大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)練習(xí)題

1、I.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly.1 .Clear1anddark?areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeicomplementarydistribution.(P24)2

2、.Morphologyisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.(P32)3 .Consonantsoundscanbeeither?voicelessorvoiced,while3bwelsoundsarevoiced.(P16)4 .Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCooperative?principleproposedbyJ.Grice.(P86-87)5 .?Languageexistsintimeand

3、changesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalledasynchronicstudyoflanguage.(P4)6 .?Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.(P18)7 .?XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNPtheboywholikesthisp

4、uppyconsistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier,NtheheadandSthecomplement.(P46)9 .?Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.(P70)11. Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindwork

5、swhenpeopleuselanguage.(P70)12. Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(P70)13. Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumbero

6、fmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.(P70)14. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthenasalcavity.(P15)16. Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning.(P70

7、)18. Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.(P70)19. Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledasarticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.(P15)21. ?Syntaxstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.(P70)22. ?Thenountear

8、andtheverbteararehomonymy.(P70)23. Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.(P70)24. Themodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive,anditsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedata.(P70)25. Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakerwhipearo

9、lecontrastedwithlangueistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.(P70)26. Insemantictriangle,therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect,anditismediatedbyconcept(P70)27. H.Sweetmadeadistinctionbetweennarrowanbroadtranscription.(P70)28. Inthecooperativeprinciple,Grice

10、introducedfourcategoriesofmaxims.Theyaremaximofquality,maximofquantity,maximofrelationandmaximofmanner.(P70)29. Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse.(P70)30. Historicallinguisticsstudieslanguagechangeorhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage.(P70)11. Directions:Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue

11、orfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(T)1.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.(T)2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguag

12、eareabletoproduceandcomprehend.(T)3.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.(T)4.Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thespokenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.(F)5.Thecompoundwordreading-

13、roomistheplacewhereapersoncanreadbooks.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.(T)6.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.(T)7.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbec

14、ausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.(T)8.Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”forlanguageusage.(T)9.Theopen-cl

15、asswordsincludeprepositions.( T)10.Accordingtosemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent,.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.( T)11.Therelationshipof“,fl“owveiorle”t,“”rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.( F)12.Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.(sunrise)( T)13.Linguis

16、tsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.( F)14.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.( F)15.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeC

17、hinese,isatypicaltonelanguage.( F)16.Whenwethinkofaconcept,weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmindseyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.( F)17.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample“,Goodmorning！”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.”( T)18.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiri

18、ngsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.( F)19.AccordingtoN.Chomsky,?”competence”istheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinutterance.( F)20.TheEnglishspellingexactlyrepresentsitspronunciation.( F)21.Allthegrammaticallywell-formedsentencesaresemantica

19、llywell-formed.( T)22.Pragmaticsstudiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.( F)?23.Anillocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.( T)24.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.( T)25.Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventi

20、onusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestlilmanylanguagesintodaysworldthatcanonlyb,ebsuptonkoetnwritten.( F)26.InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.( F)27.Parolereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.( T)28.Conversationalimplicatureisak

21、indofimpliedmeaning,deducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.( F)29.Pragmaticfailuremayoccurincross-culturalcommunication,.betweenspeakersofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,butnotoccurinintra-culturalcommunication.betweenspeakersofthesame

22、culturalbackground.( T)30.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.( II.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustrationwhennecessary.1. diachroniclinguisticsLinguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,.thestudyofthe

23、ChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.2. synchroniclinguisticsLinguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespearestime.3. LanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.4. contextContextisgenerallycon

24、sideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.5. blendingAprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.smog-smoke+fog.6. referenceReferenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.7. broadtranscriptionBroadtranscri

25、ptionisthetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly.Itisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.8. aminimalpairApairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,./pit/and/bit/.9. homonymyHomonymyreferstothephenomenonthatw

26、ordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.eg.night/knight;leadv./leadn.;fastadj./fastv.10. hyponymyItreferstomeaninginclusiveness,?thatis,thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Therelationshipof“,fl“owveiorle”t,“”rose”and“tulipishyponymy.11.

27、 culturaltransmission(asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,.ithastobetaughtandlearnt.12. allophonesAl

28、lophonesarethedifferentphonesthatrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.13. morphologyMorphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.14. dualityLanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastru

29、ctureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.15. pragmaticsItreferstothestudyoflanguageinuse.16. boundmorphemeThemorphemesthatdonotoccuralone.17. arbitrarinessTheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmea

30、ning.18. syntaxSyntaxstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.?1. Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple?(P86-87)AccordingtoGrice,therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:A. Themaximofquantity1) Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurp

31、oseoftheexchange).2) Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.B. Themaximofquality1) Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2) Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.C. ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.D. Themaximofmanner1) Avoidobscurityofexpression.?2) Avoidambiguity.3) Bebrief(avoidunnece

32、ssaryprolixity).?4) Beorderly.2 .?Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?(P79)Themeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,whilethemeaningofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Utterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning,anditistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningo

33、fasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.3 .HowisSaussuresdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomskysdistincbetweencompetenceandperformance?Whatdotheydiffer?(P4-5)1. Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealiz

34、ationoflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.2. BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutth

35、elanguagesystemforseriousstudy.SimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinkswhatlinguistshouldstudyistheidealspeakerscompetetaskoflinguistsistodiscoverandspecifytherulesoflanguage.3. TwolinguistsdifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview.4. Whatare

36、thedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar?(P5-6)A.Linguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptiveB. Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.C. LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.5. Whatisthespeechacttheoryadvan

37、cedbyJohnAustin?(P80-81)Speechacttheoryisthefirstmajortheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage,whichwasoriginatedwithJohnAustinandaimstoanswerthequestionatd“owWehdowhenusinglanguage”.First,hemadeadistinctionbetween“conStOtiVeS)“and“performatives行事話語(yǔ)).Lateron,hesetupanothermodeltoexplainthewayactswereperf

38、ormedbymeansoflanguage.Accordingtohisnewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:thatis,Thelocutionaryact(言內(nèi)彳亍為)-anactofsayingsomething,.anactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.The川ocutionaryact(言夕卜行為)-anactofexpressingthespeakersintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Theperlocutionaryact(言后彳亍為)-anactperformedbyorresulti