【高考沖刺】高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)(語(yǔ)法)——名詞性從句

1、高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)（語(yǔ)法）一一名詞性從句名詞性從句包括：主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從 句的連詞有：A. 連詞： that, whether, if（這三個(gè)詞都不作從句的成分， 同時(shí)， that 無(wú)含義, 而 whether和 if 都表“是否”）B. 疑問(wèn)代詞： who, whom, whose, what, whichC. 疑問(wèn)副詞： when, where, why, how（一）主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句。l.that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不同于其他的連詞，既無(wú)詞義也不作成分，只起單純的 連接作用，且通常不可以省。為了強(qiáng)調(diào) that 引導(dǎo)的主

2、語(yǔ)從句而置之于句首時(shí)， that 不可省。1That the driver could not con trol his car was obvious.2That she was chose n made us very happy.3That he will come is certa in.4That he would take the risk is true.5That he should have married her isnt surpris ing.通常，that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)用 it 做形式主語(yǔ)，把從句置于句尾，此時(shí)that有時(shí)可省。例如：1It was obvious

3、that the driver could not control his car.2It made us very happy that she was chose n.3It is certa in that he will come.4It is true that he would take the risk.5It isnt surprising （that） he should have married her.如果以 that 從句為主語(yǔ)的句子是疑問(wèn)句，就只能用先行詞it 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1Is it certa in that he will come?2Is it true th

4、at he would take the risk? it 做形式主語(yǔ)有以下幾種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)：（1）lt + be + 形容詞+ that-從句1It is likely that he will come.2It is stra nge that she has ever trusted him.3It is importa nt that he（ should） atte nd the meeti ng.4It is best that he (should) go.此句型在表示驚訝、喜悅、遺憾等感情色彩時(shí)，that 從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也常 用(should)+ v 原形。It is stra

5、 nge that no one should have objected to the pla n.(2)lt + be + 名詞 + that-從句It is com mon kno wledge that the whale is not a fish.Its a pity that he should have massed the train.It + be + -ed 分詞+ that 從句It is said that he is a famous writer.It is reported that there will be a storm this after noon.在

6、表示建議、要求、命令等意義的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，that 從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用(should)do。(參見(jiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣部分)It is suggested that the meet in g(should)be held this after noon.It is dema nded that he (should) leave at on ce.(4) It + seem/happen/appear 等不及物動(dòng)詞 +that 從句。(look 不接 that 從句， 它接to be 結(jié)構(gòu)或形容詞)It seems that he is wrong.It appears that they are in

7、 urge nt n eed of help.He looks (to be) surprised/happy/sad.2. whether 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，意為“是否”，只起連接作用，不充當(dāng)任何成分。(置 于句首時(shí)必須用 whether 引導(dǎo)，置于句尾時(shí)，間或可用 if。)Whether he will win the game is not clear.Whether he will come is un certa in.Whether she comes or not does nt concern me.It is not clear whether/if he will come.I

8、t was un certa in whether he would come.3. 連詞代詞 what, who, which, whose等引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。這些連接代詞作用相當(dāng)于代詞，在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。What we n eed is more time.Who was resp on sible for the accide nt is not yet clear.Whose book it is not importa nt.Which school you want to go matters much.4. 連接副詞 when, where, why, how

9、引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。這些連接副詞相當(dāng)于副詞，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。Why he did this is not known.Whe n he will come is still unknown.It is not known why he did this.How he succeeded is unknown to us.Where we should hold the meeti ng n eeds to be discussed.注意 wh-引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句也常用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)。5.也可用 whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever 等詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從

10、句,表示“無(wú)論什么”、“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”、“無(wú)論何時(shí)”、“無(wú)論在（到）哪里”等。Whoever told you to give up smok ing was quite right.Whatever he gave you should be han ded in.Whoever told you that was lying.Whoever comes is welcome.（二）表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)。1. that 在引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)含義，不作成分，通常不省。1） 表示事實(shí)、真理等的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。The fact is that he is lyi ng.The odds are that

11、he will not do it.2） 表示某人的意見(jiàn)、信念等的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。Our belief is that things will improve.The trouble is that we are short of mon ey.2. whether 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句（不可用 if）His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.The question is whether people will buy it.3. 連接代詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。This is what I want.The questi on is who ca

12、n be chose n to be man ager of the compa ny.My question is which of them is better.4. 連接副詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。The problem seemed how we could make him un dersta nd it.The questi on is where we should go.5. as if, as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句（常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）He looks as if he were an gry.It looks as if its going to rain.（三）賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中

13、充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。1. that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)含義，不充當(dāng)成分，常省略。 that 不引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句，至于 except that, in that, save that, but that 等是復(fù)合從屬連詞。I know （ that）you have met him.Lets suppose that one day this happe ns to you.在及物動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)從句之間常有間接賓語(yǔ)（指人）。例如：I told him （that）he was wrong.在少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine,calculate,fan

14、cy,reck on, be supposed , seem, appear, feel as if, look as if, look like等后面的從句中的否定詞經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上，這叫否定前置/否定轉(zhuǎn)移。（hope “希望”，guess “認(rèn)為”后的賓語(yǔ)從句否定不前置。I hope not. “我希 望不是那樣的”，是 I hope so.的否定式。I don t hope so.是對(duì) hope 的否定:“我不希望如此”。）如：I dont think it will be very cold today.I dont think you are right.I dont bel

15、ieve he has fini shed his work.1并非必須否定轉(zhuǎn)移。若需要強(qiáng)調(diào)從句的否定時(shí)就不作轉(zhuǎn)移。2不可把所有可否定轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞的否定句都理解為否定賓語(yǔ)從句，要根據(jù)句意或語(yǔ)境而定。I don t think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise.我不認(rèn)為外交是私人可以經(jīng)營(yíng)的領(lǐng)域。We didn t think we d be this late.我們沒(méi)有料到我們會(huì)來(lái)得這么晚。3當(dāng) think 用在疑問(wèn)句中，或主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用，或主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞被do 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。Why do you think we can

16、t cha nge your no te?I do believe Tom n ever tells a lie.They still didn t believe that the food would come.他們?nèi)匀徊幌嘈藕樗畷?huì)來(lái)臨。I can t believe that they are married.我不能相信他們已結(jié)婚了。4否定轉(zhuǎn)移多用在主句動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的情況。主句動(dòng)詞為一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行 時(shí)，或主句動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，就不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。此時(shí)若主句動(dòng)詞為否定，應(yīng) 考慮是否是對(duì)主句動(dòng)詞的否定。I had thought that he

17、 would not come.5當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中有 no, n ever, hardly, not at all, not a bit, no t.e no ugh,can t help doi ng等時(shí)不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。I think I cant help laughing if I see it.I believe he n ever tells a lie.許多帶賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子要用 it 作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把賓語(yǔ)從句置于句尾。We thi nk it wrong that he told a lie to every one.We thought it a pity that she shou

18、ld have missed the cha nee.2. whether, if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句：表示“是否”可互換，口語(yǔ)中常用if。He asked if she would come.注意下列情況下 whether 不可用 if 換：1） 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句置于句首時(shí)。2） whether 后沒(méi)有單詞間隔而直接跟 or not 時(shí)。I dont know whether or not he will come.3） whether 從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。They are talking about whether he will win the game.Everyth ing depe nds on

19、 whether you agree with us.4） whether 后接不定式時(shí)。I dont know whether to atte nd the meeti ng.5）動(dòng)詞 discuss, decide的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。3. 連接代詞 what，who, whose 等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。Tell me what you want.Do you know who will come at the meeti ng?注意 who,whom 按照傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法，從句中 who 所取代的名詞如果是賓語(yǔ)應(yīng)用賓格 whom但在口語(yǔ)中常用 who,如：Do you know whom（whe）he wi

20、ll invite?whose, which, what 三個(gè)詞都帶有形容詞性質(zhì)。whose 表示所有，意為“誰(shuí)的”；which 意為“哪一個(gè)”，what 意為“什么”。如：Whose book it is not importa nt.Please tell me which school you want to go.He did nt know what time it was.一般說(shuō)來(lái)，which 指的是在一個(gè)具體的、較明確的、有限的、較小范圍；而 what 則指較廣的或不明確的范圍。如：which food，說(shuō)話(huà)人一般指眼前的或明確范圍 的幾種“ food ”； what food

21、則指許多“ food ”，而且說(shuō)話(huà)人心中沒(méi)有數(shù)。I dont know which / what food you want.如果范圍較大或者沒(méi)有什么范圍，最好用“what food ”4. 連接副詞 when, where，why, how 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。I dont know whe n the meet ing will be held.Please tell me where I can find Tom.He explained to me why he was absent from the meeting.Can you tell me how I can get to the

22、 post office?5. 可用 whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever等引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。Please write dow n whatever he is say ing.I dont know whoever will come.ril do whatever you ask me to.6. 表示愛(ài)憎情感的動(dòng)詞，如：enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, do n t mi nd,rese nt, appreciate（感激）等以及某些介詞結(jié)尾的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如：cou nt on,depe nd on, r

23、ely on, see to, look forward to, be fond of, feel like, seeto,等后，即使沒(méi)有賓補(bǔ)也要先接形式賓語(yǔ) it，再接賓語(yǔ)從句。I like it whe n she smiles at me.I love it whe n you sing.I hate it if I am spoken to loudly in public.除了 but, besides, except, in, save, beyond六個(gè)介詞后跟 that 弓丨導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句外，其他介詞都不能。in that 是“因?yàn)椤钡囊馑?，其余五個(gè)與 that 搭配都是“除了”

24、。（四）同位語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)。1. that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。在下列名詞后可用 that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句 answer, belief,doubt, fact, hope, idea, information,knowledge, law, news, opinion, plan,suggesti on, thought, truth 等。I had no idea that you were here.The story goes that William killed his wife.He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health.Sudde nly the thought came to me that he would go bli nd.注意 同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞 that 無(wú)含義，不充當(dāng)成分，不可省略。同位語(yǔ)從句 與其說(shuō)明的名詞或代詞為同一內(nèi)容，故可以用 is 把前邊的中心詞和從句連接成 一個(gè)句子。3同位語(yǔ)從句前一般沒(méi)有逗號(hào)。that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句與引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從