2018考研英語真題及翻譯

1、 .wd.2017年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語一試題Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes! 1 helping you feel close and 2to

2、people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter.In a recent study5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the eff

3、ects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 abou

4、t 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12.“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds thats usually14 with stress, notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of p

5、sychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.Some experts 17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone18 it promotes attachment in relationships, i

6、ncluding that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1A BesidesB UnlikeC ThroughoutD Despite2A equalB restric

7、tedC connectedD inferior3A viewB hostC lessonD choice4A avoidB forgetC recallD keep5A collectingB affectingC guidingD involving6A onB inC atD of7A devotedB attractedC lostD exposed8A alongB acrossC downD out9A imaginedB deniedC doubtedD calculated10A servedB restoredC explainedD required11A ThusB St

8、illC RatherD Even12A defeatsB symptomsC errorsD tests13A highlightedB increasedC controlledD minimized14A presentedB equippedC associatedD compared15A assessB generateC moderateD record16A in the name ofB in the form ofC in the face ofD in the way of17A attributeB commitC transferD return18A unlessB

9、 becauseC thoughD until19A remainsB emergesC vanishesD decreases20A experiencesB combinesC justifiesDinfluences擁抱可以使醫(yī)生遠離我們嗎？答案也許是響亮的“是的。除了能幫助你感到和自己在乎的人關系親密之外，事實證明擁抱還可以給你的身心安康帶來許多好處。不管你信不信，溫暖的擁抱在冬天可以幫助你防止生病。最近，賓夕法尼亞州卡耐基梅隆大學的研究人員對超過400名安康成年人進展了研究。他們在讓這些實驗對象接觸感冒病毒后，檢測了“感覺到社會支持和“受到別人擁抱這兩點對他們患上常見感冒的敏感性的影

10、響。感覺到更多社會支持的人更不容易患感冒，研究人員推算出，這種對安康的有益影響，大約有32%是由擁抱所產生的減壓效果所帶來的。甚至在已經患上感冒的人群中，感覺得到更多社會支持和頻繁得到擁抱的人的病癥也更輕?！皳肀Э梢员Ｗo那些處于壓力之下的人免受與壓力有關的、愈發(fā)增加的感冒的風險，來自卡內基大學的心理學教授謝爾登·科恩觀察道。擁抱“能制造親密，也能幫助產生面對困難時，有人來幫助你的感覺。一些專家將擁抱所產生的減緩壓力的安康好處歸因于擁抱所釋放的催生素，其通常被稱為“結合激素，因為它能促進依附關系，包括母親與新生嬰兒之間的依附關系。催生素主要產生在大腦的中低部，其有一局部會被釋放進血液里

11、。但還有一局部會留在大腦里，影響人們的情緒、行為及生理。Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours,now three hoursthis is how far in advance authorities are re

12、commending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed

13、over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.L

14、ast year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weaponsboth fake and realpast airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the imp

15、roving economy and and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicagos OHare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has becomebut the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in

16、 airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly di

17、spute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lan

18、es.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risks, saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background c

19、hecks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreChecks fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resou

20、rces into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to_. A stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwideB highlight the necessity of upgrading major

21、US airportsC explain Americans tolerance of current security checksD emphasis the importance of privacy protection22. Which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?A New restrictions on carry-on bagsB The declining efficiency of the TSAC An increase in the number of travelersD

22、Frequent unexpected secret checks23.The word “expedited (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to_.A fasterB quieterC widerD cheaper24. One problem with the PreCheck program is_.A A dramatic reduction of its scaleB Its wrongly-directed implementationC The governments reluctance to back itD An unreas

23、onable price for enrollment25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Less Screening for More SafetyB PreCheck-a Belated SolutionC Getting Stuck in Security LinesD Underused PreCheck LanesText 1 全文翻譯以前是2小時，現在是3小時這就是航空當局建議旅客提前到達機場趕國內航班的時間，至少美國一些大的機場是這么建議的，因為安檢隊伍正變得越來越長。美國人現在愿意忍

24、受費時的安檢程序，以換取更高的平安性。被恐懼分子襲擊而墜入地中海的埃及航空804號航班給了大家為什么這么做的一個悲劇提醒。但是對飛機乘客要求太多或者在平安保障方面的成效缺乏反過來又會降低公眾對這一程序的支持。其就會演變成：浪費的時間耽誤了美國的經濟和私人生活，也會使乘客感到憤怒。去年，美國運輸平安管理局在一次秘密檢查中發(fā)現，管理局的便衣調查員在嘗試偷運武器的時候無論真假，屢次通過了安檢。隨后，機場加強了安檢措施，同時經濟復蘇和低油價也導致了國際航班的增加，這些因素就導致包括芝加哥奧黑爾國際機場在內的主要機場的安檢隊伍變長。目前，安檢措施是否變得更加有效尚不得而知，但安檢隊伍確實變長了。導致這一

25、問題的局部原因是政府沒有預料到乘飛機出行的乘客數量會猛增，所以美國運輸平安管理局現在正緊鑼密鼓地在各機場增加新的安檢人員。另一個原因是，機場只有這么多空間，能容下的安檢隊伍有限。還有一個因素可能是，越來越多的人想要過度打包他們的隨身行李以防止行李安檢費用，盡管航空公司對此強烈反對。美國運輸平安管理局可以采取的一個不需要改造機場或倉促招聘人員的措施，那就是鼓勵更多的乘客參加預檢工程。預檢對游客和美國運輸平安管理局而言是雙贏的選擇。通過背景檢查的乘客有資格使用快速安檢通道。這能使美國運輸平安管理局能重點檢查具有高風險的乘客，從而節(jié)省了其他人的時間。美國運輸平安管理局方案將2500萬乘客納入預檢工程

26、。然而，這一方案還未到達預期目標，其中的一個主要原因就是定價太高。乘客必須每五年支付85美元進展背景審核。從一開場這一價格就是預檢工程的重大缺陷。接下來的改革也許會把價風格整到合理的水平。但是國會應該通過資助預檢工程或以別的方式來降低本錢的方式直接參與到價風格整中去。在大局部的游客得忍受不必要排隊的痛苦之時，美國運輸平安管理局不能繼續(xù)將資源投入到未充分使用的預檢通道中去了。要想讓預檢工程真的開場起作用，那還需要很長的時間。Text 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers, wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaiis last r

27、eigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanitys view of th

28、e cosmos.At issue is the TMTs planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the worlds most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Keas peak rises abo

29、ve the bulk of our planets dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painf

30、ul reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Ke

31、as fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond

32、 the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaiis shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who

33、 we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the t

34、elescopes visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna

35、Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalanis remark in Paragraph 1 indicates_.A its conservative view on the historical role of astronomyB the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian societyC the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient timesD her appr

36、eciation of star watchers feats in her time27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to_.A its geographical featuresB its protective surroundingsC its religious implicationsD its existing infrastructure28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because_.A it may

37、 risk ruining their intellectual lifeB it reminds them of a humiliating historyC their culture will lose a chance of revivalD they fear losing control of Mauna Kea29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in todays astronomy _.A is fulfilling the dreams of ancient HawaiiansB helps spread

38、Hawaiian culture across the worldC may uncover the origin of Hawaiian cultureD will eventually soften Hawaiians hostility30. The authors attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of_.A severe criticismB passive acceptanceC slight hesitancyD full approvalText 2全文翻譯“古時候的夏威夷人是天文學家，夏威夷最后

39、一任執(zhí)政君主利留卡拉尼女王在1897年寫道。觀星宿者過去是夏威夷社會中最受尊敬的人物。悲哀的是，現在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有望改變人類宇宙觀的巨大天文臺“30米望遠鏡的修建方案引發(fā)了劇烈的抗議。抗議的焦點是30米望遠鏡在冒納凱阿火山方案的選址，該休眠火山被一些夏威夷人供奉為陽光，其將夏威夷島嶼連接至天堂。但冒納凱阿火山也是一些世界上功能最強大的望遠鏡的所在地。處于大西洋之中，冒納凱阿火山的頂峰可以遠遠升到我們星球的濃密大氣層之上，那里的地質條件可以使天文望遠鏡獲得無比清晰的圖像。反對在冒納凱阿火山上建造望遠鏡并非新鮮事。一小局部直言不諱的夏威夷人和環(huán)保主義者長期以來都認為這些望遠鏡的存在是對這

40、片神圣土地的不尊重，同時也是對“夏威夷曾經作為主權國家卻被占領這一痛苦事實的提醒。一些人指責道，天文學家也對現在的爭議負有一定的責任。他們渴望建造更大的天文望遠鏡，卻忘了科學不是了解世界的唯一方式。他們沒有始終將對冒納凱阿火山脆弱生態(tài)系統的保護和保衛(wèi)該火山對島嶼居民的神圣意義置于優(yōu)先位置。夏威夷文明不是歷史遺產，今日，它是正在復興的生動文化。然而，科學也有文化史，其根源可以追溯至文明誕生之初。抱著希望發(fā)現地平線之外東西的好奇心，早期的波利尼西亞人首次踏上了夏威夷海岸，而同樣的好奇心那么鼓舞今天的天文學家去探索天堂。那些要求撤除冒納凱阿火山上所有望遠鏡或制止未來所有開展的呼吁無視了一個事實，那就

41、是天文學和夏威夷文化都在探尋解答有關于我們是誰、我們來自哪里以及我們到哪里去這樣的宏大問題。也許這就是我們探索繁星天空的原因，好似我們正在回應一個原始的召喚，去了解我們自己以及我們真正的祖先起源。天文學界正在做出妥協，他們改變了對冒納凱阿火山的使用方式。他們在島上選了一個盡可能隱蔽的地方來修建30米望遠鏡觀望臺，并盡可能防止對考古和環(huán)境造成影響。為了限制冒納凱阿火山上望遠鏡的數量，舊的望遠鏡在到達使用年限時就會被移除，并讓它們的原址回歸到自然狀態(tài)。因此，任何人都應被歡送在冒納凱阿火山擁抱他們的文化遺產，研究天空的繁星。Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that

42、 a countrys GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile. With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers f

43、or over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UKs GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then wh

44、y did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their countrys economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of

45、 the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how co

46、untries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges,there are a number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet

47、 this isnt the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a countrys s

48、uccess, the world looks very different .So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations,as a measure,it is no longer enough.It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes al

49、l things that contribute to a persons sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply w

50、orrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31. Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he_.Apraised the UK for its GDPBidentified GDP with happinessCmisinterpreted the role of GDPDhad a low opinion of GDP32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that_.Athe UK is reluc

51、tant to remold its economic patternBGDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UKCthe UK will contribute less to the world economyDpolicymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?AIt is sponsored by 163 countries.BIt

52、excludes GDP as an indicator.CIts criteria are questionable.DIts results are enlightening.34. In the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that_.Athe UK is preparing for an economic boomBhigh GDP foreshadows an economic declineCit is essential to consider factors beyond GDPDit requires caution t

53、o handle economic issues35.Which of the following is the best title for the text ?AHigh GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK LessonBGDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic HealthCRebort F. Kennedy,a Terminator of GDPDBrexit, the UKs Gateway to Well-beingText 3全文翻譯羅伯特·肯尼迪曾說過，一個國家的GDP能衡量“除了使生活變得有

54、意義的事之外的任何事物。由于英國投票決定脫離歐盟，其GDP預計會出現下跌?，F在是時候來思考肯尼迪所說的話了。有關對GDP及其有用性的質疑已經困擾政策制定者超過半世紀了。許多人認為GDP是一個有瑕疵的概念。其衡量一些無關緊要的事物，而沒有衡量一些重要的事物。最近的衡量結果說明，英國的GDP因其低失業(yè)率以及高增長而令西方世界羨慕。如果一切進展得如此順利，那為什么1.7億人在被警告說脫歐將會影響國家經濟前景的情況下還要投票支持脫離歐盟呢？最近一份調查了各國和它們將經濟增長轉換為幸福感能力的年度報告可能會對上述問題有一定的啟示性作用。在163個被調查的國家中，英國在確保將增長轉化為公民生活水平提升方面

55、是表現得最差的國家之一。這次調查并沒有將衡量重心放在GDP上，其還涉及到了包括安康、教育以及公民社會參與度等40多項不同的指標，以求對承受調查的國家的表現做一個更加全面的評估。盡管這些國家都面臨挑戰(zhàn)，但仍然存在許多持續(xù)性的主題。確實，自2008年全球衰退以來，經濟復蘇緩慢，但主要經濟體在醫(yī)療和教育領域的關鍵性指標呈現出繼續(xù)下滑的態(tài)勢。然而，這并不是所有國家面臨的情況。一些相對貧困的歐洲國家在公民社會、收入平等以及環(huán)保等指標上都取得了顯著的進步。這是富裕國家需要學習的經歷：當GDP不再被視為衡量國家成功的唯一標準時，這個世界會變得與眾不同。所以，肯尼迪的言外之意是，盡管GDP是最常用的衡量一個國

56、家經濟活動的方法之一，但作為衡量指標，GDP已經不夠用了。其并不包括一些重要的因素，比方環(huán)境質量或教育成果這些能提升人類幸福感的事物。意料中全世界及英國經濟增長的受挫會導致我們幸福感和經濟增長所依賴的日常效勞有所下滑。但那些將重心重新放在如何提升幸福感上，而不是簡單考慮GDP數據的政策制定者將會避開可以預見的風暴，并能看到進步。Text 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert M

57、cDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high courts decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnells trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at h