物的抗生素必須首先提到。以下五組代表了美國(guó)每年170億美元的全球價(jià)值：  penicillins

17、 ( Penicillium chrysogenum )， cephalosporins ( Cephalosporium acremonium )， tetracyclines ( Streptomyces aureofaciens )， erythromycins ( Streptomyces erythreus )， aminoglycosides (e. g. streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus).青霉素（青霉）     頭孢菌素（頭孢枝頂）    

18、60;四環(huán)素（金色鏈霉菌）    erythromycins（鏈霉菌）     氨基糖苷類(lèi)（如鏈霉素從灰色鏈霉菌）。     About 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms，but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，t

19、hat many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50，000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from戶lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microor

20、ganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates，e. g. molasses，saccharides，and glu

21、cose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate，ammonia，or urea，as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore，constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G， the fermentation is

22、 finished after 200 hours，and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass，if not the desired product，can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content.關(guān)于5000抗生素已經(jīng)分離出

23、的微生物，但其中只有不到100有些治療使用。必須記住，但是，許多衍生工具已被用于治療使用部分合成修改;約50,000劑已被semisynthetically取得戶內(nèi)酰胺在過(guò)去十年孤獨(dú)。發(fā)酵都是在不銹鋼發(fā)酵罐出來(lái)的量高達(dá)400立方米。為了避免與噬菌體等微生物污染的全過(guò)程都必須在無(wú)菌條件下進(jìn)行。由于更重要的發(fā)酵只發(fā)生在有氧條件下的氧氣或空氣好電源（無(wú)菌）是必要的。二氧化碳的來(lái)源包括碳水化合物，大腸桿菌克糖蜜，糖和葡萄糖。另外必須提供的微生物在與含氮如硫酸銨，氨水或尿素化合物生長(zhǎng)介質(zhì)，以及與無(wú)機(jī)磷酸鹽。此外，不斷最適pH和溫度是必需的。在青霉素G的情況下，發(fā)酵完成200小時(shí)后，細(xì)胞的質(zhì)量是由過(guò)濾分離

24、。所需的活性劑是隔離的濾液吸收或提取工藝。大規(guī)模的細(xì)胞，如果不理想的產(chǎn)品，可進(jìn)一步用作動(dòng)物，由于其蛋白質(zhì)含量高的飼料。  By modern recombinant techniques microorganisms have been obtained which also allow production of peptides which were not encoded in the original genes. Modified E. coli bacteria make it thus possible to produce A- and B- chains of hu

25、man insulin or proinsulin analogs. The disulfide bridges are formed selectively after isolation，and the final purification is effected by chromatographic procedures. In this way human insulin is obtained totally independently from any pancreatic material taken from animals. Other important peptides，

26、hormones，and enzymes，such as human growth hormone (HGH)，neuroactive peptides，somatostatin，interferons，tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)，lymphokines，calcium regulators like calmodulin，protein vaccines，as well as monoclonal antibodies used as diagnostics，are synthesized in this way. 利用現(xiàn)代微生物重組技術(shù)已獲得這也讓

27、其中不是在原來(lái)的基因編碼多肽的生產(chǎn)。改性大腸桿菌從而使可能產(chǎn)生A型和B -人胰島素或胰島素原類(lèi)似物鏈。二硫鍵形成的選擇性分離后，最終由色譜凈化工序的影響。通過(guò)這種方式獲得的人類(lèi)胰島素完全獨(dú)立采取任何從動(dòng)物胰腺材料。     其他重要肽，激素和酶，如人類(lèi)生長(zhǎng)激素（hGH），神經(jīng)活性肽，生長(zhǎng)抑素，干擾素，組織型纖溶酶原激活物（tPA），淋巴因子，如鈣調(diào)節(jié)鈣調(diào)蛋白，蛋白疫苗，以及作為診斷用單克隆抗體是合成了這種方式。      The enzymes or enzymatic systems whic

28、h are present in a single microorganism can be used for directed stereospecific and regiospecific chemical reactions. This principle is especially useful in steroid chemistry. Here we may refer only to the microbiological 11-a- hydro xylation of progesterone to 11-a-hydroxyprogesterone，a key product

29、 used in the synthesis of cortisone. Isolated enzymes are important today not only because of the technical importance of the enzymatic saccharification of starch，and the isomerization of glucose to fructose，They are also significant in the countless test procedures used in diagnosing illness，and in

30、 enzymatic analysis which is used in the monitoring of therapy.A number of enzymes are themselves used as active ingredients. Thus preparations containing proteases (e. g. chymotrypsin，pepsin，and trypsin)，amylases and lipases， mostly in combination with synthetic antacids，promote digestion. Streptok

31、inase and urokinase are important in thrombolytics，and asparaginase is used as a cytostatic agent in the treatment of leukemia.這些酶或微生物在一個(gè)單一的酶系統(tǒng)，目前可用于立體定向和regiospecific化學(xué)反應(yīng)。這個(gè)原則是有用的，尤其是在化學(xué)類(lèi)固醇。在這里，我們只能引用的微生物十一水電黃體酮xylation至11人羥，一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的產(chǎn)品在可的松合成。隔離酶是重要的，不僅因?yàn)榈矸鄣拿阜ㄌ腔夹g(shù)重要性的今天，和葡萄糖異構(gòu)果糖，他們也都在無(wú)數(shù)次試驗(yàn)在診斷疾病所用的程序顯著，

32、在酶的分析，在使用監(jiān)測(cè)治療。  數(shù)量的酶本身作為活性成分。因此，含有蛋白酶制劑（如糜蛋白酶，胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶），淀粉酶和脂肪酶的合成主要是在與抗酸藥相結(jié)合，促進(jìn)消化。鏈激酶和尿激酶溶栓是重要的，是天冬酰胺酶在治療白血病細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)劑。  Finally mention must be made of the important use of enzymes as biocatalystsin chemical reactions where their stereospecificity and selectivity can be used. Known exam

33、ples are the enzymatic cleavage of racemates of N-acetyl-D，L-amino acids to give L-amino acids， the production of 8-aminopenicillanic acid from benzylpenicillin by means of penicillinamidase and the aspartase-catalysed stereospecific addition of ammonia to fumaric acid in order to produce L-aspartic

34、 acid.最后必須提到的，作為他們?cè)谀抢颾iocatalysts'in化學(xué)stereospecificity和選擇性反應(yīng)的酶可用于制造重要的用途。著名的例子是對(duì)N -乙酰- D，L -氨基酸消旋給予L -氨基酸酶裂解，從青霉素生產(chǎn)8 -氨基青霉烷酸的penicillinamidase手段和天冬氨酸酶，催化氨立體除了富馬酸為了酸生產(chǎn)L -天門(mén)冬氨酸。In these applications the enzymes can be used in immobilized forms-somehow bound to carriers - and so used as heterogene

35、ous catalysts. This is advantageous because they can then easily be separated from the reaction medium and recycled for further use. Another important process depending on the specific action of proteases is applied for the production of semisynthetic human insulin. This starts with pig insulin in w

36、hich the alanine in the 30-position of the B-chain is replaced by a threonine tert-butyl ester by the selective action of trypsin. The insulin ester is separated，hydrolyzed to human insulin and finally purified by chromatographic procedures. Sources for enzymes include not only microorganisms but al

37、so vegetable and animal materials.     在這些酶可以在固定的形式使用的應(yīng)用程序，在某種程度上勢(shì)必運(yùn)營(yíng)商 - 等為異構(gòu)催化劑。這是有利的，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢院苋菀椎胤蛛x反應(yīng)介質(zhì)和回收再利用。    另一個(gè)重要進(jìn)程的具體行動(dòng)蛋白酶是根據(jù)申請(qǐng)的半合成人胰島素的生產(chǎn)。與豬胰島素這將啟動(dòng)，其中在30的B鏈的位置被替換為丙氨酸蘇氨酸叔丁基由胰蛋白酶選擇性作用酯。胰島素酯分離，水解為人體胰島素和程序，最后由色譜純化。    對(duì)酶的來(lái)源不僅包括微生物，而且蔬菜

38、和動(dòng)物材料。    In Table 1 it was already shown that over 75%of all pharmaceutical agents are obtained by total synthesis. Therefore knowledge of the synthetic routes is useful. Understanding also makes it possible to recognize contamination .of the agents by intermediates and by- prod

39、ucts. For the reason of effective quality control the registration authorities in many countries demand as essentials for registration a thorough documentation on the production process. Knowledge of drug syntheses provides the R&D chemist with valuable stimulation as well. There are neither pre

40、ferred structural classes for all pharmaceutically active compounds nor preferred reaction types. This implies that practically the whole field of organic and in part also organometallic chemistry is covered. Nevertheless，a larger number of starting materials and intermediates are more frequently us

41、ed，and so it is useful to know the possibilities for their preparation from primary chemicals. For this reason it is appropriate somewhere in this book to illustrate a tree of especially important intermediates. These latter intermediates are the key compounds used in synthetic processes leading to

42、an enormous number of agents. For the most part chemicals are involved which are produced in large amounts. In a similar way this is also true for the intermediates based on the industrial aromatic compounds toluene，phenol and chlorobenzene. Further key compounds may be shown in a table which can be

43、 useful in tracing cross-relationships in syntheses.fIn addition to the actual starting materials and intermediates solvents are required both as a reaction medium and ,for purification via recrystallization. Frequently used solvents are methanol，ethanol，isopropanol，butanol，acetone，ethyl acetate，ben

44、zene，toluene and xylene. To a lesser extent diethyl ether，tetrahydrofuran，glycol ethers，dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) are used in special reactions.在表1，已經(jīng)顯示，有超過(guò)75是由藥劑全合成獲得。因此，合成路線的知識(shí)是有用的。認(rèn)識(shí)也使我們能夠認(rèn)識(shí)到污染。按中間體和副產(chǎn)品代理。為了有效的質(zhì)量控制在許多國(guó)家的登記要領(lǐng)對(duì)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的完整的文檔要求登記機(jī)關(guān)的原因。藥物合成知識(shí)提供了寶貴的刺激研發(fā)化學(xué)家以及。&

45、#160;   有沒(méi)有首選的所有藥學(xué)活性化合物，也反應(yīng)類(lèi)型結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型的首選。這意味著幾乎全部領(lǐng)域的有機(jī)和有機(jī)金屬化學(xué)中的一部分也被覆蓋。不過(guò)，也有較大的起始原料和中間體數(shù)量較常用，所以它是非常有用的知道他們準(zhǔn)備從初級(jí)品的可能性?；谶@個(gè)原因，它是在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤剑f(shuō)明這本書(shū)的重要中間體，尤其是樹(shù)。后面這些中間體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)到數(shù)目龐大的代理商合成工藝中的關(guān)鍵化合物。對(duì)于大多數(shù)的化學(xué)品是在涉及大量生產(chǎn)。以類(lèi)似的方式，這也是對(duì)工業(yè)芳香族化合物甲苯，苯酚和氯苯中間體為基礎(chǔ)的真實(shí)。另一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的化合物可能會(huì)顯示在表格可在追蹤syntheses.f交叉關(guān)系很有用  

46、60; 除了實(shí)際的起始原料和中間體溶劑作為反應(yīng)介質(zhì)要求和通過(guò)再結(jié)晶純化，兩者。常用的溶劑是甲醇，乙醇，異丙醇，丁醇，丙酮，醋酸乙酯，苯，甲苯和二甲苯。在較小程度上乙醚，四氫呋喃，乙二醇醚，二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）和二甲基亞砜（DMSO）的使用在特殊的反應(yīng)。 Reagents used in larger amounts are not only acids (hydrochloric acid，sulfuric acid， nitric acid，acetic acid) but also inorganic and organic bases (sodium hydroxide，po

47、tassium hydroxide，potassium carbonate，sodium bicarbonate，ammonia，triethylamine，pyridine). Further auxiliary chemicals include active charcoal and catalysts. All of these supplementary chemicals (like the intermediates) can be a source of impurities in the final product. In 1969 the WHO published a t

48、reatise on Safeguarding Quality in Drugs'.Appendix 2 is concerned with the Proper Practice for Reparation and Safeguarding Quality in Drugs' (WHO Technical Report No. 418，1969，Appendix 2;No. 567，1975，Appendix 1A). This has in the meantime become known as Good Manufacturing Practices' or

49、GMP rules，and these should now be obeyed in drug production. They form the basis for mutual recognition of quality certificates relating to the production of pharmaceuticals and for inspections of the production. facilities. 在較大的數(shù)額使用的試劑，不僅酸（鹽酸，硫酸，硝酸，醋酸），而且無(wú)機(jī)和有機(jī)堿（氫氧化鈉，氫氧化鉀，碳酸鉀，碳酸氫鈉，氨，三乙胺，吡啶）。進(jìn)一步的輔助化學(xué)

50、品包括活性炭和催化劑。這些（如中間體）補(bǔ)充品都可以成為最終產(chǎn)品中雜質(zhì)的來(lái)源。    1969年，世界衛(wèi)生組織發(fā)表了保障藥品質(zhì)量的論文中（WHO技術(shù)報(bào)告號(hào)418,1969，附錄二，附錄二是有關(guān)適當(dāng)?shù)淖龇ǖ馁r償和保障藥品質(zhì)量。'號(hào)567,1975，附件1A）。這已成為在此期間為'良好生產(chǎn)規(guī)范'或GMP規(guī)則眾所周知的，現(xiàn)在應(yīng)在這些藥品生產(chǎn)服從。它們構(gòu)成的質(zhì)量有關(guān)的藥品生產(chǎn)證書(shū)互認(rèn)的生產(chǎn)和檢驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)。設(shè)施。    For a long time the US drug authority，the F

51、ood and Drug Administration (FDA)，has issued regulations for the preparation of drugs analogous to the WHO rules，and it applies these strictly. Exports of drugs to the USA，like those of finished products，require regular inspection of the production facilities by the FDA. 5 It may merely be noted her

52、e that such careful control applies not only to the products， but also to the raw materials (control of starting Materials)，and also to the intermediates. Clearly. the technical and hygienic equipment of the production and the storage areas have to fulfill set conditions. Since only a few compounds，

53、such as acetylsalicylic acid，paracetamol and vitamins，are prepared in large amounts，most of the actual production takes place in multi-purpose (multi-product) facilities. .Special care has to be taken to avoid cross-contamination by other products what can be effected by good cleansing of used appar

54、atus. A careful description and definition of all stored intermediates and products is needed.Selected -from H. J. Roth and A. Kleemann, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1，Drug Synthesis, Ellis Horwood Limited，England, 1988.長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，美國(guó)藥品管理局，美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局（FDA）已發(fā)出的藥品制劑類(lèi)似于誰(shuí)的規(guī)則規(guī)定，而且適用于這些嚴(yán)格。向美國(guó)藥物如成品者外，出口由FDA要求的生產(chǎn)

55、設(shè)施進(jìn)行定期檢查。 5    它可能只是在此指出，這種嚴(yán)格控制不僅適用于產(chǎn)品，而且對(duì)原材料（原輔料控制），同時(shí)還以中間體。清楚。對(duì)生產(chǎn)和儲(chǔ)存方面的技術(shù)和設(shè)備必須符合衛(wèi)生規(guī)定的條件。    由于只有少數(shù)的化合物，如乙酰水楊酸，對(duì)乙酰氨基酚和維生素，是在大量的準(zhǔn)備，在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中最需要的多用途（多產(chǎn)品）設(shè)施的地方。 。特別小心，注意避免交叉通過(guò)什么可以按所使用的儀器良好的清潔影響其他產(chǎn)品的污染。經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)的描述和所有儲(chǔ)存的中間體和產(chǎn)品的定義是必要的。選擇從黃建忠羅斯和A. Kleemann，藥物化學(xué)，卷

56、。 1，藥物合成，      埃利斯霍伍德有限公司，英國(guó)，1988年。6 Exercises1. Answer the following questions:(1)How many groups can pharmaceutical agents be split into depending on their production or origin?(2)Can you illustrate any significant examples of pharmaceutical agents obtained by to

57、tal synthesis? (3) What is the difference between the synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese herbal medicine?2. Put the following into English:3. Put the following into Chinese: Polysaccharidepeptide hormone vaccine heterogeneous catalyst contamination plasma steroid penicillinmetabolite4. Fill in

58、the blanks with the following verb words: derive term distinguish present compose Nucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are _ of a sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually _ a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieti

59、es，ribonucleic(RNA)and deoxyribonucleic (DNA).DNA is found primarily in the chromatin of the cell nucleus， whereas 90%of RNA is _ in the cell cytoplasm and 10 0 o in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are _ primary on the basis of the five-carbon atom sugar or pentose present. Two gener

60、al kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acids is _ from the parent compound pyrimidine. 6習(xí)題1?；卮鹣铝袉?wèn)題：（1）有多少組可以藥劑成其生產(chǎn)或出身而定分裂（2）你能說(shuō)明所取得的全合成藥劑任何重大的例子嗎？（3）什么是之間的合成藥物和傳統(tǒng)中藥的區(qū)別？2。把以下內(nèi)容翻譯成英語(yǔ)：3。把成中文如下：多糖肽類(lèi)激素疫苗非均相催化劑青霉素類(lèi)固醇代謝物污染血漿4目前構(gòu)成派生詞區(qū)別核酸是超高分子量聚陰離子分子。這些聚合物的一個(gè)亞基或核苷酸，使整個(gè)通常是一個(gè)多核苷酸序列_。核酸是兩個(gè)主要品種，核糖核酸（RNA）和脫氧核糖核酸（DNA）的。DNA是主要存在于細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的染色質(zhì)，而90是_的RNA在細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核中的10 0Ø。核酸類(lèi)_兩對(duì)五碳糖或戊糖原子現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)上小學(xué)。一般兩個(gè)種基地發(fā)現(xiàn)，在所有核酸。一類(lèi)是母體化合物嘌