考博英語翻譯筆記(共16頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上考博英語翻譯筆記倒裝和分割結(jié)構(gòu) 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某些部分，或是為了保持句子平衡，英語中常常使用倒裝。大體說來，倒裝可以分為主謂倒裝和非主謂倒裝。主謂倒裝里又分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。在翻譯的時(shí)候，既可以按照主謂語的順序翻譯，也可以按照字面意思翻譯。非主謂倒裝只是將強(qiáng)調(diào)部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。翻譯時(shí)可以采用順序譯法或是倒序譯法。 1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged young

2、ster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 分析：本句中 had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 屬于部分倒裝。正常語序?yàn)椋?if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文體中，可以將虛擬條件句中的 if 省略，并將助動(dòng)詞提前。 譯文：例如，它們（指測(cè)試）并不彌補(bǔ)社會(huì)的不公，因此不能說明一個(gè)貧困青年，要是在比較有利的境況下長(zhǎng)大，會(huì)有多大才干。 2. Nonsto

3、p waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years. 分析：該句中 so did bigger crops of babies 屬于語法倒裝。用 so 來代替前述肯定句謂語部分所說情況。 譯文：不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用 而且隨著昔日在 “ 生育高峰期 ” 出生的一代人達(dá)到生育年齡，嬰兒的出生數(shù)量增加了，這同樣起了作用。3. Much as I have tra

4、veled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. 分析：該句的 Much as I have traveled 是一個(gè)由 as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。相當(dāng)于 though I have traveled much ，但語氣要比后者強(qiáng)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)要求部分倒裝。譯文：我雖然見多識(shí)廣，但還從未見過比她細(xì)心的人，不管什么職業(yè)4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 分析：相

5、信大家對(duì)這種結(jié)構(gòu)都不陌生。 Only 后加副詞、介詞、狀語從句時(shí)要用部分倒裝。但是要注意的是，如果 only 修飾的不是狀語，則不用倒裝。 譯文：只有很好地掌握了語法知識(shí)，寫出來的東西才會(huì)正確。 5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West . 分析：當(dāng)句首是否定副詞或含有否定詞的詞語時(shí)，一般要部分倒裝。 譯文： 1980 年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計(jì)資料也不如遠(yuǎn)西地區(qū)的更能生動(dòng)地說明美國(guó)人對(duì)寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。 6. H

6、ardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. 分析： hardlywhen 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示 “ 剛 就 ” 。含有這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子常將 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒裝的語序。此外， hardly 分句中一般采用過去完成時(shí)，而 when （或 before ）分句中使用過去時(shí)。還有，與 hardlywhen 結(jié)構(gòu)類似的用法還有 barely (scarcely)when 譯文：他剛開始講，聽眾就打斷了他的話。 7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two ac

7、tors walked out. 分析： suchthat 結(jié)構(gòu)可將 such 或含有 such 的詞組放在句首，使全句采用部分倒裝。 與此用法類似的還有 sothat 結(jié)構(gòu)。 譯文：她在排演中搞得太過分，以致兩名男演員退出不干了。 8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. 分析：本句為表語前置，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。正常語序應(yīng)為： It is certain that 。 譯文：植物發(fā)育生長(zhǎng)的全部基本過程當(dāng)然是在水中發(fā)生的。 9. We rally shoul

8、d not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 分析：這兩句話是為了使上下文緊密銜接，從而將第二個(gè)并列分句的表語前置。 譯文：我們確實(shí)不應(yīng)因?yàn)楸环Q作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋，而且還會(huì)繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。 10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.

9、 分析：正常語序應(yīng)為： The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。為使語言生動(dòng)形象，文學(xué)作品中常用這類倒裝。在翻譯時(shí)要盡量翻譯出原句的語言效果。這里 bear=carry 。 譯文：從擁擠的街道上駛來了一輛劍橋大學(xué)最有特色的車，車上坐著學(xué)校最著名的人物。 語法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的現(xiàn)象稱為分割結(jié)構(gòu)。英語中，分割結(jié)構(gòu)的類型是多種多樣的。例如，英語句子的主語和謂語一般都緊密相聯(lián)，它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長(zhǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，在有些情況下，或是為了保持句子的平衡，避免頭重腳輕；或是為了語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，在主語和謂語之間有時(shí)也會(huì)插入其他成分。此外

10、，還有定語（或定語從句）與其中心詞被分隔；某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔；動(dòng)詞與其賓語被分隔；介詞與其賓語被分隔等等?？傊?，英語的分割應(yīng)遵循尾重原則（應(yīng)把長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末，使結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱）和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則（把新信息，即語意重點(diǎn)放在句末）。同時(shí)，在閱讀時(shí)要注意找出原來屬于一個(gè)整體部分的意義。 1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell

11、 under Turners spell. 分析：本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是： Most novelists and historiansfell under Turners spell. Turner 是美國(guó)歷史學(xué)家。 under a spell ：被迷住，著迷。 writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語，起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語從句 when they considered women at all

12、是定語從句 who considered women in the West 中的狀語成分。 譯文：從本世紀(jì)初到本世紀(jì)中葉從事寫作的小說家和歷史學(xué)家只要描寫婦女，就會(huì)描述西部婦女，而且都被特納迷住。 2. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position. 分析： the claim 和其同位語 that in their co

13、untry a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語從句 that Americans often made 分割。同位語從句在翻譯時(shí)可按照順序翻譯，將其翻譯為分句。 譯文：美國(guó)人常認(rèn)為，在他們國(guó)家，一個(gè)人的地位可以從社會(huì)最底層上升到社會(huì)最上層，亞伯拉罕 林肯就是極好的例子。 3. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure,

14、ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determinationindeed, some call it unprecedented determinationto succeed. 分析：本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是： there were negotiations andthreats of failure 。 “overcome by” 是過去分詞短語，修飾 threats of failure 。 stubborn determination 和其定語動(dòng)詞不定式 “to succeed” 被

15、 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。 譯文：在最后的八年里，進(jìn)行了艱苦卓絕的、幾乎是不間斷的談判，其間屢經(jīng)失敗之虞，但最終通過創(chuàng)造性的協(xié)調(diào)和要取得成功的頑強(qiáng)決心 確實(shí)有人稱之為前所未有的決心 而渡過難關(guān)，取得了勝利。 4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists

16、and social critics, had been groping in the dark. 分析： in trying to solve 插在 the problem 和定語從句 which 之間，起到承上啟下的作用。 of both bourgeois economists and social critics 為 investigations 的后置定語，起到分割作用。 譯文：由于剩余價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，使問題明朗化了。而先前，無論資產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家還是社會(huì)批評(píng)家所從事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。 5. A better knowledge of China s civilization

17、would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described. 分析： lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介詞短語 to us 分割。本句選自英國(guó)前首相撒切爾夫人 1982 年在中國(guó)歡迎宴會(huì)上的講話。翻譯時(shí)要注意轉(zhuǎn)譯的應(yīng)用。如把 “better” 譯為副詞 “ 更好地 ” 。 譯文：更好地了解中國(guó)的文明，將為我們打開一個(gè)知識(shí)的王國(guó)，對(duì)這個(gè)王國(guó)迄今只有神話般的描述。 6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon

18、the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer. 分析： insistence 后接 upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語 as a

19、first consideration 分割，做進(jìn)一步說明。該句選自美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)羅斯福在 1933 年的就職演說。漢語中動(dòng)詞用得較多，翻譯時(shí)可把名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞。 譯文：我們首先應(yīng)考慮的是，堅(jiān)持美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)各種因素之間、各個(gè)部分之間的相互依賴關(guān)系 即承認(rèn)體現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的和永遠(yuǎn)重要的美國(guó)開拓精神。 7. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of. 分析：連詞

20、 as 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中， it 代替 for two old people to be 。 to be 后省略了 fond of each other 。 to be 做分割成分。 譯文：象兩位老人一生中沒有其他什么東西可愛而彼此相愛一樣，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相愛慕。 8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energyboth of which are essential in turning out and t

21、hrowing awayand sentiment. 分析：該句包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)被分割的情況。 lack of physical and mental energy 和 sentiment 是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，作 two other reasons 的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句 both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。 譯文：人們隨著日趨年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個(gè)原因：一是缺乏體力和精神，兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時(shí)不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。 9. Those who believe in capital pun

22、ishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial

23、service over the condemned man before he is dead.總裁助理assistantpresident綜合治理comprehensivetreatment安居工程housingprojectforlow-incomeurbanresidents信息化information-based;informationization智力密集型concentrationofbrainpower;knowledge-intensive外資企業(yè)overseas-fundedenterprises下崗職工laid-offworkers分流repositionofredund

24、antpersonnel三角債chaindebts素質(zhì)教育educationforall-rounddevelopment豆腐渣工程jerry-builtprojects社會(huì)治安情況law-and-ordersituation民族國(guó)家nationstate臺(tái)獨(dú)"independenceofTaiwan"臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局Taiwanauthorities臺(tái)灣同胞Taiwancompatriots臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)領(lǐng)土不可分割的一部分。TaiwanisaninalienablepartoftheChineseterritory.西部大開發(fā)DevelopmentoftheWestRegions可

25、持續(xù)性發(fā)展sustainabledevelopment風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資riskinvestment通貨緊縮deflation擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需toexpanddomesticdemand計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)computer-assistedinstruction(CAI)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間cyberspace虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)virtualreality網(wǎng)民netizen(netcitizen)電腦犯罪computercrime電子商務(wù)thee-business網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物shoppingonline應(yīng)試教育exam-orientededucation學(xué)生減負(fù)toreducestudyload下崗laid-offworkers下海plung

26、eintothecommercialsea下網(wǎng)offline小康之家well-offfamily;comfortably-offfamily新秀up-and-comingstar,risingstar新新人類NewHumanBeing；XGeneration信息港infoport形象小姐/先生imagerepresentativeofaproductorabrand虛擬網(wǎng)virtualnet學(xué)生處students'affairsdivision研究生畢業(yè)證/學(xué)位證graduatediploma/graudatedegree'sdiploma搖錢樹cashcow以人為本peopl

27、eoriented;peopleforemost義務(wù)教育compulsoryeducation易拉罐popcan應(yīng)試教育examination-orientededucationsystem輿論導(dǎo)向directionofpublicopinion運(yùn)球dribble在職博士生on-jobdoctorate早戀puppylove招生就業(yè)指導(dǎo)辦公室enrolmentandvocationguidanceoffice證券營(yíng)業(yè)部stockexchange;securityexchange知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)intellectualpropertyrights中專生secondaryspecializedortech

28、nicalschoolstudent中流砥柱mainstay,chiefcornerstone專賣店exclusiveagency;franchisedstore自我保護(hù)意識(shí)self-protectionawareness綜合國(guó)力comprehensivenationalstrength綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng)integratedservicedigitalnetwork(ISDN)公正、公平、公開just,fairandopen好萊塢大片Hollywoodblockbuster黃金時(shí)段primetime假唱lip-synch勁射powershot拉拉隊(duì)cheeringsquad來電顯示電話機(jī)calle

29、rIDtelephone論文答辯(thesis)oraldefense泡沫經(jīng)濟(jì)bubbleeconomy票販子scalper,tickettout拳頭產(chǎn)品competitiveproducts;knock-outproducts;blockbuster三角戀愛lovetriangle三維動(dòng)畫片three-dimensionalanimation"掃黃"、"打非"eliminatepornographyandillegalpublications申辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)bidfortheOlympicGames實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民偉大復(fù)興bringaboutagreatrejuv

30、enationoftheChinesenation市場(chǎng)疲軟sluggishmarket素質(zhì)教育educationforall-arounddevelopment筒子樓：tube-shapedapartment脫貧致富cast(shake,throw)offpovertyandsetoutonaroadtoprosperity網(wǎng)吧Internetbar網(wǎng)戀onlineloveaffair網(wǎng)上沖浪surftheInternet網(wǎng)上交易平臺(tái)onlinetradingplatform網(wǎng)友netfriend無人售票self-serviceticketing無繩來電顯示電話cordlesstelephon

31、ewithcallerID無線應(yīng)用協(xié)議WAP（wirelessapplicationprotocol）英語100個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句分析1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and servi

32、ces that they want most. 參考譯文 美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中，消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過在市場(chǎng)上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費(fèi)來決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來。2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their inco

33、mes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 參考譯文 因此，在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中，個(gè)體消費(fèi)者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤(rùn)的欲望和個(gè)人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合，一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造，以及資源如何被用來制造它們。3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the sup

34、ply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 參考譯文 另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給，而這也就會(huì)反過來降低價(jià)格并允許更多的消 費(fèi)者購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品。4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive res

35、ources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 參考譯文 在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對(duì)生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán)，也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利，如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人個(gè)體(經(jīng)濟(jì)單位) 自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and w

36、hich employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. 參考譯文 同時(shí)這些計(jì)算機(jī)記錄下哪些時(shí)間是最忙的，哪些員工工作效率最高，這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計(jì)算機(jī))也能為促銷活動(dòng)找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, f

37、rom theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.參考譯文 不計(jì)其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè)，從劇院到雜志出版商，從公用燃?xì)怆娏υO(shè)施到牛奶處理廠，都通過計(jì)算機(jī)的使用給消費(fèi)者帶來更好、更有效率的服務(wù)。7. Exceptional children are different in some significant w

38、ay from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. 參考譯文 殘疾兒童在許多關(guān)鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能，他們的教育必須適應(yīng)這些不同。，8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three de

39、cades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. 參考譯文 在過去的30年中，公共教育中顯示的對(duì)殘疾兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了我們社會(huì)中的一種中強(qiáng)烈的情緒，那就是所有的公民，不管其情況有多特殊，都應(yīng)享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機(jī)會(huì)。9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distributio

40、n of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. 參考譯文 它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價(jià)格被迅速分銷出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，同時(shí)也使以具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格提供出口變得可能。10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of

41、 advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. 參考譯文 除去議會(huì)有27件法案來規(guī)范廣告的條件，沒有任何一個(gè)正式的廣告商敢于推銷一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,

42、for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention. 參考譯文 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就廣告而言，如果這不是完全不可能達(dá)到的，也是非常難做的，因?yàn)榧幢闶且粋€(gè)諸如襯衫的顏色的選擇這樣的細(xì)節(jié)都會(huì)具有微妙的說服意味，那么廣告就會(huì)如此地乏味以至于沒有人 會(huì)關(guān)注它。12. The workers who gets a promotion, the stud

43、ent whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts. 參考譯文 得到了升遷的工人們，成績(jī)進(jìn)步的學(xué)生，學(xué)會(huì)了一門新語言的外國(guó)人一 一這些都是那些有可衡量的結(jié)果宋顯示其努力的人們的例證。13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years

44、, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. 參考譯文 隨著家庭離開他們?cè)瓉矸€(wěn)定的社區(qū)，離開他們多年的朋友和擴(kuò)展的家庭關(guān)系，非正式的信息流動(dòng)被切斷了，隨之而去的是對(duì)在需要時(shí)能獲得可靠和值得信賴的信息的信心。14. The individual now h

45、as more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming. 參考譯文 現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人能夠得到的信息比任何時(shí)代的人都多，而找到與他/她的特定問題相關(guān)的那一點(diǎn)信息的任務(wù)不僅復(fù)雜、耗時(shí)，有時(shí)甚至令人難以招 。15. Expertise can be

46、shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. 參考譯文 通過遠(yuǎn)程會(huì)議，專家知識(shí)可以在全世界范圍內(nèi)被分享，而爭(zhēng)論的問題能夠得到解決，同時(shí)相關(guān)人員也不必離開他們的家庭或工作跑到一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的開會(huì)地點(diǎn)。16. The current passion for making children com

47、pete against their classmates oragainst the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. 參考譯文 現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學(xué)或時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的熱情導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的A類好像在某個(gè)方面要比他們B類的同輩更勝一籌。17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether yo

48、ur education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. 參考譯文 在跟你談話的時(shí)候，可能成為你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、經(jīng) 驗(yàn)和其他資格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一 種有條不紊而且合情合理的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式被展示出來。18. The

49、 Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain. 參考譯文 英國(guó)廣播公司將作為一個(gè)公共基金支持的廣播組織存在下來，至少目前 會(huì)這樣，但是它的角色、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目現(xiàn)在在英國(guó)成了全國(guó)上下 的討論話題。19. The debate was launche

50、d by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. 參考譯文 這場(chǎng)辯論是由政府發(fā)動(dòng)的，政府請(qǐng)任何一個(gè)對(duì)英國(guó)廣播公司有意見的人 一包括普通的聽眾和觀眾一來說說這個(gè)公司好在哪里或壞在哪里，甚至 要說說他們是否認(rèn)為這個(gè)公司值得被保留下

51、來。20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 參考譯文 這種變化通過引入許多的專業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個(gè)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求

52、， 并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的 創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司)的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常會(huì)毀掉那些 家族公司的財(cái)富。21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and

53、the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 參考譯文 這樣巨大而非個(gè)人的對(duì)資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的*縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他 們作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的重要性，這是國(guó)家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富的一個(gè) 因素，這種財(cái)富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任，而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c 公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無關(guān)系。22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortab

54、le" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community exceptthat of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. 參考譯文 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的"舒 適"階級(jí)提供居住場(chǎng)所。這些人依賴于其豐

55、厚收入而不工作，他們除了 分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會(huì)，向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外，跟 社會(huì)的其他階層毫無瓜葛。23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. 參考譯文 這樣的"股東&qu

56、ot;對(duì)他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需 求一無所知，而且他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system o

57、f the old family business now passing away. 參考譯文 代表公司的花錢雇來的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接，但是就連 他對(duì)工人們也沒有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古 老家族公司的那種更加家長(zhǎng)式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對(duì)他們的工人有 這樣的私人關(guān)系。被動(dòng)語態(tài)翻譯 英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用范圍很廣，凡是在不必或不愿 說出或無從說出施動(dòng)者以及為了便于連貫上下文或者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者等場(chǎng)合，往往都用被動(dòng)語 態(tài)。英語被動(dòng)句的翻譯主要有以下幾種情況：一、譯成漢語主動(dòng)句。1原句中的主語、謂語不變，譯文中沒有表示被動(dòng) 的標(biāo)志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主動(dòng)句，表 達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。例如： Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 實(shí)踐論已譯成許多國(guó)家的文字。 Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 幾天以內(nèi)，全國(guó)就武裝起來了。2原句中的