國(guó)際商務(wù)合同文體與翻譯chapter2-5

1、L/O/G/O國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的文體與翻譯國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的文體與翻譯Style and Translation of International Business ContractChapter 2-5Contents Section 9 Default Clause Section 10 Escape Clauses 12Default Clause 依法成立的合同，對(duì)當(dāng)事人具有法律約束依法成立的合同，對(duì)當(dāng)事人具有法律約束力。當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定履行自己的義務(wù)，力。當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定履行自己的義務(wù)，不得擅自變更或者解除合同不得擅自變更或者解除合同 A contract concluded accor

2、ding to law shall be legally binding on the parties concerned. The parties shall perform the obligations stipulated in the contract. No party may unilaterally modify or rescind the contract Default Clause 違約是指國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的一方當(dāng)事人或雙方違約是指國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的一方當(dāng)事人或雙方當(dāng)事人未能按雙方簽訂的合同或有關(guān)法律或當(dāng)事人未能按雙方簽訂的合同或有關(guān)法律或公約規(guī)定的內(nèi)容認(rèn)真地、全面地、有效地履

3、公約規(guī)定的內(nèi)容認(rèn)真地、全面地、有效地履行合同中約定的義務(wù)，從而有損于一方或雙行合同中約定的義務(wù)，從而有損于一方或雙方在訂立該合同時(shí)預(yù)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)目的。方在訂立該合同時(shí)預(yù)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)目的。 如果合同當(dāng)事人一方或雙方不履行合同或如果合同當(dāng)事人一方或雙方不履行合同或者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約定條件，就構(gòu)成者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約定條件，就構(gòu)成違約，必須承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任，賠償違約受損違約，必須承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任，賠償違約受損方方(aggrieved party)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，并受到必的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，并受到必要的制裁。要的制裁。 Default Clause 承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式：承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式： 1. Compensation

4、for Damages (賠償損失賠償損失) 賠償損失指違約方(Defaulting party)給另一方的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失予以補(bǔ)償，其目的在于彌補(bǔ)違約時(shí)給受害方(Damaged party)造成損失的合同利益。 Default ClauseIf a party fails to perform the contract or its performance of the contractual obligations does not conform to the agreed terms and thereby causes damage to the other party, the amoun

5、t of damage compensation shall be equivalent to the damage caused by the breach of the contract, 當(dāng)事人一方不履行合同義務(wù)或者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約當(dāng)事人一方不履行合同義務(wù)或者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約定，給對(duì)方造成損失的，損失賠償額應(yīng)當(dāng)相當(dāng)于因違約定，給對(duì)方造成損失的，損失賠償額應(yīng)當(dāng)相當(dāng)于因違約所造成的損失，所造成的損失，Default Clause including the obtainable gains from the performance of the contract, but not e

6、xceeding the amount of damage possibly caused by the breach of the contract which was foreseen or should have been foreseen by the violating party at the time of the conclusion of the contract 包括合同履行后可以獲得的利益，但不得超過違反包括合同履行后可以獲得的利益，但不得超過違反合同一方訂立合同時(shí)預(yù)見到或者應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見到的因違反合合同一方訂立合同時(shí)預(yù)見到或者應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見到的因違反合同可能造成的損失同可能造成的損

7、失 Default Clause在確定賠償損失的范圍時(shí)，應(yīng)堅(jiān)持以實(shí)際損失和在確定賠償損失的范圍時(shí)，應(yīng)堅(jiān)持以實(shí)際損失和所失利益為賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以及堅(jiān)持賠償數(shù)額的可預(yù)所失利益為賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以及堅(jiān)持賠償數(shù)額的可預(yù)見性。這就是合同中有關(guān)見性。這就是合同中有關(guān)“損害賠償限制損害賠償限制” (Limitation of Damages)方面的規(guī)定。凡一方對(duì)方面的規(guī)定。凡一方對(duì)另一方損害負(fù)有賠償責(zé)任時(shí)另一方損害負(fù)有賠償責(zé)任時(shí)(either party is liable in damages to the other) ，其賠償不應(yīng)超過有，其賠償不應(yīng)超過有錯(cuò)的一方在訂立合同時(shí)能夠合理地預(yù)見到的損失錯(cuò)的一方在訂立合

8、同時(shí)能夠合理地預(yù)見到的損失(these shall not exceed the damage which the party in default could reasonably have foreseen at the time of the formation of the contract ) Default ClauseAfter one party breaches a contract, the other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent the damages from becoming greater. If

9、 the second partys failure to take appropriate measures increases the damages. It shall not be entitled to claiming compensation for the increased damages 當(dāng)事人一方違約后，對(duì)方應(yīng)當(dāng)采取適當(dāng)措施防止損失的當(dāng)事人一方違約后，對(duì)方應(yīng)當(dāng)采取適當(dāng)措施防止損失的擴(kuò)大；沒有采取適當(dāng)措施致使損失擴(kuò)大的，不得就擴(kuò)大擴(kuò)大；沒有采取適當(dāng)措施致使損失擴(kuò)大的，不得就擴(kuò)大的損失要求賠償?shù)膿p失要求賠償 Default Clause 承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式：承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式

10、： 2. Penalty (違約金違約金) 如果合同當(dāng)事人采取違約金的形式，一定要在合同中明確違反合同時(shí)，一方向另一方支付的具體數(shù)額的違約金和違約金支付的形式 違約金可以分為法定違約金(1egal penalty)和約定違約金(contractual penalty) Default ClauseThe parties may stipulate in a contract that if either party breaches the contract it shall pay a certain amount of damages for breach of the contract

11、to the other party, depending on the situation of the breach of the contract. They may also stipulate a method for calculating the damages resulting from such a breach 當(dāng)事人可以約一方數(shù)額違約金應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)違約當(dāng)事人可以約一方數(shù)額違約金應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)違約情況向?qū)Ψ街Ц兑欢〝?shù)額的違約金，也可以情況向?qū)Ψ街Ц兑欢〝?shù)額的違約金，也可以約定因違約產(chǎn)生的損失賠償額的計(jì)算方法約定因違約產(chǎn)生的損失賠償額的計(jì)算方法 Default Clause違約金的約

12、定應(yīng)該適當(dāng)，一般不得超過違反合同一方違約金的約定應(yīng)該適當(dāng)，一般不得超過違反合同一方訂立合同時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見到的因違反合同可能造成的損失訂立合同時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見到的因違反合同可能造成的損失但是，約定的違約金過分高于或低于違反合同所造成但是，約定的違約金過分高于或低于違反合同所造成的損失的的損失的(If the contractually agreed breach of contract damages are far more or far less than is necessary to compensate for the losses resulting from the breach)，當(dāng)事人可

13、以請(qǐng)求仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)或者法院予以當(dāng)事人可以請(qǐng)求仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)或者法院予以適當(dāng)減少或者增加適當(dāng)減少或者增加(the party concerned may request an arbitration or a court to reduce or increase them appropriately ) Have a tryShould either Party A or Party B fail to pay on schedule the Contributions in accordance with the provisions defined in Chapter_ to this Contr

14、act, the breaching party shall pay to the other party_of the contribution starting from the first month after exceeding the time limit. 甲、乙方任何一方未按本合同第甲、乙方任何一方未按本合同第_章的規(guī)定依章的規(guī)定依期按數(shù)提交完出資額時(shí)，從逾期第一個(gè)月起，每逾期按數(shù)提交完出資額時(shí)，從逾期第一個(gè)月起，每逾期一個(gè)月，違約一方應(yīng)繳付應(yīng)交出資額的百分之期一個(gè)月，違約一方應(yīng)繳付應(yīng)交出資額的百分之_的違約金給守約的一方。的違約金給守約的一方。 Have a tryShoul

15、d the breaching party fail to pay after three (3) months，_of the contribution shall be paid to the other party, who shall have the right to terminate the contract in accordance with the provisions of the contract after being approved by the original examination and approval authority as well as to c

16、laim damages from the breaching party 如果違約方逾期三個(gè)月仍未提交違約金，除累計(jì)繳如果違約方逾期三個(gè)月仍未提交違約金，除累計(jì)繳付應(yīng)交出資額的百分之付應(yīng)交出資額的百分之的違約金外，守約一方的違約金外，守約一方有權(quán)按合同規(guī)定報(bào)原審批機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)終止合同，并要有權(quán)按合同規(guī)定報(bào)原審批機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)終止合同，并要求違約方賠償損失。求違約方賠償損失。 Default Clause 承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式：承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式： 3. Continuing to Perform Obligations (繼續(xù)履行繼續(xù)履行) 當(dāng)事人一方不履行合同義務(wù)或者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約定時(shí)，違約方不

17、論是否已經(jīng)承擔(dān)賠償損失或者違約金的責(zé)任，都必須根據(jù)對(duì)方的要求，并在能夠履行的情況下，按照合同的約定繼續(xù)履行合同義務(wù)。 Default Clause Should the Supplier fail to deliver any or all the Goods within the period specified in the Contract. the Purchaser shall deduct from the Contract Price of 3as penal sum and continue to perform its obligations specified in the

18、 Contract 如果供方未在合同規(guī)定期限內(nèi)交付部分或全部貨物，如果供方未在合同規(guī)定期限內(nèi)交付部分或全部貨物，買方將從合同價(jià)款中扣除買方將從合同價(jià)款中扣除3 3的違約金，但供方仍的違約金，但供方仍應(yīng)承擔(dān)繼續(xù)履行合同的義務(wù)應(yīng)承擔(dān)繼續(xù)履行合同的義務(wù) Default Clause 承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式：承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式： 4. Remedial Measures ( (補(bǔ)救措施補(bǔ)救措施) ) 補(bǔ)救措施是指在當(dāng)事人發(fā)生違約的事實(shí)后，為防止損失的發(fā)生或者擴(kuò)大，由違約方按照法律規(guī)定或合同約定采取的修理(repairing)、更換(substituting)、重做(reworking)、退貨(return

19、ing the goods)、減少價(jià)款(reducing the price)或者報(bào)酬(remuneration)、補(bǔ)充數(shù)量(supplementing quantities)等措施，以使另一方彌補(bǔ)或者減少損失的違約責(zé)任形式。 Default Clause Should the goods be found, on their arrival at destination, to be different from the sample specified in the Contract, the Buyer shall request the Seller to bear the liabi

20、lities for substituting or returning the Goods. The Seller shall, after taking the remedial measures hereinabove， compensate for the losses, if the Buyer suffers from other losses 貨物到達(dá)目的地時(shí)，如發(fā)現(xiàn)與合同規(guī)定的樣品不符，貨物到達(dá)目的地時(shí)，如發(fā)現(xiàn)與合同規(guī)定的樣品不符，買方有權(quán)要求賣方承擔(dān)更換或退貨的違約責(zé)任。在買方有權(quán)要求賣方承擔(dān)更換或退貨的違約責(zé)任。在賣方采取上述措施后，買方還有其他損失的，賣方賣方采取上述措施

21、后，買方還有其他損失的，賣方仍應(yīng)賠償損失仍應(yīng)賠償損失 Have a try If Party B fails to dispatch the Documentation within the stipulated period to the contract, Party B shall pay to Party A in the following rates： _percent of the total contract price for each full week of delay from 1 to 4 weeks； _percent of the total contract p

22、rice for each full week of delay from 5 to 8 weeks； 如乙方不能按本合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間交付技術(shù)資料，乙方如乙方不能按本合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間交付技術(shù)資料，乙方應(yīng)按下列比例支付違約金給甲方：應(yīng)按下列比例支付違約金給甲方： 第第1 14 4周，每遲交一周違約金為合同總價(jià)的周，每遲交一周違約金為合同總價(jià)的_ 第第5 58 8周，每遲交一周違約金為合同總價(jià)的周，每遲交一周違約金為合同總價(jià)的_ Have a try _percent of the total contract price for each full week of delay exceeding 8

23、 weeks The payment of penalties by Party B to Party A as stipulated in above-mentioned Clause does not relieve Party B of its obligation to continue to deliver the Documentation 超過超過8 8周，每遲交一周違約金為合同總價(jià)的周，每遲交一周違約金為合同總價(jià)的_ 乙方按前款交付違約金時(shí)，將不解除乙方繼續(xù)履行乙方按前款交付違約金時(shí)，將不解除乙方繼續(xù)履行支付技術(shù)資料的義務(wù)。支付技術(shù)資料的義務(wù)。 Default Clause 承

24、擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式：承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的方式： 5. Rescission and Termination (解除與終止解除與終止) 合同未履行或未完全履行前，由于發(fā)生導(dǎo)致合同履行成為不必要或不可能的主客觀情況 基于合同履行完畢、仲裁裁決或法院判決或者合同雙方當(dāng)事人合意等法律事實(shí)，導(dǎo)致合同法律關(guān)系歸于消滅 Escape Clauses 如果當(dāng)事人一方能證明，其不履行合同義務(wù)是由于某種非他所能控制的障礙，而且對(duì)于這種障礙，沒有理由預(yù)期他在訂立合同時(shí)能考慮到或能避免或克服它或它的后果，則該當(dāng)事人不負(fù)責(zé)任 A party is not liable for a failure to perform any

25、of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences Escape Clauses If a

26、contract cannot be performed owing to force majeure, all or part of the obligations shall be relieved, depending on the impact of the force majeure, unless otherwise stipulated in the laws. If force majeure occurs after a party delays the performance. it shall not be relieved of its obligations 因不可抗

27、力不能履行合同的，根據(jù)不可抗力的影響，部分或全部免除責(zé)任，但法律另有規(guī)定的除外。當(dāng)事人遲延履行后發(fā)生不可抗力的，不能免除責(zé)任 Escape Clauses 起草不可抗力條款，應(yīng)注意以下問題：起草不可抗力條款，應(yīng)注意以下問題： 1. 應(yīng)明確約定不可抗力的范圍和種類應(yīng)明確約定不可抗力的范圍和種類, 概括式、概括式、列舉式和綜合式列舉式和綜合式 。 概括式只籠統(tǒng)規(guī)定，發(fā)生不可抗力可以免責(zé)。概括式只籠統(tǒng)規(guī)定，發(fā)生不可抗力可以免責(zé)。 In case of Force Majeure, the Seller shall not be held responsible for late delivery o

28、r non-delivery of goods 在人為不可抗拒的情況下，賣方對(duì)遲交或不交貨概在人為不可抗拒的情況下，賣方對(duì)遲交或不交貨概不負(fù)責(zé)不負(fù)責(zé) Escape Clauses 1. 應(yīng)明確約定不可抗力的范圍和種類。應(yīng)明確約定不可抗力的范圍和種類。 列舉式是指合同當(dāng)事人在合同中列舉了不可列舉式是指合同當(dāng)事人在合同中列舉了不可抗力的具體事件，作為免責(zé)的條件抗力的具體事件，作為免責(zé)的條件 。 The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-shipment in the following events o

29、f Force Majeure, including fires, floods, earthquakes, tempests, war, strikes and blockade 在以下不可抗力的情況下，賣方對(duì)交貨遲延或不交在以下不可抗力的情況下，賣方對(duì)交貨遲延或不交貨不負(fù)責(zé)任：火災(zāi)、水災(zāi)、地震、暴風(fēng)雨、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、貨不負(fù)責(zé)任：火災(zāi)、水災(zāi)、地震、暴風(fēng)雨、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、罷工以及封鎖罷工以及封鎖 Escape Clauses 1. 應(yīng)明確約定不可抗力的范圍和種類。應(yīng)明確約定不可抗力的范圍和種類。 綜合式是將概括式和列舉式相結(jié)合起來的表達(dá)綜合式是將概括式和列舉式相結(jié)合起來的表達(dá)方式，這種方式可以避免前兩種方式的

30、缺陷方式，這種方式可以避免前兩種方式的缺陷 In case of Force Majeure such as war, serious fire, flood, typhoon and earthquake or other events of Force Majeure, the Seller shall not be held responsible for delay in delivery or non-delivery of the contracted goods 由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或嚴(yán)重的火災(zāi)、水災(zāi)、臺(tái)風(fēng)和地震，以及由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或嚴(yán)重的火災(zāi)、水災(zāi)、臺(tái)風(fēng)和地震，以及其他不可抗力的原因，致使賣方不

31、能在合同規(guī)定期其他不可抗力的原因，致使賣方不能在合同規(guī)定期限內(nèi)交貨或不能交貨，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)任限內(nèi)交貨或不能交貨，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)任 Escape Clauses 2. 2. 應(yīng)約定不可抗力事件發(fā)生后，責(zé)任方通知對(duì)應(yīng)約定不可抗力事件發(fā)生后，責(zé)任方通知對(duì)方的方式、時(shí)限以及出具不可抗力事件證明方的方式、時(shí)限以及出具不可抗力事件證明文件的方式等文件的方式等 。 If a party fails to perform a contract owing to force majeure, it shall inform the other party promptly, so as to reduce the p

32、ossible damages inflicted on the other party, and shall also provide a certificate of non-performance owing to force majeure within a reasonable time 當(dāng)事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)通知對(duì)方，以當(dāng)事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)通知對(duì)方，以減輕可能給對(duì)方造成的損失，并應(yīng)當(dāng)在合理期限內(nèi)提供證明減輕可能給對(duì)方造成的損失，并應(yīng)當(dāng)在合理期限內(nèi)提供證明 Have a try 責(zé)任方應(yīng)立即將不可抗力事件的情況以電傳方式通知責(zé)任方應(yīng)立即將

33、不可抗力事件的情況以電傳方式通知另一方，并于事故發(fā)生后另一方，并于事故發(fā)生后1414天內(nèi)將事件發(fā)生地政府主天內(nèi)將事件發(fā)生地政府主管機(jī)構(gòu)出具的證明文件用航空郵寄一方并取得另一方管機(jī)構(gòu)出具的證明文件用航空郵寄一方并取得另一方的認(rèn)可的認(rèn)可 The prevented party shall notify the other party of the occurrence of the Force Majeure event by telex within the shortest possible time and shall, within fourteen (14) days thereafte

34、r send by airmail to the other party for confirmation a certificate issued by the competent government authorities of the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof. Escape Clauses 3.3.確定不可抗力事件所引起的法律后果確定不可抗力事件所引起的法律后果 不可抗力事件所引起的法律后果有兩種：不可抗力事件所引起的法律后果有兩種：一是雙方協(xié)商延長(zhǎng)履行合同的期限，一是雙方協(xié)商延長(zhǎng)履行合同的期限，二是雙方協(xié)

35、商決定是否解除合同二是雙方協(xié)商決定是否解除合同 Both Parties shall, through consultations, decide whether to terminate the contract or to exempt the part of obligations for implementation of the contract or whether to delay the execution of the contract according t0 the effects of the events of Force Majeure on the performance of the contract H