非謂語動(dòng)詞__總復(fù)習(xí)

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞 找出各句的謂語動(dòng)詞并指出其具體形式找出各句的謂語動(dòng)詞并指出其具體形式1. Dont teach fish to swim. 不要班門弄斧。不要班門弄斧。1哪些是動(dòng)詞的謂語形式？哪些是動(dòng)詞的謂語形式？ dont teach，謂語動(dòng)詞否定式，謂語動(dòng)詞否定式 2. He had a good memory like an elephant. 他以前有很好的記憶力。他以前有很好的記憶力。 3. It would be a waste of money building such a luxurious villa. 建這么豪華的別墅太浪費(fèi)錢。建這么豪華的別墅太浪費(fèi)錢。1 had，

2、謂語動(dòng)詞過去式，謂語動(dòng)詞過去式 would be，附加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞原形，附加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞原形 4. Light travels much faster than sound. 光比聲音傳播速度快得多。光比聲音傳播速度快得多。 5. When asked why, please just keep silent. 當(dāng)問到原因時(shí)，就保持沉默。當(dāng)問到原因時(shí)，就保持沉默。1 travels，謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式 keep，動(dòng)詞原形，動(dòng)詞原形 6. The president was warmly welcomed by the residents. 總統(tǒng)受到了居民的熱烈歡迎。總統(tǒng)受到

3、了居民的熱烈歡迎。1 was welcomed，動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式1 謂語動(dòng)詞的形式包括主動(dòng)句各種時(shí)態(tài)下的謂語謂語動(dòng)詞的形式包括主動(dòng)句各種時(shí)態(tài)下的謂語形式和被動(dòng)句各種時(shí)態(tài)下的謂語形式以及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式和被動(dòng)句各種時(shí)態(tài)下的謂語形式以及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞連用的各種形式。與動(dòng)詞連用的各種形式。2 動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞，不定式與過去分詞以及它動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞，不定式與過去分詞以及它們相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)下的各種形式叫作動(dòng)詞的非謂語們相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)下的各種形式叫作動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式。換言之，不能作謂語的動(dòng)詞形式叫非謂語動(dòng)形式。換言之，不能作謂語的動(dòng)詞形式叫非謂語動(dòng)詞。詞。三、謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別三、謂語

4、動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別高考題點(diǎn)擊：高考題點(diǎn)擊：1. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. (93 N) A. angrily pointingB. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. （04上海春季）上海春季） A. seizing., disappeared B. se

5、ized., disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized, disappearing 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間用兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間用 and 連接稱為并列謂語，并列謂語需注意兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的連接稱為并列謂語，并列謂語需注意兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的形式的一致性，故形式的一致性，故B、D皆錯(cuò)；不用皆錯(cuò)；不用 and 連接時(shí)稱之為狀語，只能用非連接時(shí)稱之為狀語，只能用非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語，故謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語，故C錯(cuò)。錯(cuò)。seized 和和 took 是并列謂語，是并列謂語，disappearing 是伴隨狀語。此題的關(guān)是伴隨狀語。此題的關(guān)鍵是鍵是and 的位置，如果的位置，如果 and 在在

6、disappear 前，則三個(gè)動(dòng)詞并列。前，則三個(gè)動(dòng)詞并列。ADA A B Non-Predicate Verbs（非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞）英語中動(dòng)詞的非謂語動(dòng)詞有三類：英語中動(dòng)詞的非謂語動(dòng)詞有三類：1. 不定式：不定式：infinitive2. 動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞：gerund3. 分詞：分詞： participle 現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞： present participle 過去分詞：過去分詞： past participle 非非謂謂語語不定式不定式表表將來將來和和主動(dòng)主動(dòng)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞ing:表表進(jìn)行進(jìn)行和和主主動(dòng)動(dòng)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞ed：表表完成完成和和被動(dòng)被動(dòng)1.在句子中充當(dāng)何成分在句子中充當(dāng)何成分2.

7、只跟不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞只跟不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞3.什么情況下需用不定式做定語什么情況下需用不定式做定語4.不定式省略不定式省略to的情況的情況5.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)6.不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞2.動(dòng)名詞與不定式做主語，賓動(dòng)名詞與不定式做主語，賓語的區(qū)別語的區(qū)別3.begin和和start后跟不定式而不后跟不定式而不跟動(dòng)名詞的情況跟動(dòng)名詞的情況1.不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語的不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語的區(qū)別區(qū)別1.只跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞只跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞跟過去分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞跟過去分詞作狀語 非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞是語法填空

8、的必考考點(diǎn)，是語法填空的必考考點(diǎn)，每年高考至少有每年高考至少有1道題。不僅如此，掌道題。不僅如此，掌握非謂語動(dòng)詞的基本用法，握非謂語動(dòng)詞的基本用法，對(duì)增強(qiáng)書面對(duì)增強(qiáng)書面表達(dá)的文采和提高閱讀理解能力都有明表達(dá)的文采和提高閱讀理解能力都有明顯的作用。顯的作用。首先，我們回顧一下非謂語動(dòng)詞的語首先，我們回顧一下非謂語動(dòng)詞的語法功能法功能(在句中充當(dāng)何種成分在句中充當(dāng)何種成分)：1. 不定式：不定式：infinitive Form Usage Omission of “ to” to do(not to do) 一般式（否定）一般式（否定）to be doing 進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式 主動(dòng)主動(dòng) to have

9、 done 完成式完成式to have been doing 完成進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式to be done 一般式一般式 被動(dòng)被動(dòng)to have been done 完成式完成式 一般式：一般式： 不定式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示不定式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或者在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或者在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。 1. Im glad to see you. (同時(shí)發(fā)生同時(shí)發(fā)生) 2. They invited us to come to a party.（不（不 定式動(dòng)作后發(fā)生）定式動(dòng)作后發(fā)生） 3. The computer to be produc

10、ed is of a new type. (被動(dòng)被動(dòng)) 4.You must promise never to do that again.進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式： 謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。1. They are said to be building another bridge over the river. 據(jù)說他們正在這條河上修另一座大橋。據(jù)說他們正在這條河上修另一座大橋。2. I d rather read than watch television; the program seem_ all the time.

11、(1997.1) a. to get worse b. to be getting worse 我寧愿看書也不愿意看電視，電視節(jié)目好像越我寧愿看書也不愿意看電視，電視節(jié)目好像越來越差了。來越差了。 完成式：完成式：不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前1. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_in broad daylight yesterday.(2001.1)a. robbed b. to have been robbedc. being robbed d. having been rob

12、bed2. They were reported to have discovered anthor ancient tomb in this area.完成進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式： 在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生前，在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生前，不定式表示的動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行。不定式表示的動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行。 1. They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.(= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.) 2. The struggle was know to have

13、 been going on for over twenty years.Usage1 subject（主語）（主語）2 predicative（表語）（表語）3 object（賓語）（賓語）4 attribute（定語）（定語）5 adverbial（狀語）（狀語）6 complement（補(bǔ)足語）（補(bǔ)足語）1.不定式（短語）作主語不定式（短語）作主語通常轉(zhuǎn)化成通常轉(zhuǎn)化成 “It + is/was + adj./n. + 不不定式（短語）定式（短語）”, 其中其中it 是形式主語是形式主語(form subject)，真正的主語是后，真正的主語是后面的不定式（短語）。面的不定式（短語）。To

14、 master a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language. It takes sb. some time 不定式不定式 It costs sb. money不定式不定式2. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for sb. to do sth.It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.當(dāng)形容詞為表示當(dāng)形容詞為表示“性格特征或行為表性格特征或行為表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)”的形容詞時(shí)，介詞用的形容詞時(shí)，介詞用of，如，如kind, wrong, polite, wise as predic

15、ativeHer wish is to be a teacher.She seems to be happy. as objectHe loved to listen to music.I find it difficult to speak English fluently. 下列動(dòng)詞要求不定式作賓語：下列動(dòng)詞要求不定式作賓語： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer,

16、 plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, 特殊疑問詞特殊疑問詞+不定式不定式 介詞介詞+特殊疑問詞特殊疑問詞+不定式不定式Where to stay has not been decided yet. （S.）She doesnt know what to do.（O. of v.）He had no idea of how to do.（O. of prep.）疑問詞包括疑問詞包括how, what, where, when, whether, whom, why等等I ask him where to get th

17、is book.（O.C.）The question is which to choose.（P.） 能一以這種結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：能一以這種結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：know, see, show,tell, teach, wonder, imagine, understand,explain等等 as attribute 不定式通常作后置定語，不定式通常作后置定語， 而而且且vi.后要加介詞后要加介詞.There is a lot of work to do.He is the best man to consult with. as adverbialA adverbial of purpos

18、eB adverbial of causeC adverbial of resultas adverbial of purposeI started early (so as) / (in order) to get there before dark.so as to 和和 in order to 是不定式是不定式的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式so as (not) to用在句中用在句中in order (not) to 用在句中或句首用在句中或句首as adverbial of causeWe are proud to be members of this team.We jumped with j

19、oy to hear of the good news.as adverbial of resultHe is too young to go to school.I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left.He behaved so foolishly as to be laughed by his friends. His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.as complementA object complementB subject com

20、plementAs object complementChina expects everyone to do his duty.I could make them understand me.要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞：要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞： ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuade(sb. to do sth.) 要求省要求省to不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞：不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞：make / have / let (sb. do sth.)help sb. to do st

21、h. 主語不直接參主語不直接參與動(dòng)作與動(dòng)作help sb. do sth. 主語直接參與主語直接參與動(dòng)作動(dòng)作This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily.They always help me do my homework.As subject complementWe were made to pay the money.A man was seen to enter the house.注：主被動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換注：主被動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換S. ask sb. to do sth. sb. be asked to do sth.

22、S. make sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.S. saw a man enter the house. A man was seen to enter the house.S. saw a man entering the house. A man was seen entering the house.omission of “to”1 set phrase2 set structure3 sentence with special conjunction or preposition 4 as predicative set phrase1 had

23、better/ had best (not) do2 had rather/ had sooner do sth. than do sth.3 would rather/ would sooner do sth. than do sth.4 would just as soon do sth. as do（寧愿（寧愿也不愿也不愿 ）5 may /might (just) as well do（還是（還是好好;還不如還不如;不妨不妨）6 can not but do (不能不；不得不不能不；不得不)7 cannot choose but （只得）（只得）8 cannot help but （不得

24、不）（不得不） cannot help + doing 9 can but = can only （只得，充其量不過）（只得，充其量不過）egI would just as soon stay as go with him.We may as well begin at once.You may as well tell the truth.We might just as well stay at home.I can not but admire his courage.I cannot but laugh.I cannot choose but stay.I cannot help bu

25、t grieve.set structure 感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞+賓語賓語+動(dòng)詞原動(dòng)詞原形賓補(bǔ)形賓補(bǔ)make / have / let / bid / leave + sb. / sth. + do常見感官動(dòng)詞：常見感官動(dòng)詞： see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel perceive etc.He made her do so.Bid him go home. （叫他回家）（叫他回家）We will have the boy mail this letter.Let there be no mis

26、take about it. （這（這事可別出錯(cuò)）事可別出錯(cuò)）Leave him go. （放他走）（放他走）Look at that horse jump.I heard them talk about that film.連詞連詞 (than, as) 或介詞或介詞 (except, but, besides , save) 前有前有 do 的某的某種形式省種形式省 to; 反之則不省反之則不省I did no more than make a beginning.I have no choice but to accept the fact.I did nothing but / exc

27、ept repair the farm-tools.My dog does everything except speak.What do you like to do besides swim?作表語的不定式作表語的不定式: :若主語中有若主語中有dodo的某種形式，可省的某種形式，可省toto也可不省也可不省. .All I did was (to) hit him on the head.The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.The only thing to do is (to) encourage hi

28、m to try again.What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth.不定式運(yùn)用口訣不定式運(yùn)用口訣 本領(lǐng)最多不定式，本領(lǐng)最多不定式，主、表、賓、補(bǔ)、定和狀。主、表、賓、補(bǔ)、定和狀。 樣樣成分都能干，只有謂語它不敢。樣樣成分都能干，只有謂語它不敢。 大家千萬要當(dāng)心，有時(shí)它把句型改，大家千萬要當(dāng)心，有時(shí)它把句型改， 作主賓時(shí)用作主賓時(shí)用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。自己在后把身藏。 六個(gè)感官三使役，六個(gè)感官三使役， 賓補(bǔ)要把賓補(bǔ)要把to甩開；甩開； 疑問詞后接上它，賓語從句可充當(dāng)；疑問詞后接上它，賓語從句可充當(dāng)； 邏輯主語不定式，不定式前邏輯主語不定式，不定式前

29、for/of sb. to前前not是否定，是否定， 各種用法區(qū)別開。各種用法區(qū)別開。不定式的句法功能，除了謂語外，不定式可以擔(dān)當(dāng)句子的任不定式的句法功能，除了謂語外，不定式可以擔(dān)當(dāng)句子的任何成分。何成分。 To see is to believe. 眼見為實(shí)。眼見為實(shí)。 (作主語作主語和和表語表語) To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短語不定式短語作主語作主語)You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老學(xué)到老。要活到老學(xué)到老。(不定式短語不定式短語作賓語作賓語)She usually

30、has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上經(jīng)常有很多會(huì)要開。她晚上經(jīng)常有很多會(huì)要開。(不定式短語不定式短語作定語作定語)To /In order to do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用對(duì)。要干好活工具得用對(duì)。(不定式短語不定式短語作目的狀語作目的狀語)He got up early in order to/ so as to catch the first bus. (不定式短語不定式短語作目的狀語作目的狀語)I didnt expect you to arr

31、ive so early. 我沒想到你來得那么早。我沒想到你來得那么早。(不定式短語不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語作賓語補(bǔ)足語)不定式的省略不定式的省略 兩個(gè)并列的不定式由兩個(gè)并列的不定式由and或或or連接時(shí)，省略后面的不定式中連接時(shí)，省略后面的不定式中的的to。如：如：I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：特例：To be or not to be，that is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示對(duì)比

32、表示對(duì)比) 句中含有動(dòng)詞句中含有動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，時(shí)，but，except，besides等后面的不帶等后面的不帶to。即。即“前有前有do，后省，后省to”。如：。如：He didnt do anything but complain. 在在 cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but , could not but ,could not help but 的后面不帶的后面不帶to , 它們的意思都是它們的意思都是“只好，只有只好，只有” ,如：如： He could not but walk home. / Its raining hard, I

33、 cannot help but stay at home./ I cannot but admire his courage. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) It is brave of you to do that. It is easy for you to do that. 當(dāng)下列表示人物特征的形容詞同當(dāng)下列表示人物特征的形容詞同of 后的名詞或代詞關(guān)系密切，有意后的名詞或代詞關(guān)系密切，有意義上的主表關(guān)系時(shí)，常與義上的主表關(guān)系時(shí)，常與o f 搭配。搭配。brave, careful, careless, clever, foolish, good, honest, kind, ni

34、ce, right, wrong ,rude, stupid, silly, wise, thoughtful, etc It was very kind of you to come to help me.= You were very kind to come to help me.下列表示事物性質(zhì)的形容詞同下列表示事物性質(zhì)的形容詞同for后的名詞或代詞關(guān)系不密切，沒有后的名詞或代詞關(guān)系不密切，沒有意義上的主表關(guān)系，但與句中的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系密切，有意義上的意義上的主表關(guān)系，但與句中的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系密切，有意義上的主表關(guān)系，常與主表關(guān)系，常與 for 搭配。搭配。easy, hard, he

35、avy, necessary, impossible, possible, important, difficult, etc. Its hard for him to get rid of his bad habits .= For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard.不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況1. 不定式作定語與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，不定式作定語與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且與句中的另一名詞或代詞有主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。且與句中的另一名詞或代詞有主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。Ill give you a book to read.Please len

36、d me a pen to write with.2. be+adj.+to doThe question is not easy to answer.3.不定式與疑問代詞連用時(shí)不定式與疑問代詞連用時(shí)School uniforms are not cool enough, so students dont know what to expect.4.某些動(dòng)詞不定式與某些動(dòng)詞不定式與be連用時(shí)連用時(shí)be to blame, be to seek, be to letThe house is to let.5. There be結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式修飾主語時(shí)，主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式修飾主語時(shí)，主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式皆可

37、。式和被動(dòng)式皆可。There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.如果不定式有邏輯主語，只用主動(dòng)式。如果不定式有邏輯主語，只用主動(dòng)式。There is nothing for me to do today.2. GerundForm Usage Testing StructureForms:v-ing (主動(dòng)主動(dòng))一般式一般式no v-ing / not doing 否定式否定式having done 主動(dòng)完成式主動(dòng)完成式 being done 被動(dòng)一般式被動(dòng)一般式 having been done 被動(dòng)完成式被動(dòng)完成式 ones doing 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

38、Usage1 subject2 predicative3 object 4 attribute as S.There is no denying this.Its no use / no good / useless crying over the spilt milk. as P.His hobby is collecting ancient gold coins. as O.I have finished reading the book.She is very fond of dancing.Do you find staying here interesting? Do you fin

39、d it interesting staying here? as Attr.動(dòng)名詞作定語，說明人或物的性能動(dòng)名詞作定語，說明人或物的性能or用途用途現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表明動(dòng)作進(jìn)行，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表明動(dòng)作進(jìn)行，是主謂關(guān)系是主謂關(guān)系sleeping pillsa sleeping childTesting Structure:否定式否定式 no v-ing / not v-ing復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): ones v-ing名詞所有格或物主代詞名詞所有格或物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞名詞通格或代詞賓格名詞通格或代詞賓格+動(dòng)名詞（非動(dòng)名詞（非正式文體或口語中）正式文體或口語中）Its no use buyin

40、g books but not reading them.His / Him going there wont help much.Johns /John coming here will get us out of trouble.I dont remember his / him giving me back that dictionary.I heard of Miss Marys /Mary coming back.有些動(dòng)詞或短語后需接動(dòng)名詞有些動(dòng)詞或短語后需接動(dòng)名詞作賓語：作賓語： anticipate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, for

41、bid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, deny, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise,allow, permit, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit,

42、quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, appreciate, stop, approach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B, 動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特點(diǎn)，有一般式和完動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特點(diǎn)，有一般式和完成式，有主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式之分，在句中可以作主語、成式，有主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式之分，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語和定語。賓語、表語和定語。動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞一樣也是由動(dòng)

43、名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞一樣也是由動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+ing 構(gòu)成，在句構(gòu)成，在句中起名詞的作用，可作中起名詞的作用，可作 主語、賓語、表語和定語。主語、賓語、表語和定語。否否定形式也是定形式也是not+ 動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞，有，有四種四種時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)形式，使時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)形式，使用時(shí)注意如下內(nèi)容即可。用時(shí)注意如下內(nèi)容即可。 時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài) 語態(tài)語態(tài) 主動(dòng)主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般一般 teaching being taught完成完成 having taught having been taught巧記跟動(dòng)名詞的口訣：巧記跟動(dòng)名詞的口訣： 避免錯(cuò)過少延期，避免錯(cuò)過少延期， 建議完成多練建議完成多練習(xí)，習(xí)， 喜歡想象禁不住，承認(rèn)否定與妒忌

44、，喜歡想象禁不住，承認(rèn)否定與妒忌， 逃脫冒險(xiǎn)莫原諒，忍受保持不在意。逃脫冒險(xiǎn)莫原諒，忍受保持不在意。 avoid,miss,delay; suggest,finish,practice; enjoy,imagine,resist(cant help); admit,deny envy; escape,risk,pardon; stand, keep,mind3. ParticipleForm UsageTesting Structure Present Participlev-ing (主動(dòng)主動(dòng))一般式一般式 not v-ing 否定式否定式 having done 主動(dòng)完成式主動(dòng)完成式 be

45、ing done 被動(dòng)一般式被動(dòng)一般式 having been done 被動(dòng)完成式被動(dòng)完成式 Past Participle v-ed (被動(dòng)被動(dòng))一般式一般式 not v-ed 否定式否定式Usage1 Predicative2 Attribute3 Adverbial4 Complementas predicativeMy pencil was broken. (過去分詞作表語過去分詞作表語主語狀態(tài)主語狀態(tài))Her speech was quite stirring. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主語性質(zhì)主語性質(zhì))as attributeA lost opportunity never

46、 returns.The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.The material used is cement.注注:分詞分詞(短語短語)作定語可以轉(zhuǎn)化作定語可以轉(zhuǎn)化成定語從句成定語從句as adverbial I stood watching her, not knowing what to do. He was reliable, judged by ordinary standards. 分詞分詞(短語短語)作狀語作狀語,其邏輯主語必須其邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致與句子主語一致. Seeing the professor, the

47、students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. Adverbial of time Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. Adverbial of cause Being ill, he stayed at home. Convinced of the accura

48、cy of the data, I stuck to my opinion. Adverbial of condition Working hard, youll succeed. United, we stand; divided, we fall. Adverbial of concession Working very hard, he did not feel a little tired. Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (連詞連詞though加強(qiáng)語氣加強(qiáng)語氣) Adve

49、rbial of result A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety. New machines were installed, thus / thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus/thereby加強(qiáng)語氣加強(qiáng)語氣) Adverbial of manner Traveling by car, the students visited many places. Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the pro

50、blems one after another. Adverbial of accompaniment The teacher, followed by some students, went into the classroom. They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.as complementa O.C. I am sorry Ive kept you waiting.I have my hair cut once a month. (謂語謂語 v.多為使役多為使役 v.和感官和感官 v.)b S

51、.C. She was seen going up stairs.The work was left half done.Testing Structure1 Participle as Adverbial 2 Absolute Structure 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別:Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters.一般來說一般來說 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意思現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意思; 過去分詞

52、表示被動(dòng)的意思過去分詞表示被動(dòng)的意思. 分詞作狀語時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)分詞作狀語時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)1 一般式：一般式：分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)發(fā)生Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.= As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.2 完成式：完成式：分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前Having cleaned the rooms, we began to we

53、ed the garden.= After we had cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. 分詞短語作狀語的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)分詞短語作狀語的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu): 分詞短語前加連詞分詞短語前加連詞(加強(qiáng)語氣加強(qiáng)語氣)Be careful when crossing the street.Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是分詞作狀語的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是分詞作狀語的一種特殊形式一種特殊形式: 分詞分詞(短語短語)作狀語時(shí)作狀語時(shí),無論是

54、現(xiàn)在無論是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，是一般式還分詞還是過去分詞，是一般式還是完成式，其邏輯主語必須與句是完成式，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致。否則，分詞子的主語保持一致。否則，分詞前必需有自己的主語，即用獨(dú)立前必需有自己的主語，即用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。它獨(dú)立存在。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。 The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey. Hi

55、s mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.with 獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格:He stared at his friend with his mouth wide openWith you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed 2 have之后的非謂語動(dòng)詞之后的非謂語動(dòng)詞have sb. do sth. 叫某人做某事叫某人做某事have sth. done 使某事被使某事被(他人他人)做做have sb. done 使某人被他人做某事使某人被他人做某事have sb. doing s

56、th. 聽任某人做某事聽任某人做某事Ill have him do it.I have my hair cut every month.You ought to have her examined by the doctor.I wont have you saying that.非謂語動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別非謂語動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別不定式不定式: 具有具有n. adj. adv. 特征，特征，在句中擔(dān)任除謂語外任何成分；在句中擔(dān)任除謂語外任何成分；動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞: 具有具有n. 特征，在句中可特征，在句中可作主語、賓語、定語、表語；作主語、賓語、定語、表語；分詞分詞: 具有具有adj. adv. 特征特征,在句中在

57、句中可作主語、表語、賓補(bǔ)、狀語；可作主語、表語、賓補(bǔ)、狀語；difference動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞名詞；習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作名詞；習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作不定式不定式將來；一次性動(dòng)作將來；一次性動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞: 動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；表主動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；表主動(dòng)過去分詞過去分詞: 動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成；表被動(dòng)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成；表被動(dòng)1.不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語結(jié)果狀語的區(qū)別的區(qū)別不定式：出乎意料的結(jié)果不定式：出乎意料的結(jié)果I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.現(xiàn)在分詞：往往與主句有因果關(guān)系現(xiàn)在分詞：往往與主句有因果關(guān)系Sh

58、e fell off the bike, breaking her left leg.2. begin和和start后跟不定式而不跟動(dòng)后跟不定式而不跟動(dòng)名詞的情況名詞的情況 當(dāng)主語是無生命之物時(shí)當(dāng)主語是無生命之物時(shí) Snow began to melt. 2. begin和和start用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí) He is beginning to study English. 3. begin和和start后面的動(dòng)詞是表示心理后面的動(dòng)詞是表示心理狀態(tài)的詞（狀態(tài)的詞（know, understand, believe, wonder等）等） I began to believe his st

59、ory.分詞短語做定語時(shí)，分詞的選定依據(jù)分詞與被其修飾的分詞短語做定語時(shí)，分詞的選定依據(jù)分詞與被其修飾的名詞的關(guān)系而定。如果名詞是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用現(xiàn)名詞的關(guān)系而定。如果名詞是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果名詞是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，用過去分詞。在分詞；如果名詞是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，用過去分詞。分詞短語做狀語分詞短語做狀語時(shí)，則要看時(shí)，則要看分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系。如。如果句子的果句子的主語是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用現(xiàn)在分詞主語是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果；如果主語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，用過去分詞主語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，用過去分詞。(1)Seen from the moun

60、tain，the city looks beautiful.(2)Seeing from the mountain，we can see the river running through the city.現(xiàn)在分詞跟過去分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞跟過去分詞作狀語3. 關(guān)于分詞選定的原則關(guān)于分詞選定的原則 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不作定語，若要表達(dá)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不作定語，若要表達(dá)完成意義最好用定語從句。完成意義最好用定語從句。 The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.2. done, to be done, being done作定語的作定語的區(qū)別區(qū)