歷年考研英語(yǔ)一真題翻譯及答案匯總

1、1980 年考研英語(yǔ)翻譯：The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways for both natural and political scientists.First of all, he always employed the scientific method of seeking truth from facts. He firmly believed as he put it, that “ there is nothing incomprehensible about the universe, ” and through p

2、ainstaking work, explained many of the phenomena thought to be “ incomprehensible ” in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to admit mistakes when facts proved his theories wrong.Second, Einstein' s contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. Although h

3、e himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led to many of the scientific advances which have shaped modern technology.Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must have a moral and social consciousness. In this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation o

4、f scientists who became active in the Communist movement.Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings as a “ genius” whose theories are so complicated that no one but a few best scientists can understand them. But he himself rejected the efforts to put him in a position far above other people.

5、He was well known for his humble manner and often stressed to interviewers that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived.Actually, Einstein' s theory of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. But b

6、eyond learning Einstein' s theories, his overall attitude towards science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.（2）Between now and the end of the century, there will be many exciting developments and also many difficult problems to deal with. Perhap

7、s the most urgent problem is to provide enough food. The world ' s population is expected to reach 7,000 million by the year 2000, but already scientists have produced new and better varieties of wheat and rice and animal. They have also been experimenting with techniques of cultivating plants b

8、y using mixtures of chemical compounds and water only, and then there will be no need for ordinary soil. Another problem which the world will face is to get rid of refuse （ 廢料 ）. One solution is to burn refuse at very high temperatures in incinerators （ 焚化爐 ）. A development of this, which may prove

9、very useful in the future, is to use these incinerators to generate steam power. In fact, any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum. To solve the energy problem, scientists will probably also try to make more use of solar energy.The possible effects o

10、f some scientific fields, such as lasers and cryogenics （ 低溫學(xué) ）, are difficult to imagine and both already have a number of uses. The supercooling effects of the cryogenics which convert liquid helium （液態(tài)氦 ） and other gases into “ superfluids ” and metals into “ superconductors ”, maki-nrgestihsetam

11、ntnton electricity, could change the world in a number of ways. The laser, with its beam of strong light, can drill a hole in a diamond, and yet can be so well controlled that it can be used in delicate eye operations. The question is whether it will be most used for peaceful purposes or as a deadly

12、 weapon.But perhaps the most remarkable developments will occur in space flight. One of the difficulties in the past has been the high cost, but now the space shuttle is being developed, and can be used a large number of times instead of only once. Already man has been to the moon. Perhaps by the en

13、d of the century he will have had a close-up view of Venus （金星 ） or Mars （ 火星 ）.阿伯特愛因斯坦的一生在許多方面，無(wú)論是對(duì)自然科學(xué)家，還是政治科學(xué)家，都是一個(gè)范例。首先，他總是運(yùn)用從事實(shí)中尋求真理的地。正如他所說(shuō)的，他堅(jiān)信“關(guān)于宇宙沒有東西是不可知的，”并經(jīng)過(guò)艱苦的勞動(dòng)，了許多在他那個(gè)時(shí)代被認(rèn)為是“不可知”的種種現(xiàn)象。而且，當(dāng)事實(shí)證明他的理論是 錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)候，愛因斯坦也從不害怕承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤。其次，愛因斯坦的貢獻(xiàn)說(shuō)明理論工作對(duì)科學(xué)成就的巨大的重要性。雖然他自己很少在實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作，他 所發(fā)展的各種概念使科學(xué)取得了許多進(jìn)展，從而形

14、成了現(xiàn)代技術(shù)。 第三，愛因斯坦深信科學(xué)家必須具有道德和社會(huì)意識(shí)。這樣，他鼓舞了整個(gè)一代的科學(xué)家，使他們積 極參加共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)。愛因斯坦在資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的筆下被描繪為一個(gè) “天才”，他的理論是如此地難于理解， 以致只有少數(shù)最杰出 的科學(xué)家才能懂得。但是，他本人不同意別人把他高置于他人之上的那些做法。他的謙遜態(tài)度是眾所周知 的，他常常對(duì)來(lái)訪者強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)，如果沒有他的話，別人也肯定能夠取得他那樣的成就。事實(shí)上，愛因斯坦的相對(duì)論以及他的其他科學(xué)論著稍加研究是不難懂得的。但是除了學(xué)習(xí)愛因斯坦的 理論外，他對(duì)于利用科學(xué)作為一種工具來(lái)解放人類的總的態(tài)度是每個(gè)人能夠?qū)W習(xí)的， 而且也是應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的。(2) 從現(xiàn)在到本世紀(jì)末

15、，將有許多令人興奮的發(fā)展，同樣也有許多困難的問題，需要加以處理。也許最為 迫切的問題是提供足夠的糧食。 到 2000 年世界人口預(yù)期將達(dá)到 70 億，但是科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)培育出各種小麥、 稻谷和牲畜的優(yōu)良品種。他們還在實(shí)驗(yàn)只用化合物和水的混合劑來(lái)培植作物的技術(shù)，到那里就可不需一般 的土壤了。世界將面對(duì)著的另一問題是處理廢物。有一個(gè)解決辦法就是在焚化爐中用高溫的廢物燒掉。這 種方法的一個(gè)新發(fā)展，可能在將來(lái)證明極為有用，即是以這些焚火爐來(lái)產(chǎn)生蒸汽動(dòng)力。事實(shí)是，任何新的 能源都將是非常受歡迎的， 因?yàn)槭鸵迅胁蛔恪?要解決能源問題， 科學(xué)家們也許會(huì)高潮更多地利用太陽(yáng)能。諸如激光學(xué)和低溫學(xué)，某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的

16、可能作用是難以想象的，它們兩者已經(jīng)有若干用途。低溫學(xué)的 過(guò)冷作用將液態(tài)氦及某些氣體變成“超流體” ，將某些金屬變成“超導(dǎo)體” ，使它們沒有電阻，從而可以在 好些方面改變世界面貌。激光，以它強(qiáng)烈的光束，可在金剛石上鉆孔，也可以很好地加以控制來(lái)進(jìn)行難做 的眼科手術(shù)。問題是它將被大量用于和平的目的呢，還是用途致使的武器。但最驚人的發(fā)展也許將出現(xiàn)在宇宙飛行方面。過(guò)去的困難之一在于代價(jià)太高。但現(xiàn)在航天飛機(jī)正在發(fā) 展，這種航天飛機(jī)可以使用多次而不是僅僅一次而已。人類已經(jīng)到過(guò)月球。也許到本世紀(jì)末人類對(duì)金星或 火星等將有一個(gè)精細(xì)的觀察。1981 年考研英語(yǔ)真題The United Kingdom is a m

17、onarchical (君主政體的 ) State. It is one of the independent members of the Commonwealth (the Queen is recognized as head of the Commonwealth), and a member of the European Community.The origins and traditions of the United Kingdom are to be found in each of the four parts that make up the country: Engla

18、nd, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England was united as a kingdom a thousand years ago, and Wales became part of the kingdom during the middle ages. The thrones ( 王位 ) of England and Scotland were united in 1603, and in 1707 legislation passed in the two countries provided for the establishm

19、ent of a single Parliament of Great Britain with supreme authority both in England and Wales and in Scotland. Ireland had had links with the kingdom of England since the thirteenth century, and in 1800 the creation of the United Kingdom was completed by a union joining the Irish Parliament to that o

20、f Great Britain. In 1922 Southern Ireland (now the Irish Republic) became a self-governing country. The six counties of Northern Ireland had in 1920 been given their own subordinate Parliament, and voted to remain within the United Kingdom.The United Kingdom Parliament at Westminster in London with

21、an elected chamber comprising members from English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland constituencies (選舉區(qū) ) therefore represents people sharing very varied backgrounds and traditions. It has ultimate authority for government and law-making, but administrative arrangements have developed in such a

22、 way as to take account of the particular needs of different areas.England and Wales on the one hand and Scotland on the other have different systems of law, different court systems, different education systems, different systems of local government and, for most domestic matters, different governme

23、nt departments.(2)As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by-product of their machines namely, noise. Noiseis nowadays in the news; it has acquired political status, and public op

24、inion is demanding, more and more insistently, that something must be done about it.To control noise is to demand much self-discipline （annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy）, a sense of proportion （there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped）, the expenditure o

25、f money （and it is far more economical to do this early rather that late）, and finally, technical knowledge.Technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But ca

26、n you define excessive noise in the same way? You find that wi th any existing simple “ nois-emeter ”, vehicles which arejudged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. The nex

27、t remedy is to absorb it on its way to the ear.Domestic noises may perhaps be controlled by forethought and courtesy, and industrial noises by good planning and technical improvement. But if we are going to allow fast motor-cycles and heavy diesel lorries to pass continuously trough residential and

28、business districts, the community must decide on the control it needs to exercise, for in the long run it has got to pay for it. And if a nation is to take part in modern air transport, it must enter into international agreements on the noise control measures it will impose at its airports and here

29、thecost of any real control is to be measured in millions of dollars.（3）About 350 years ago Galileo made a telescope and looked through it at the sun. What he saw both surprised and frightened him, for he saw dark spots on the sun which at once suggested to him that God had not made the world quite

30、as perfect as he had previously believed. He hesitated to make his discovery known. Meanwhile other scientists noticed the same lack of solar perfection and proclaimed （ 宣布 ） the fact.But Galileo continued his observations and was soon rewarded with another discovery. Fixing his attention on a singl

31、e sunspot （ 太陽(yáng)黑子 ） group, he noticed that in a few days it had moved in position, just as if the sun itself were turning. Afterwards he found a sunspot group which lived long enough to disappear from view on the western limb （ 邊緣 ） of the sun, to re-appear on its eastern limb, and finally to regain

32、its old position. This led him to conclude that the sun itself was rotating and that the time it took to make one complete turn was about twenty-five to twenty-seven days. Actually we know from the drawings which Galileo made of sunspots that there must have been quite a lot of them at the time of h

33、is observations in the years 1611 and 1612. If he had gone on making his drawings in the years that immediately followed, we know that he would almost certainly have noticed that sunspots were becoming fewer and smaller. But he became interested in other things and so he failed to recognize that the

34、re is a kind of long-term cycle in sunspot activity, the sunspots increasing and decreasing as the years go on. Later this discovery of the sunspot activity was made by one of the most patient observers in the history of science, a German chemist, Charles Schwabe.聯(lián)合王國(guó)是一個(gè)君主政體的國(guó)家。 它是英聯(lián)邦內(nèi)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家之一 （女王被承認(rèn)

35、是英聯(lián)邦的首腦 ），也是歐 洲共同體的成員國(guó)。聯(lián)合王國(guó)的起源和傳統(tǒng)可從組成它的四個(gè)部分英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭的各 個(gè)部分找到。英格蘭在一千年前統(tǒng)一為一個(gè)王國(guó)，威爾士則于中世紀(jì)時(shí)成為這王國(guó)的一個(gè)組成部分。一六 三年，英格蘭與蘇格蘭的王位合而為一 ；一七七年兩國(guó)通過(guò)立法，規(guī)定設(shè)立一個(gè)單一的、在英格蘭和威 爾士以及在蘇格蘭均享有最高權(quán)力的大不列顛國(guó)會(huì)。愛爾蘭與英格蘭王國(guó)自十三世紀(jì)起已有聯(lián)系；一八00年由于愛爾蘭國(guó)會(huì)并入大不列顛國(guó)會(huì)，聯(lián)合王國(guó)的創(chuàng)建便告完成。一九二二年，南愛爾蘭（現(xiàn)在的愛爾蘭共和國(guó)）成為一個(gè)自主的國(guó)家。北愛爾蘭的六個(gè)郡已于一九二0年被授權(quán)成立自己的、在聯(lián)合王國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)之下的 議會(huì)

36、，并投票表決留在聯(lián)合王國(guó)內(nèi)。在倫敦威斯敏斯特的聯(lián)合王國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)它有一個(gè)選舉出來(lái)的、由英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛 爾蘭各地選區(qū)所產(chǎn)生的議員組成的議院因此代表具有十分不同的背景和傳統(tǒng)的人民。它具有最高的政 府權(quán)力和立法權(quán)，但在行政管理方面已作出了安排以照顧不同地區(qū)的特殊需要。英格蘭和威爾士以及蘇格蘭兩者各有不同的法律制度，不同的法院系統(tǒng)，不同的教育制度，不同 的地方政府制度，并且設(shè)有不同的政府部門來(lái)處理大部分的內(nèi)部事務(wù)。（2） 隨著更多的人住得更近，隨著他們使用各種機(jī)器而獲得閑暇，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的空暇，甚至他們的 工作時(shí)間都受到他們機(jī)器的一個(gè)副產(chǎn)品即噪音的嚴(yán)重影響。 現(xiàn)在新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)中經(jīng)常談?wù)撛胍?;它已

37、取 得了政治地位，公眾輿論也越來(lái)越堅(jiān)持要求采取一定措施來(lái)對(duì)付噪音。要控制噪音就得要求很大程度的自我約束（使人煩惱的事常常是由于缺乏普通的禮貌引起的），一種均衡感 （如果要制止噪音，通常會(huì)引起利害沖突 ），化錢（早化錢比晚化錢經(jīng)濟(jì)得多 ），最后還有技術(shù)知識(shí)。技術(shù)往往是由于問題的主客觀性質(zhì)引起的。你可以根據(jù)速度計(jì)上指針?biāo)傅淖x數(shù)來(lái)確定一輛汽車 的超速。可是，你能用同樣的方法來(lái)確定超量的噪音嗎?你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，被認(rèn)為噪音相同的車輛，在任何現(xiàn)有的簡(jiǎn)單“噪音計(jì)”上顯示的讀數(shù)可能大不相同。雖然消除噪音的最理想方法是產(chǎn)生的根源處消滅它，但在很多情況下，這也許是不可能的。其次 的補(bǔ)救辦法是將混音在它到達(dá)耳朵的過(guò)程中

38、吸收掉。家里的噪音或許可能通過(guò)事先的考慮與謙讓加以控制，工業(yè)噪音則可能通過(guò)良好的規(guī)劃與技術(shù)的 改進(jìn)加以控制。但是，如果我們?cè)试S高速摩托車與重型內(nèi)燃機(jī)卡車經(jīng)常不斷地通過(guò)住宅區(qū)與商業(yè)區(qū)，那么 這些地區(qū)的全體居民就必須決定他們需要實(shí)行的控制措施，因?yàn)閺拈L(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，他們必須為些付出代 價(jià)。如果一個(gè)國(guó)家要有現(xiàn)代化的空中運(yùn)輸，它必須參加國(guó)際噪音控制措施協(xié)定，這些措施它必須責(zé)成它的 機(jī)場(chǎng)予以執(zhí)行而在這個(gè)問題上，任何真正控制措施的費(fèi)用要以百萬(wàn)美元來(lái)計(jì)算。（3） 大約在三百五十年前，伽利略制造了臺(tái)望遠(yuǎn)鏡，并用它來(lái)觀察太陽(yáng)。他所看到的景象使他感到既 吃驚又害怕，因?yàn)樗吹教?yáng)上有一些黑點(diǎn)，這使他立刻聯(lián)想到上帝

39、創(chuàng)造的世界并不象他以前所相信的那 么完美。他猶豫不決，不敢把他的發(fā)現(xiàn)公布于世。與此同時(shí)，其他的科學(xué)家也注意到太陽(yáng)的這個(gè)缺陷，并 宣布了這個(gè)事實(shí)。但是，伽利略繼續(xù)進(jìn)行觀測(cè)，不久，他的努力獲得了另一發(fā)現(xiàn)。他把注意力集中在一群太陽(yáng)黑子 上，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，在幾天內(nèi)，這群黑子的位置起了變化，宛如太陽(yáng)本身在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。后來(lái)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)有一群黑子在太 陽(yáng)西部的邊緣上停留了一段時(shí)間才消失，然后在太陽(yáng)的東部邊緣上最后回復(fù)原位。此種現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致他得出這 樣的結(jié)論：太陽(yáng)本身在旋轉(zhuǎn)，旋轉(zhuǎn)一周約需二十五到二十七天。直，我們從伽利略所畫的太陽(yáng)黑子圖中知 道，在一六一一和一六一二年他觀察太陽(yáng)期間，一定曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)大量的太陽(yáng)黑子。如果在隨后的幾年中

40、，他 繼續(xù)把這些太陽(yáng)黑子描畫下來(lái)，我們相信，他大概一定會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)太陽(yáng)黑子正在變得愈來(lái)愈少和愈來(lái)愈小。可 是，那時(shí)候，他卻對(duì)其他事物發(fā)生的興趣，因此，他看不到在太陽(yáng)黑子的活動(dòng)中存在著一種長(zhǎng)期的周期， 隨著歲月的消逝，太陽(yáng)黑子會(huì)時(shí)多時(shí)少。后來(lái)，發(fā)現(xiàn)太陽(yáng)黑子活動(dòng)周期的是人是科學(xué)史上最有耐心的觀察 者之一一一德國(guó)化學(xué)家查爾斯許偉勃。1982 年In country after country, talk of non- smokers ' right is in the air. While a majority ocf ountries have taken little or no actio

41、n yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized. However,

42、in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress and is even encouraged. As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigaret

43、tes in the MiddleEast and North Africa where U.S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people. World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. Restrictions on cigarette advertisements, plus health warnings on packages and bans o

44、n public smoking in certain places such as theatres, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking. But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about

45、 his habit. Great efforts shouldbe made to informyoung people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. And cigarette price should be boosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready f

46、or such drastic action.(2)Nuclear power 's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. It can 't be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even tho

47、ugh it may be all around us. There are other things like that. For example, radio waves are a ll around us but we can' t detect them, sense them, without a radio recr.eiveSimilarly, we can 'stense radioactivity without a radiation detector. But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is

48、 not harmless to human beings and other living things.At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses of cells in vital organs. But even the lowest levels can do serious damage. There is no level of radiation that is completely safe. If the radiation does

49、not hit anything important, the damage many not be significant. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed outright. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in a deformed

50、way. They can grow into cancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years.This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred. A person can be irradiated and feel fine, then die of

51、 cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. Or a child can be born weak or liable to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents.Radiation can hurt us. We must know the truth.(1) 不吸煙者的權(quán)利問題，正在一個(gè)又一個(gè)國(guó)家里開始議論。至今多數(shù)國(guó)家很少或還沒有采取措施， 有三十個(gè)左右的國(guó)家已經(jīng)采取法律程序控制吸煙。另一些國(guó)家則已制訂旨在為不吸煙者凈化空氣

52、或消減紙 煙消費(fèi)量的多種法律。在某些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中。紙煙的消費(fèi)量已漸趨穩(wěn)定。然而在許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家里，吸煙卻被視為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā) 展的一種標(biāo)志甚至受到鼓勵(lì)。隨著更多的煙草公司走上國(guó)際化的道路，它們?cè)谶@些國(guó)家中尋找新的市 場(chǎng)，爭(zhēng)取更多的吸煙者。例如美國(guó)煙草工業(yè)就力圖在中東和北非推銷香煙在這些地區(qū)，美國(guó)煙草出口 量在 1974 年增加了百分之二十七以上。吸煙對(duì)人民健康有害。世界各國(guó)政府應(yīng)該開展認(rèn)真的反對(duì)吸煙運(yùn)動(dòng)。限制香煙廣告，每包香煙上 加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在諸如影劇院和餐館等某些公共場(chǎng)所吸煙，這些都是許多國(guó)家用以支持不 吸煙者和控制吸煙最常用的辦法。同時(shí)，人們也正把注意力集中在另一項(xiàng)措施上。這項(xiàng)措施將

53、使吸煙者越 來(lái)越意識(shí)到自己的不良習(xí)慣并為此感到不安。應(yīng)該作出巨大努力告訴青年人抽煙的危害性，特別是養(yǎng)成抽 煙習(xí)慣的可怕后果。而且香煙價(jià)格應(yīng)予提高。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)觀點(diǎn)看，毫無(wú)疑問，如果能完全禁止吸煙，那么每個(gè)人的境況將得到很大的改善。但對(duì)于 采取這種極端措施，人們尚無(wú)準(zhǔn)備。(2) 核能對(duì)健康、安全甚至對(duì)生命本身構(gòu)成的危險(xiǎn)可以用一個(gè)詞來(lái)概括：輻射。 核輻射這種現(xiàn)象多少有點(diǎn)神秘，其部分原因是人類的官能無(wú)法覺察到它的存在。盡管我們周圍可 能都是輻射線，可是我們看不風(fēng)它，聽不到它，摸不著它，也辨別不出它的味道。還有一些和它相類似的 東西。例如，我們四周到處都是無(wú)線電波，但如果沒有無(wú)線電接收器，我們就不能探測(cè)到或

54、感覺到它的存 在。同樣，如果不用輻射探測(cè)器，我們也不能感覺到放射現(xiàn)象。但核輻射不同于普通的無(wú)線電波，它對(duì)人 類以及其他生物不是無(wú)害的。能級(jí)非常高的輻射線能摧毀重要器官里的大量細(xì)胞從而把動(dòng)物或人立即殺死。即使是最低能級(jí)的 輻射線也能造成嚴(yán)重的損害。不存在任何絕對(duì)安全的輻射能級(jí)。如果輻射線沒有擊中任何重要的東西，造 成的損害可能不太大。當(dāng)輻射線只擊中少數(shù)細(xì)胞并且立即摧毀它們的時(shí)候，情況就是這樣。你的身體能以 健康的細(xì)胞代替死亡的細(xì)胞。但如果這些少數(shù)的細(xì)胞只受到損壞，而這些細(xì)胞又自行繁殖，那你就會(huì)遇到 麻煩。它們進(jìn)行畸形繁殖。它們有可能演變成癌，這種情況有時(shí)在許多年之后才能顯示出來(lái)。這是核輻射現(xiàn)象帶

55、有某些神秘色彩的另一個(gè)原因。它可能在損害已經(jīng)發(fā)生而受害者意識(shí)不到的情 況下造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害。一個(gè)人在受到照射時(shí)可能感覺良好，結(jié)果在五年、十年或二十年后死于癌癥?；蛘咝?孩一生下來(lái)就體弱或易于感染嚴(yán)重的疾病，原因是他的祖父母曾吸收過(guò)輻射線。輻射線能傷害我們。我們應(yīng)該知道真相。1983 年Read the following passage carefully and then translate the sentences underlined into Chinese. (20 points) People have wondered for a long time how their perso

56、nalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certain cha

57、racteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently refer red to as “ nature vs. nurture.”(62) T

58、hose who support the “ nature ” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extr

59、eme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “ nurture ” theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose