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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上英語一共有多少種時態(tài)時態(tài)是英語中一個重要的語法范疇,它表示不同時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)以及動作發(fā)生或存在的方式。動作發(fā)生的時間可分為現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來四種形式,動作發(fā)生的方式可分為一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行四種形式。將時間形式和動作方式結(jié)合起來,就構(gòu)成了以下16種時態(tài)形式(以do為例):一 般完 成進(jìn) 行完 成 進(jìn) 行現(xiàn) 在現(xiàn)在一般時do現(xiàn)在完成時have done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時is doing現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時have been doing過 去過去一般時did過去完成時had done過去進(jìn)行時was doing過去完成進(jìn)行時had been doing將 來將

2、來一般時will do將來完成時will have done將來進(jìn)行時will be doing將來完成進(jìn)行時will have been doing過去將來過去將來一般時would do過去將來完成時would have done過去將來進(jìn)行時would be doing過去將來完成進(jìn)行時would have been doing時態(tài)詳解:一般現(xiàn)在時1. (1) 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用頻度副詞sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom及時間副詞every day / night / week / month / year, in the

3、morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night做狀語。如:He often stays up late. 他常熬夜。We go home every month. 我們每月都要回家。I watch TV at night. 我晚上看電視。(2) 表示客觀真理或永恒的狀態(tài)。如:The earth travels round the sun. 地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。Trees turn green in spring. 春天樹木變綠。Liquid turns into gas when it is hot enough. 足夠熱時,液體變?yōu)闅怏w。P

4、ractice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。(3) 現(xiàn)階段的狀態(tài)。常跟時間副詞now連用。如:He lives in Beijing now. 他現(xiàn)在住在北京。She is at home. 她在家。They work in that factory. 他們在那家工廠工作。(4) 習(xí)慣性的愛好或行為。如:I like dancing while she likes singing. 我喜歡跳舞,而她喜歡唱歌。We get up at six. 我們六點起床。He studies very hard. 他學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦。(5) 表示已經(jīng)計劃、安排好了或時間表上所安排,并且一定要做的事情。

5、用于這種句型的動詞主要是瞬間動詞:come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open等。如:The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight. 火車八點過五分到,八點過十分離開。Our class begins at 7:45. 我們的課七點四十五開始。The shop opens at eight oclock. 商店八點開門。(6) 時間、條件、方式及讓步狀語從句中的謂語動詞是將來的動作或狀態(tài)時,用一般現(xiàn)在時表示。如:If you come, we

6、 will wait for you. 如果你來,我們就等你。When he gets here, the work will be finished. 當(dāng)他到這兒時,工作將做完了。Though he disagrees with us, he will do as we decided. 盡管他不贊成我們當(dāng)觀點,他還是會按我們的決定去做。(7) 在某些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。如:They say Wu Dong is ill. 據(jù)說吳東病了。The paper says the disease is under control. 報紙上說這種病已經(jīng)得到了

7、控制。The diagram tells us that peoples living is improving. 這份圖表告訴我們,人們的生活正在改善。2. 當(dāng)主語為第一人稱、第二人稱或第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)時,動詞(除be第一人稱單數(shù)用 am外) 用原形。當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時,動詞須用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。即:(1) 動詞be為is;have為has。 (2) 動詞后面一般加s。如:playplays, workworks, saysays, loveloves. (3) 在以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞后,改y為i再加es。如:studystudies, satisfy satisfies, flyfli

8、es. (4) 在以s, x, sh, ch, o結(jié)尾的動詞后面加es。如:fixfixes, finishfinishes, watch watches, do does, go goes. 一般過去時1. (1) 表示過去某時所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。如:Liu Ying was in America last year. 劉英去年在美國。Jim rang you just now. 吉姆剛才給你打了電話。(2) 表示過去經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作。常接時間副詞often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如:We often

9、 went out for a walk after supper. 我們過去常在晚飯后散步。We usually played together. 我們通常一起玩。3. 一般過去時的謂語動詞要用動詞的過去式。動詞過去式的構(gòu)成分規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種形式,不規(guī)則變化通常需要逐個記憶,規(guī)則變化則遵循以下原則:(1) 一般在動詞后加-ed。如:playplayed, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroy destroyed, signsigned. (2) 在以字母e結(jié)尾的動詞后,只加-d。如:likeliked, provideprovided, hate h

10、ated, datedated。(3) 在以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動詞后,則改y為i,再加ed。如:supplysupplied, flyflied, study studied. (4) 在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且,末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞后,雙寫最后一個輔音字母,再加-ed。如:planplanned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned. 4. 有些動詞的過去時,如:expect, hope, intend, plan, want 等一般過去時,后接不定式的完成時;或它們的過去完成時接不定式的一般式,都可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或

11、希望。如:I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本希望他來邀請我參加他的婚禮。I intended to have joined their games. I had intended to join their games. 我本打算參加他們的比賽。一般將來時1. (1) shall / will + 動詞原形。表示即將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。特別是表示客觀性的事情或在某條件下要發(fā)生的事情,只能用此結(jié)構(gòu)。如:What shal

12、l we do if he doesnt come? 如果他不來,我們該怎么辦?Will you be free this evening? 今天晚上有空嗎?I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他會告訴我們真實情況的。(2) be going to + 動詞原形。表示已經(jīng)計劃或安排好了的事情,也可表示有跡象表明肯定要發(fā)生的事情。如:We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚上開會討論這件事情。Look at the black clouds over ther

13、e. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那邊的烏云,我想天要下雨了。There is going to be an English evening this week. 本周要舉行一個英語晚會。(3) be to + 動詞原形。表示一種常規(guī)性的活動或注定要做的事情。如:Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天該誰打掃教室了?When are you to return your library book? 你什么時候要還圖書?The bridge is to be completed by the end of th

14、is year. 這渡橋該在今年年底前完工。(4) be about to + 動詞原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一種時間上的巧合,因此,句子不能再用時間狀語。如:Dont leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了,李蕾就要來了。Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安靜下來,音樂演唱會就要開始了。(5) be +現(xiàn)在分詞。表示即將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。這個句型中動詞主要是瞬間動詞:come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die,

15、 join, borrow, buy等。如:Go ahead, and Im coming. 走前面一點吧,我就來。The dog is dying. 那條狗要死了。Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快點,商店就要關(guān)門了。(6) 。表示一種嚴(yán)格按照計劃進(jìn)行的動作。比方說,上課、飛機(jī)起飛、火車離站等。如:Dont hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙,會議八點過一刻開始。The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽車四點返回?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時1. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時由“am / is

16、 / are + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如:Im studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school. 我在育才中學(xué)讀書。He is writing on the desk. 他再課桌上寫字。They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall. 他們在談?wù)撚伍L城的事情。【說明】動詞現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成方法:(1) 一般在動詞后加-ing。如:saysaying, playplaying, thinkthinking, studystudying, teach teaching, blowblowing, buildbuild

17、ing. (2) 動詞若以-e結(jié)尾, 則去e再加-ing。如:loveloving, makemaking, guideguiding, datedating. (3) 在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞后,雙寫最后一個輔音字母,再加-ing。如:beginbeginning, regretregretting, planplanning, ban banning. (4) 在以ie結(jié)尾的動詞后,改ie為y,再加-ing。如:lielying, diedying, tietying. (5) 在以-ck 結(jié)尾的動詞后加-king。如:picnicpicnicking,

18、panicpanicking. 2. (1) 表示目前正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動作。如:They are planting trees on the mountain. 他們在山上植樹。Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母親在廚房做晚飯。(2) 有些非持續(xù)性動詞的進(jìn)行時可以表示動作即將進(jìn)行或發(fā)生,或表示動作的重復(fù)。如:He is joining the army. 他要參軍了。They are buying the house. 他們要買那座房子。(3) 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時中有always, forever, constantly, continually

19、修飾時,表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:Why is the baby always crying? 為什么那個老是在哭。They are always helping us. 他們總是幫助我們。注意:表示狀態(tài)、感覺、心理活動的靜態(tài)動詞,一般不使用語進(jìn)行時態(tài)。4. (1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)目前正在進(jìn)行的動作,而一般現(xiàn)在時強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。如:Im reading a story now. 我在看一個故事。(目前正在干的事情) I read stories in my spare time. 我有空時看故事。(經(jīng)常性的行為) (from )(2) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動作,而

20、一般現(xiàn)在時只表動作的重復(fù),而不表示動作的持續(xù)。如:What are you doing these days? 這幾天你在干什么?They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他們暑假在學(xué)英語。They read English every day. 他們每天讀英語。They play volleyball every Sunday. 他們每周星期天都打排球。(3) 表示短促動作的動詞(如 jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的進(jìn)行時,表示動作的重復(fù)。如:The girls are jumping over ther

21、e. 女孩子們在那邊跳。His heart is beating fast. 他的心臟跳得很快。(5) 某些表示希望或想法的動詞(如hope, wonder, want等)的進(jìn)行時可以表示委婉客氣。如:Im wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你現(xiàn)在能否給我們幫一忙。Im hoping that you will succeed. 我正在希望你成功呢。過去進(jìn)行時1. 過去進(jìn)行時由“was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如: I was doing my lessons then. 那時,我在做功課。We were cleaning the

22、house. 我們在打掃房子。2. 使用過去進(jìn)行時應(yīng)注意的幾點(1) 可表示按計劃、安排過去某時刻將要發(fā)生的動作。如:He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他說他今天下午要去北京。(2) 動詞hope, wonder等的過去進(jìn)行時常用來表示提出要求,雖然表示現(xiàn)在的內(nèi)容,但語氣比一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時要委婉。如:I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否過來跟我們一起活動?(3) 中有always, forever, continually, constan

23、tly修飾時,表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:He was always thinking of others. 他總是想到人家。3. (1) 過去進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作在過去某時刻正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù),而一般過去時表示動作的完成。如:He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在寫作文。(不一定寫完) He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚寫了一篇作文。(已經(jīng)寫完) (2) 表示過去的狀態(tài)、感覺及心理活動的靜態(tài)動詞(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know,

24、 want, notice)可用于一般過去時,但通常不用于進(jìn)行時。如:I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我討厭人們說話時口里含著食物。(3) 一般過去時與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用,表示“過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作”;而過去進(jìn)行時與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用,表示動作的重復(fù),常帶有感情的色彩。如:He always got up at six. 他過去總是六點起床。He was always thi

25、nking of his work. 他總是一心想到工作。(4) 有時可以用來替換一般過去時,但一般過去時表示主語的行為是經(jīng)過認(rèn)真考慮的;而過去進(jìn)行時表示一種較隨便或沒有進(jìn)行仔細(xì)考慮的行為。如:I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以為它會同意我們的。I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要說服他接受我們的建議。將來進(jìn)行時用法說明1. 將來進(jìn)行時的基本用法表示將來某一時間正在進(jìn)行的動作:Dont phone me between 5 and 6. Well be havin

26、g dinner then. 五點至六點之間不要給我打電話,那時我們在吃飯。When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television. 當(dāng)我到家時,我太太可能正在看電視。2. 表示按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作I will be seeing you next week. 我下個星期來看你。Ill be taking my holidays soon. 不久我將度假了。We shall be going to London next week. 下周我們要去倫敦。3. 將來進(jìn)行時表示委婉語氣有時用可使語氣更委婉:Will you be

27、 having some tea? 喝點茶吧。Will you be needing anything else? 你還需要什么嗎?4. 將來進(jìn)行時與一般將來時的區(qū)別(1) 兩者基本用法不一樣:表示將來某時正在進(jìn)行的動作,一般將來時表示將來某時將要發(fā)生的動作: What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天這個時候你會在做什么呢?What will you do tomorrow? 你明天干什么?(2) 兩者均可表示將來,但用將來進(jìn)行時語氣更委婉,比較:When will you finish these letters? 你什么什候處理完這些信件?

28、(直接詢問,如上司對下屬)When will you be seeing Mr White? 你什么時候見懷特先生?(委婉地詢問,如下屬對上司)When will you pay back the money? 你什么時候還錢?(似乎在直接討債)When will you be paying back the money? 這錢你什么時候還呢?(委婉地商量)(3) 有時一般將來中的will含有“愿意”的意思,而用則只是單純地談未來情況:Mary wont pay this bill. 瑪麗不肯付這筆錢。(表意愿)Mary wont be paying this bill. 不會由瑪麗來付錢。(

29、單純談未來情況)瞬間動詞進(jìn)行時的用法與意義表示反復(fù)或重復(fù)英語的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時用于少數(shù)可以表示不斷重復(fù)的動作,這類動詞主要有jump, knock, kick, hit, nod, tap, wink, cough, shoot, drop等。如:Someone is knocking. 有人敲門。John is nodding his head. 約翰頻頻點頭。He is jumping up and down. 他上下地跳著。Why is she blinking her eyes? 她為什么老眨眼睛? 如果主語為復(fù)數(shù),某些動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時往往有“不斷”或“一個接一個”的含義,如:People

30、are dying in that part of the world. 在那個地方人們不斷地死去。Men are dropping with malaria, dysentery and simple starvation. 士兵們由于瘧疾、痢疾或僅僅因為饑餓一個接一個地倒了下去。表示即將發(fā)生注意有些的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時并不表動作的重復(fù),而是表動作即將發(fā)生。如:Mike is coming home on Thursday. 邁克星期四回來。Theyre having a party next week. 下星期他們將開一個晚會。My sister is getting married next D

31、ecember. 我妹妹十二月結(jié)婚。Youre young people. You ate only beginning to live. 你們是年輕人,剛剛開始生活。表示即將結(jié)束有些的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時則表動作即將結(jié)束,如:I am finishing. 我快做完了。It is ceasing to rain. 雨快停了。The fruit is ripening. 這果子快熟了。It was my painful duty to tell him he was dying. 要我把他即將去世的事告訴他,這使我十分為難。靜態(tài)動詞用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)的例子在通常情況下,不用于進(jìn)行時態(tài),但是有少數(shù)在特殊情況下可

32、用于進(jìn)行時態(tài),有時比用一般時態(tài)顯得更客氣。如以下例子均摘自詞典和名家的語法著作:I am hoping you will come. 我希望你能來。(比I hope顯得更客氣)。Now Im remembering it. 現(xiàn)在我想起來了。How are you liking Beijing? 你覺得北京如何?(問初步印象) Im always hearing strange stories about him. 我老聽人講關(guān)于他的奇奇怪怪的事。Im forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight. 我差點忘了我答應(yīng)今晚去看他的。Tina her

33、 sister more and more. 丁娜越來越像她姐姐了。Im hoping that you will come and have a chat with me. 我倒希望你來聊聊天。Im wondering if you have any questions. 我倒想知道你們有什么問題。Thank you so much for the binoculars. Ive been wanting a pair for ages. 我非常感謝你送給我望遠(yuǎn)鏡。我一直想要一副?,F(xiàn)在完成時1. 現(xiàn)在完成時既可表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在所造成的結(jié)果或影響(此時通常連用的時間狀語有already

34、, yet, just, ever, before),也可表示動作從過去某時間開始,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還有可能持續(xù)下去(此時通常連用的時間狀語有this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 時間段, since +時間點, for + 時間段)。如:I have just finished my work. 我把工作做完。Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾經(jīng)去過北京嗎?I have lived for ten years. 我在這兒住了十年了。We have

35、 studied here since 2003. 我們自2003年來就在這兒讀書了。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時由“have / has + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 3. (1) 非持續(xù)性動詞go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, join的完成時的肯定式不能與時間段連用,若要接用時間段狀語,則應(yīng)換成相應(yīng)的持續(xù)動詞或狀態(tài)動詞。如:He has been away for an hour. 他走了一個小時了。Can I borrow that book? 我可以借那本書嗎?How long can I keep the book? 這本書我可借多久?注意:非持續(xù)性動詞的否定完成時可

36、與時間段狀語連用。如:He has not borrowed the book since then. 從此以后,他再也沒有借這本書了。(2) have / has been to 表示曾經(jīng)去過某地,但現(xiàn)在不在那兒;have / has gone to表示現(xiàn)在已去某地,現(xiàn)在不在這兒。如:He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. 他去過加拿大,現(xiàn)在在我們公司工作。Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 李先生不在家,他去上海了。(3) 完成時的肯定式常用alre

37、ady,而否定式和疑問句常用yet,但若already用于疑問句時,表示一種出乎意外的驚訝。如:Have you read it already? 你就看完了?4. (1) 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響,屬于現(xiàn)在時的范疇;一般過去時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作所發(fā)生的時間,屬于過去時的范疇。因此,過去時需跟過去時間連用或有表過去時間的上下文連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時不能與過去時間連用。如:I read the book two weeks ago. 我兩周前讀了這本書。I have read the book for two weeks. 這本書我讀過兩周了。(2) 與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時:

38、現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或剛結(jié)束;而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時只強(qiáng)調(diào)目前的狀態(tài)。如:They have talked for about two hours. 他們談了大約兩個小時。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)) They are talking. 他們在談話。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)目前的狀態(tài)) ago習(xí)慣上不與現(xiàn)在完成時連用在通常情況下 ago 只與過去時連用,而不與連用。因為ago指的是多久以前的過去時間,而表示的動作雖然發(fā)生在過去,但它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響,因此兩者不能用在一起。如:我兩個月前見過他。誤:I have seen him two months ago. 正:I saw him two months

39、 ago.但是,有時為了行文的需要或使句子生動,ago可用于類似以下這樣的句子:I had thought that he had died at least 20 years ago. 我原以為他至少在20年前就已經(jīng)去世了。以下句子 ago 雖然連用了動詞的“式”,但并不是“完成時”。如:If shed had the chance, shed rather have lived 100 years ago. 如有可能,她寧愿生活在100年以前。If I had been Jane, Id have walked out on him years ago. 如果我是珍妮,我?guī)啄昵熬碗x開他了。

40、when習(xí)慣上不與現(xiàn)在完成時連用when 表示“何時”“什么時候”時,可用于過去時態(tài)或?qū)頃r態(tài),但通常不用于。如:你什么時候和他首次見面的?誤:When have you first met him? 正:When did you first meet him? 但是,since when 可以與連用。如:Since when have you lived here? 你從什么時候起住在這里的?Since when have you become active? 你什么時候開始變得積極了?Since when do you read newspapers? 你什么時候開始讀報的?That wa

41、s in 1949, since when things have been better. 那時是1949年,從那以后情況就好些了。過去完成時用法詳說1. 過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時相似,也有“已完成”和“未完成”兩種用法,所不同的是,過去完成時將時間推移到過去某一時間之前,即所謂的“過去的過去”。具體地說,它既可表示在過去某一時間之前已完成的動作,也可表示從一個較早的過去持續(xù)一個較遲的過去的動作:He had left when I arrived. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)時他已經(jīng)離開。By six oclock he had worked twelve hours. 到6點鐘時他就已工作了12小時。2.

42、正確運用過去完成時最重要的是要正確理解“過去的過去”?!斑^去的過去”是一個相對時間,即它相對于一個過去時間而言,并在其過去。這種相對的“過去的過去”有時通過一定的時間副詞(狀語)體現(xiàn)出來,有時則可能是通過一定的上下文來體現(xiàn):I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丟失的表。The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安靜,大家都睡覺了。"Was Jack at the office?" "No, hed gone home." “杰克在辦公室嗎?”“不在

43、,回家了。”【注】有些通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的詞語,由于在一定的語境中,謂語動作移到了“過去的過去”,也應(yīng)用。比較:We havent seen each other since we left Paris. 自從離開巴黎后我們一直沒見過面。I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadnt seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我見到史密斯先生了,自從離開巴黎后我們還一直沒見過面。3. 可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法和打算,通常連用的動詞是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend,

44、 suppose 等:I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想來,但有事就沒有來。I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言,但時間不允許。We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didnt. 我們本想你來看我們的,但你沒有來。將來完成時用法解說1. 表示到將來某個時間為止勢必會完成或預(yù)計要完成的動作,由“will shall+have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成:He will have arrived by now.

45、 他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到了。He will have gone back to England.他想必回英國去了。When we get there,shell have gone to work. 我們到那里時她會已上班去了。On Monday hell have been in Britain for three years. 到星期一,他在英國就滿三年了。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時與將來完成的區(qū)別以現(xiàn)在時間為參照點,表示在“現(xiàn)在”以前完成的動作或持續(xù)到“現(xiàn)在”的狀態(tài),過去完成時則以過去時間為參照點,表示在“過去”某一時間以前發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)到“過去”某一時間的狀態(tài),將來完成時則以將來時間為參

46、照點,表示在“將來”某一時間為止已經(jīng)完成的動作或持續(xù)到“將來”某一時間的狀態(tài):He has finished writing his novel. 他已寫完了他的小說。He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年底他就寫完他的小說。He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就會寫完他的小說了。與一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時一樣,在表示時間或者條件的狀語從句,通常要用現(xiàn)在完成時來表示將來完成時,而不能直接使用將來完成時:I

47、 will go with you when I have finished my work. 等我完成工作之后我就同你去。若不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的完成(且不致于引起歧義),有時也可用:I will go with you when I finish my work. 我完成工作后就同你去。時態(tài)詳解:現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時1. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的定義表示某動作從過去某個時間開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還有可能持續(xù)下去。如:We have been waiting for him for two hours. 我們等他等了兩個小時。2. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的結(jié)構(gòu)由“have /has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。3.

48、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時所用的時間狀語:this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 時間段, since +時間點, for + 時間段。如:They have been building the bridge for two month. 兩個月來他們一直在修橋。They have been planting trees this month. 這個月來他們一直在植樹。4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的完成,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù),因此,

49、表示動作的完成,只能用現(xiàn)在完成時,而不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。如:He has changed his idea. 他改變了想法。(2) 在表示動作的延續(xù)時,雖然既可用現(xiàn)在完成時,也可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時,但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的進(jìn)行。因此在需要明確表示動作還要持續(xù)下去時,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。如:We have been studying here for two years. 我們在這兒已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩年了。(3) 有些延續(xù)性動詞(如 keep, learn, live, stay, study, work等),用于現(xiàn)在完成時或的區(qū)別不大。如:I have lived here for many ye

50、ars.=I have been living here for many years. 我在這兒住了多年了?,F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別(1) 可以表示一個已經(jīng)完成的動作,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時則表示一個正在進(jìn)行的動作:I have read the book. 我讀過這本書。I have been reading the book. 我一直在讀這本書。【注】有少數(shù)動詞(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持續(xù)一時間時用這兩種時態(tài)含義差不多(只是用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性):How long have you worked been working

51、here? 你在這兒工作多久了?Ive lived been living here since 1988. 自1988年以來我就一直住在這兒。(2) 通常只陳述事實,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時還可表示一種感情色彩:I have waited for two hours. 我等了兩小時。(陳述事實)I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了兩個小時。(等得好辛苦)(3) 通常用來談?wù)撦^短暫的動作或情況,若要談?wù)摃r間延續(xù)較長的動作或情況或永久性情況,則通常用現(xiàn)在完成時:He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living

52、in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暫時性)(4) 不用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)的動詞通常也不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時,但它們可以用于:Ive only known her for two day. 我認(rèn)識她剛剛兩天。Theyve been married for twenty years. 他們結(jié)婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了很長時間。(5) 不用于被動語態(tài),若要用可用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)代替:The house has been painted for a month. 這房子已漆了一個月。The problem has been

53、studied for five days. 這個問題已研究了五天。過去完成進(jìn)行時用法詳解一、結(jié)構(gòu)形式過去完成進(jìn)行時由“had been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,因此無人稱變化。二、用法歸納過去完成進(jìn)行時表示持續(xù)到過去某時的一個動作(可算是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的過去式):The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是濕的。此前一直在下雨。At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽車來了,我已等了半小時。She was out of breath. She had been runni

54、ng. 她氣喘吁吁,她一直在跑來著。He gave up smoking last year. Hed been smoking for twenty years. 去年他戒煙了。他抽煙已經(jīng)二十年。過去時間可用一個時間狀語表示:When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我第一次見到她時,她在那家公司已工作十年了。I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew up. 我沒等多久就來了一輛出租車。She had been looking at the

55、parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her mother. 這包裹她看了好一會兒才明白這是寄給她媽的。Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那時為止她一直和她女兒一起住。但在更多情況下過去時間由另一句子表示出來,毋需加上時間狀語:Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她眼睛紅紅的,顯然她是哭了。Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phon

56、ing her every night. 簡很不高興。彼得一直每晚給打電話。He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他很累。他干了一整天活。She couldnt understand him. She hadnt been learning English long. 她不懂他的話。她學(xué)語的時間還不長。I woke upI had been having a bad dream. 我醒了,我做了個惡夢。She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. 她很累了。她整天都在打信件。 Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她的眼睛紅了,顯然她剛哭過。We had been doing business with each other for years before we quarrelled. 在吵翻之前,我們多年來在業(yè)務(wù)上一直來往。When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 15 years. 我第一次遇到安的時候,她

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