自整英語語言學(xué)

1、一. 名詞解釋Chapter 1 Introduction引言1. linguistic語言Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.語言學(xué)一般被定義為語言的科學(xué)研究。2. general linguistics一般語言學(xué)The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.作為整體而言的語言研究經(jīng)常被成為一般語言學(xué)。3. phonetics語音學(xué)The study of sounds used in linguis

2、tic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.語言交際中語音的研究導(dǎo)致了語音學(xué)的建立。4. morphology形態(tài)學(xué)The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.對這些符號的排列方式和組合方式的研究構(gòu)成了語言學(xué)研究的分支形態(tài)學(xué)。5. syntax句法The study of the combinati

3、on of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is called syntax.句子的組合形式的研究稱之為句法。6. semantics語義學(xué)The study of meaning is known as semantics.意義的研究被稱為語義學(xué)。7. pragmatics語用學(xué)When the study of meaning is conducted，not in isolation，but in the context of language use，it becomes another br

4、anch of linguistic study called pragmatics.當(dāng)意義的研究是進(jìn)行的，不是孤立的，而是在語言運用的語境中，它就稱為語言學(xué)的另一個分支，語用學(xué)。8. sociolinguistics社會語言學(xué)The studies of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguistics.研究社會各方面的語言和社會形勢的關(guān)系為核心的分支叫做社會語言學(xué)。9. psycholinguistics心理

5、語言學(xué)Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology.心理語言學(xué)研究的是語言和心理學(xué)。10. descriptive描寫性If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use，it is said to be descriptive.如果一個語言研究的目的是為了描述和分析語言的實際上的使用，那么它是描述性的。11. prescription規(guī)定性If the linguistic study aims to

6、 lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say，it is said to be prescription.如果語言研究的目的是制定規(guī)則，告訴人們什么是他們應(yīng)該說的，什么是不應(yīng)該說的，那么它是規(guī)定性的。12. synchronic共時性The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.歷史上某一語言的描述是一個共時性的研究。13. diachronic歷時性The

7、 description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.語言通過時間發(fā)生變化的描述是一個歷時性的研究。14. langue語言Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.語言是語言使用者必須遵守的習(xí)慣和規(guī)則的設(shè)置。15. parole言語Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of t

8、he rules.言語是對規(guī)則應(yīng)用的具體使用。16. competence語言能力Competence is a native speakers unconscious，implicit knowledge of rules that underline his or her judgements of grammaticality and meaning.語言能力是指一個母語使用者的無意識的語法和意義的判斷規(guī)則的內(nèi)隱知識。17. performance語言運用Performance is the actual events of language production and compreh

9、ension.語言運用是指語言產(chǎn)生和理解的實際事件。18. language語言Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.語言是一個符號系統(tǒng)，人們借助它來實現(xiàn)交流的目的。Chapter 21. phonetics語音學(xué)Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language；it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languag

10、e.語音學(xué)是關(guān)于語言的聲音媒介的研究，它關(guān)注的是所有發(fā)生在世界的語言的聲音。2. phonology音系學(xué)、音韻學(xué)Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.音系學(xué)的目的是要發(fā)現(xiàn)在語言形式上的語音是如何形成的，以及這些聲音是如何在語言交際中傳遞意義的。3. phone音素A phone is phonetic unit or segment.

11、The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.音素是語音單位或分部。在語言交流中，我們聽到的所有聲音都是音素。4. phoneme音位A phoneme is a phonological unit；it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound，but rather it is represented or realized

12、 by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.一個音位是一個語音單元，它是一個具有獨特價值的單位，它是一個抽象的單位，它不是一種特殊的聲音，而是在特定的語音環(huán)境中用某個特定的因素來表示或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的。5. allophone音位變體The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.不同的語音環(huán)境中，能夠代表一個音位的不同因素被稱為音位變體。6.

13、 phonemic contrast音位對立Phonemic contrast refers to a relation between different phonemes .They can take the same position in a sound combination but they cause difference in meaning

14、.音位對立指不同音位之間的關(guān)系。它們在一個聲音組合里占有同一位置，但卻會導(dǎo)致意義的不同。7. complementary distribution互補分布Two allophones of the same phoneme occur in different environments, but they never contrast each other. These two allophones of&

15、#160;the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 兩個來自相同音位的音位變體在不同的環(huán)境中，但他們從不互相對比，這兩個音位變體是互補分布的。8. sequential rules序列規(guī)則The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.在一種特定的語言中，語音的組合是受規(guī)則制約的，這些規(guī)則叫做系列規(guī)則。9. assi

16、milation rule同化規(guī)則The assimilation rule assimilates one sound similar to the following one by copying one of its phonetic features.同化規(guī)則類似于復(fù)制一個它的語音特點。10. deletion rule省略規(guī)則The rule governing the deletion of a sound in the certain phonetic context although it is represented in spelling.在特定的語音環(huán)境中刪除一個聲音的規(guī)

17、則叫做省略規(guī)則，雖然這個聲音被表示在拼寫上。11. surprasegmental features超切分特征The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.發(fā)生在切分層面上的音位特征被稱為超切分特征。12. stress重音When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is pronounced with great force than t

18、he other or others.當(dāng)一個詞的某個音節(jié)重讀時，意味著音節(jié)比其他的有更大的力量。13. word stress詞重音The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.重音在英語單詞中的位置區(qū)別意義。14. tone音調(diào)，聲調(diào)Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just lik

19、e phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. First : level. Second: rise. Third: fall-rise. Fourth: fall.音調(diào)是音調(diào)的變化，這是由不同的聲帶振動引起的。音高的變化可以區(qū)分意義就像音素，因此，聲調(diào)是一個超切分特征。15. intonation語調(diào)When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are colle

20、ctively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English.當(dāng)音高、重音和聲音的長度與句子中的句子聯(lián)系而不是孤立的，它們被統(tǒng)稱為語調(diào)。語調(diào)在幾乎每一種語言中都具有重要的意義，尤其是像英語這種語言。Chapter 31. morphology形態(tài)學(xué)Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the intern

21、al structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形態(tài)學(xué)是語法的一個分支，它研究詞匯的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，并通過哪些規(guī)則構(gòu)成詞匯。2. morpheme詞素Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.詞素是語言中最小的意義單位。3. free morpheme自由語素Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by t

22、hemselves or in combination with other morphemes. 自由語素是獨立的意義單位，可以獨自使用或與其它語素結(jié)合。4. bound morphemes黏著語素Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.黏著語素是那些不能單獨使用，必須與其它語素相結(jié)合以組成一個單詞的語素。5.root詞根A roo

23、t is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.詞根常被看做一個詞的一部分，雖然它有明確的含義，但它必須與另一個詞根或詞綴相結(jié)合形成一個詞。6.affixe詞綴Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational詞綴有兩類：曲折詞綴和派生詞綴。7.

24、derivational morphemes 派生詞素Added to an existing form to create a word. such a way of word-formation is called derivation and the new word formed by derivation is called a derivative. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem.把詞素添加到現(xiàn)有單詞表創(chuàng)建一個字，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為派生詞。8.inflectio

25、nal morphemes 曲折詞素Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories.曲折詞綴和曲折詞素表明各種不同的語法關(guān)系或語法范疇。9.prefix前綴Prefix occur at the beginning of a word. It modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the origin

26、al word, except the prefixes "be-",and "en-".前綴發(fā)生在一個單詞的開頭，它改變詞干的意思，但通常不改變原詞的詞性，除了be和en10.suffix后綴Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.后綴一般加在詞末，改變詞的意思，一般情況下改變詞的詞性。pounding復(fù)合Like derivat

27、ion, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.如同衍生，復(fù)合是另一種流行的形成新的英語單詞的方法，復(fù)合可以看做是兩個或兩個以上的詞來創(chuàng)建新的單詞。12. Orthographically書寫特征A compound can be written as one w

28、ord with or without a hyphen in between, or as two separate words. 一個復(fù)合詞可以寫成中間有連字符號，或者分開寫。13.Syntactically句法特征The part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the part of speech of the second element. 一個復(fù)合詞的語音一般由二元部分的語音確定。14.Semantically句義特征The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic,

29、not always being the sum total of the meaning of its components. 一個復(fù)合詞的意義一般是地道的，都不是其構(gòu)成成分的意義的總合。15.phonetically語音特征The stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. 復(fù)合詞的重音往往落在第一個元素。Chapter 41.syntax句法Syntax is a branch of linguistics that

30、studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.句法是語言學(xué)的一個分支，研究句子的形成規(guī)律。2. Sentence A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.句子是一個結(jié)構(gòu)上獨立的單位，通常包含幾個單詞組成一個完整的語句問題或命令。3. Subject主語The referring expression

31、 is grammatically called subject.是指在語法上稱為主體。4. Predicate謂語The part of a sentence which comprise a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate.句子的一部分包含限定動詞或動詞詞組，這被稱為謂語。5. A simple sentence (Finite Clause定式句)consists of a single clause whic

32、h contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.簡單句6.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”, “but”, “or”. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence; neith

33、er is subordinate to the other并列句7.A complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence have unequal status, one subordinating the other.復(fù)雜句8. Syntactic movement and movement rules句法位移和移位規(guī)則Syntactic movement occurs when a

34、 constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules.當(dāng)句子中的一個成分從它的移動中移動時，發(fā)生了句法運動；句法運動是由規(guī)則決定的，傳統(tǒng)上稱為移動規(guī)則。9. transformation rules轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The

35、operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.句法運動受轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則的支配，轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則的操作可能會改變一個句子的句法表達(dá)。Chapter 51.semantics語義學(xué)Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.語義學(xué)可以簡單定義為語言意義的研究。2.sense意義Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the l

36、inguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.意義關(guān)心的是語言形式的內(nèi)在意義。它是語言形式所有特征的總和，它是抽象且脫離語境的。它是詞典編寫者們所感興趣的語義方面。簡單地說，意義是詞匯內(nèi)在的，抽象的，游離于語境之外的意義。3.reference所指Reference mea

37、ns what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.所指是語言形式在現(xiàn)實世界中所指稱的東西；涉及語言成分和非語言的經(jīng)驗世界的關(guān)系。簡單地說，所指是詞匯在特定的語境中所指稱的具體事物。Sense and reference are two related but different aspects of meaning.

38、 意義和所指是詞匯意義的既相互聯(lián)系又有所不同的兩個方面。4.synonymy同義詞Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.同義現(xiàn)象指的是語義的相同或相近。詞義相近的詞叫同義詞。5.polysemy一詞多義現(xiàn)象The same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is

39、called a polysemic word. The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.同一個單詞可能有一個以上的意義，這就是我們所說的一詞多義，這樣的詞叫多義詞。一個詞越常用，它就越可能獲得一個以上的意義。6. antonymy 反義關(guān)系The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning, words that are opposite in meaning are anton

40、yms.反義關(guān)系用以指意義的相反。意義上相反的詞叫反義詞。ponential analysis 成分分析法Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. 成分分析法是一種用來分析單詞意義的方法，它是由結(jié)構(gòu)語義學(xué)家提出的。8. Predication analysis 述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法It is an approach proposed by British linguist G. Leech for sentential meaning anal

41、ysis.述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法是一種由英國語言學(xué)家G Leech 提出的句子意義分析方法。9. predication謂詞In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.在句子的語義分析中，基本單位稱為謂詞，謂詞是句子意思的抽象。10.the grammatical meaning句法意義The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers

42、 to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 一個句子的句法意義是指它的語法性，即語法合法性。由語法規(guī)則。11.semantic meaning 語義The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.句子在語義上是否有意義是受

43、被稱為選擇限制的規(guī)則支配的。Chapter 6 1. pragmatics語用學(xué)Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.語用學(xué)可以被定義為對語言使用者如何使用句子進(jìn)行成功交流的研究。2. context 語境，上下文 The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it

44、 consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.語境是語言的語用研究中不可缺少的。一般來說，它是說話人和聽話人的知識共享。3. utterance meaning 話語意義 Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.話語基于句子的意

45、思，它是在一個真實的交際環(huán)境中，或是在一個詞境中的抽象意義的實現(xiàn)。4.locutionary cat 言內(nèi)行為A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.言內(nèi)行為是言語行為的詞語、短語、句子。它是通過句法表達(dá)字面意義的行為、詞匯、音韻。5. illocutionary act 言外行為An illocutionary act is the ac

46、t expressing the speakers intention; It is the act performed in saying something.言外行為是表達(dá)說話者的意圖的行為，是在說話過程中完成的行為。6. perlocutionary act 言后行為Perlocutionary act refers to the intended effect/happening of an illocutionary act.言后行為是指預(yù)期的效果,是言外行為的發(fā)生。7.principle of conversation會話原則 人物：Paul GriceAmerican 

47、philosopher Paul Grice concluded that natural language had its own logic. His idea is  that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to 

48、cooperate. This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle (CP).  美國哲學(xué)家Grice提出的會話原則旨在解釋會話意義。他提出自然語言有其獨特的邏輯關(guān)系。他認(rèn)為會話的最高原則是合作，稱為合作原則。Chapter 71.historical linguistics 歷史語言學(xué)Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studie

49、s language change.歷史語言學(xué)是研究語言變化的一個分支。2. clipped words 縮略詞 （burgerhamburger）Clipped words are created by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word;縮略詞通常指一個多音節(jié)的詞扔掉一個或幾個音節(jié)，然后變成的詞語。3. coinage創(chuàng)新詞 （Kodak Xerox）A new word can be coined to fit some p

50、urpose.一個新詞可以為了一些目的被創(chuàng)造出來。4. blending緊縮法 （motel=motor+hotel）A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.緊縮法的詞是由其它詞的部分組成的。5. acronyms詞首字母縮略詞 （CEO=Chief Executive Officer）Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.詞首字母縮略詞是來自幾個單詞的縮寫詞。6. back-formation逆構(gòu)詞法 （to donatederi

51、ved from donation）New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-fo

52、rmation.從已經(jīng)存在的詞減去一個詞綴形成一個新的詞稱為逆構(gòu)詞法。7. functional shift功能性變化 （nounverb to brake）Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes，which is also called conversion.語言沒有詞綴的添加可以從談話的一部分轉(zhuǎn)移到另一部分，也就是所謂的轉(zhuǎn)移。8

53、. borrowing借用 （tea，guitar，prince，balloon，alcohol）When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words.當(dāng)不同的文化相接觸，詞經(jīng)常從一門語言借到另一門語言

54、，這也被稱為借詞、外來詞。9. language change語言變化Language change is essentially a matter of change in the grammar. We refer to the change in the  grammar of a language as linguistic change. 

55、;Linguistic change occurs in all components of the  grammar, including changes in the sound, morphological, syntactic, lexical and semantic systems.  語言變化實質(zhì)上是語法變化。我們把一種語言的語法變化稱為語言變化。語言變化包括語音系統(tǒng)、形態(tài)

56、系統(tǒng)、句法系統(tǒng)、詞匯系統(tǒng)和語義系統(tǒng)等部分的變化。Chapter 81.sociolinguistics社會語言學(xué)Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies language in social context.社會語言學(xué)是語言學(xué)的一個分支，它研究社會環(huán)境中的語言。2.speech community言語社區(qū)A speech community thus defined as a group of people

57、0;who form a community (which may have  as few members as a family or as many member as a country), and share the same language or a  particular variety of

58、 language. 言語社區(qū)被定義為一個社區(qū)（人數(shù)小到一個家庭，大到一個國家）使用同樣的語言或語言的某種變體的一群人。3.speech variety言語變體speech variety is sometimes used instead of standard language, vernacular language, dialect,  pidgin, creole, etc. Speech variatio

59、n moves on a scale of the national language, dialect, and  individual ways of communication. 語變體可以指一種不同的語言，如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語、方言、洋涇浜等，可以指同一語言的地域性或民族性變體，如英語中的澳大利亞英語、黑人英語等，也可以指同屬一種語言的功能性言語變體，如法律語體、正式語體等。4. regional variation 地域變異Re

60、gional variation is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.Regional variation of language is the most discernible and definable. 語言的地域變異產(chǎn)生了地區(qū)方

61、言。語言往往隨著使用地理位置的變化而變化。地域變異是語言最易辨別的特征。5.social variation  社會變異Social variation gives rise to sociolects which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories  which reflect their socioeconomic, educatio

62、nal, occupational and ethnic background, as well as  their sex and age. 語言的社會變異產(chǎn)生了社會方言。社會方言又可以分為更小的語言類別。導(dǎo)致語言社會變異的主要因素包括語言使用者的不同的社會地位、經(jīng)濟(jì)地位、學(xué)歷、職業(yè)、年齡、性別等。6. stylistic variation 文體變異There are differences associated 

63、;with the speech situation: who is speaking to whom about  under what circumstances for what purpose. 有一些差異是說話者本人的言語在不同的言語情景中所具有的差異：言語情景即在什么情況下，為了什么目的，誰與誰講什么。7. idiolectal variation 個人言語變異When an indi

64、vidual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. 一