細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)

1、Gene transcriptionCell proliferationCell survivalCell deathCell differentiationCell functionCell motilityImmune responsesSome signal moleculesProtein kinases connexonSteroid hormone receptorsGuanylate cyclaseRegulation of contractility of arterial smooth muscle by NO and cGMPRobert F. Furchgott Loui

2、s J. Ignarro Ferid Murad Cell surface receptorsChemical synapseAcetylcholine receptorThree conformation of the acetylcholine receptorIon-channel linked receptors in neurotransmissionG-protein linked receptor（一）（一）cAMP信號(hào)途徑信號(hào)途徑 通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)胞內(nèi)cAMP的濃度，將細(xì)胞外信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧?xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)。 主要組分： 受體受體：Rs、Ri G蛋白蛋白：Gs、GiAdenylate cyclas

3、ecAMP與調(diào)節(jié)亞基結(jié)合，使調(diào)節(jié)亞基和催化亞基解離，釋放出催化亞基，激活蛋白激酶A的活性。Degredation of cAMPGTP-binding regulatory proteinGlycogen breakdown in skeletal musclecAMP activate protein kinase A, which phosphorylate CREB（CRE binding protein ）protein and initiate gene transcription.CRE is cAMP response element in DNA with a motif 5T

4、GACGTCA3 Inositol phospholipid signalingPIP2 HydrolysisIP3開(kāi)啟胞內(nèi)IP3門控鈣通道：Ca2+濃度升高，激活鈣調(diào)蛋白，CaM將靶蛋白（如：CaM-Kinase）活化。DAG激活蛋白激酶C：PKC位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)，Ca2+濃度升高時(shí)PKC轉(zhuǎn)位到質(zhì)膜內(nèi)表面，被DAG活化。Controls on Cytosolic CalciumRichard AxelLinda B. BuckcGMP in Photoreception視紫紅質(zhì)為7次跨膜蛋白，由視蛋白和視黃醛組成。其信號(hào)途徑為：光信號(hào)Rh激活Gt活化cGMP磷酸二酯酶激活胞內(nèi)cGMP減少Na+離子

5、通道關(guān)閉離子濃度下降膜超極化神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放減少視覺(jué)反應(yīng)。Receptor tyrosine kinases MEK Homo sapiens MAP kinase kinase RPTK-Ras Pathway配體RPTKadaptor GEF Ras Raf（MAPKKK） MAPKK MAPK 細(xì)胞核 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 基因表達(dá)。 PI3K PATHWAYPDK is phosphoinositol dependent kinaseAkt is PKB, influence cellsurvivalJAK屬非受體酪氨酸激酶，底物為STAT，即信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子。配體受體二聚化 JAK STAT 基因表達(dá)。JAK/STAT PathwayConverge on RasSignals transmitted from the EGF receptor can diverge along s