當(dāng)代研究生英語(yǔ)讀寫教程上Unit1課文翻譯.

1、Unit 1 ：cyberspace ：if you don't love it ,leave it信息空間：出入隨愿1something in the American psyche loves new frontiers.美國(guó)人的內(nèi)心深處具有一種酷愛(ài)探索新領(lǐng)域的氣質(zhì)。We hanker after wide-open spaces ;we like to explore ;we like to makerules but refuse to follow them .我們渴求寬敞的場(chǎng)地，我們喜歡探索，喜歡制定規(guī)章制度，卻不愿去遵守。But in this age it's

2、hard to find a place where you can go and be yourselfwithout worrying about he neighbours .在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，卻很難找到一塊空間，可以供你任意馳騁，又不必?fù)?dān)心影響 你的鄰居。2There is such a place : cyberspace .確實(shí)有這樣一個(gè)空間，那就是信息空間。Formerly a playground for computer fans ,cyberspace . Formely a playground for computer fans ,cyberspace now embrace

3、s every conceivable constituency : school children ,flirtatious ,singles ,Hungarian-Americans, accountants .這里原本是計(jì)算機(jī)迷的游戲天地， 但如今只要想像得到的各類人群應(yīng)有盡有，包括少年兒童、輕佻的單身漢、美籍匈牙利人、會(huì)計(jì)等。Can they all get along ?Or will our fear of kids surfing for dirty picturesbehind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown ?問(wèn)題是他們都能和睦

4、相處嗎?人們是否會(huì)因?yàn)楹ε潞⒆觽兌阍谂P室里看網(wǎng)上的淫穢圖片而將它封殺?3The first order ofbusiness is to grasp what cyberspace is .首先要解決的問(wèn)題是，什么是信息空間。It might help to leave beind metaphors of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate .我們可以拋開(kāi)高速公路、 前沿新領(lǐng)域等比喻， 把信息空間看作一個(gè)巨大的莊園。Real estate ,remember ,is an intellectual ,legal

5、 ,artificial environmentconstructed on top of land. 請(qǐng)記住，莊園是人們智慧的結(jié)晶，是合法的、人工營(yíng)造的氛圍，它建立在土地之上。Real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall ,between red-light zone and school district ,between church ,state and drugstore .在莊園里，公園和商業(yè)中心、紅燈區(qū)與學(xué)校、教堂與雜貨店都能區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。4in the same way , you

6、could think of cyberspace as a giant andunbounded world of virtual real estate .你可以用同樣的方法把信息空間想像為一個(gè)巨大的、無(wú)邊無(wú)際的虛擬莊園。Some property is privatedly owned and rented out ; other property is common land ; some places are suitable for children , and others are bestavoided by all citizens .其中有些房產(chǎn)為私人擁有并已租出，有些是公

7、共場(chǎng)所；有的場(chǎng)所適合兒童出入，而有些地方人們最好避開(kāi)。Unfortunately ,it's those places that are now capturing the popular imagination ,plaecs that offer bombmaking instructions ,pornography, advice on how to steal credit cards .不幸的是，正是這些應(yīng)該避開(kāi)的地方使得人們心向神往。這些地方教唆你如何制造炸彈、為你提供淫穢材料、告訴你如何竊取信用卡。They make cyberspace sound like a na

8、sty place . Good citizens jump to aconclusion : Better regulate it .所有這些使信息空間聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是一個(gè)十分骯臟的地方。5But before using regulations to counter indecency ,it isfundamental to interpret the nature of cyberspace .正直的公民紛紛作出這樣的結(jié)論：最好對(duì)它嚴(yán)加管理。但是，在利用規(guī)章制度來(lái)反擊下流之舉之前，關(guān)鍵是從根本上理解信息空間的性質(zhì)。Cyberspace isn't a frontier where w

9、icked people can grab unsuspecting children ,nor is it a giant television system that can beam offensive messages at unwilling viewers 惡.棍并不能在信息空間搶 走毫無(wú)提防之心的兒童；信息空間也不像一臺(tái)巨大的電視機(jī)，向不情愿的觀眾播放令人作嘔的節(jié)目。In this kind of real estate ,users have to choose where they visit ,whatthey see ,what they do .It's opt

10、iona .在信息空間這座莊園里，用戶對(duì)他們所去之處、所見(jiàn)所聞、所做所為都要作出選擇，一切都出于自愿。In other words,cyberspace is a voluntary destination -in reality ,manydestinations.換句話說(shuō)，信息空間是個(gè)出入自便的地方，實(shí)際上，信息空間里有很多可去之處。You don't just get "onto the Net" ;you have to go someplace in particular .人們不能盲目上網(wǎng)，必須帶著具體的目標(biāo)上網(wǎng)。That means that peop

11、le can choose where to go and what to see .這意味著人們可以選擇去哪個(gè)網(wǎng)址、看什么內(nèi)容。Yes , community standards should be enforced ,but those standards set by cyberspace communities themselves ,not by the courts or by politicians in Washington .不錯(cuò)，規(guī)章制度應(yīng)該在群體內(nèi)得以實(shí)施，但這些規(guī)章制度必須由信息空間 內(nèi)各個(gè)群體自己來(lái)制定，而不是由法庭或華盛頓的政客們來(lái)制定。6what makes cy

12、berspace so alluring is precisely the way in whichit's different from shopping malls , television ,highways and otherterrestrial jurisdictions. 信息空間之所以具有如此大的誘惑力，正是因?yàn)樗煌谏虉?chǎng)、電視、公路或地球上的其他地方。But let's define the territor: 那么，讓我們來(lái)描述一下這個(gè)空間。7First ,there are private e-malil conversations ,similar t

13、o theconversations you have over the teleophoneThese. are private and consensualand require no regulation at all .首先，信息空間里人與人之間可以進(jìn)行電子郵件交流。 這種交流類似于電話交談，都是私 人之間的、兩相情愿的談話，不需要任何規(guī)章制度加以限制。8 Second , there are information and entertainment services , where people can download anytihing from legal texts and

14、 lists of "great newrestaurants " to game software or dirty pictures .其次，信息空間提供信息與娛樂(lè)服務(wù)。人們可以從中下載各種信息，從法律文件、“大型新飯店 ”名單，到游戲軟件、下流圖片，無(wú)奇不有。These places are like bookstores ,malls and movie houses -places where you go to buy something .這里如同書(shū)店、商場(chǎng)和電影院，屬購(gòu)物區(qū)域。The customer needs to request an item or

15、sign up for a subscription; stuff (especially pornography ) is not sent out to people who don't ask for it .顧客必須通過(guò)索求或者登記來(lái)購(gòu)物， 物品 (特 別是淫穢之物 )不會(huì)發(fā)送給那些沒(méi)有索取的人。Some of these services are free or included as part of a broader service like ComputerServe or America Online ;有些服務(wù)可以免費(fèi)，或作為總服務(wù)費(fèi)用的一部分計(jì)算，如“計(jì)算機(jī)服務(wù)”

16、和“美國(guó)在線 ”就是如此。others charge may and may bill their customers directly .而有些服務(wù)要向顧客收費(fèi)，而且可能會(huì)讓顧客直接支付賬單。9Third ,there are "real" communities -groups of people whocommunicate among themselves .第三，信息空間里還有真正意義上的群體，那就是在內(nèi)部互相交流思想的人群。In real-estate terms ,they're like bars or restaurants or bathhous

17、es . Each active participate contributes to a general conversation ,generally through posted messages . Other participant may simply listen or watch .從莊園的角度來(lái)看，這些群體就像酒吧、飯店或公共浴室。每個(gè)活躍的人都積極參與談話， 談話一般通過(guò)郵件方式進(jìn)行； 而有的人也許只充當(dāng)旁觀者或旁聽(tīng)者。Some services are supervised by a moderator ; others are more likebulletin boa

18、rds -anyone is free to post anything .有些活動(dòng)由專人監(jiān)督， 有些則像公告牌，任何人可以任意在上面張貼。Many of these services started out unmoderated but are now imposing rules to keep out unwanted advertising ,extraneous discussions or increasingly rude participants .很多活動(dòng)起初都無(wú)人監(jiān)督，但現(xiàn)在實(shí)行強(qiáng)制管理，用規(guī)章制度來(lái)掃除那些不受歡迎的廣告、不相干的討論或日漸粗魯?shù)某蓡T。10cybersp

19、ace communitis evolve just the way terrestrialommunities do : people with like-minded interests band together .信息空間里群體的演變過(guò)程正如陸地社會(huì)團(tuán)體的演變過(guò)程，即情趣相投的人們聚在一起。Every cyberspace community has its own character .信息空間里每一個(gè)團(tuán)體都各具特色。Overall , the communities on CompuServe tend t be more professsional ;總的來(lái)說(shuō)，“計(jì)算機(jī)服務(wù) ”上

20、的團(tuán)體一般由專業(yè)技術(shù)人員組成；those on AmericaOnline , affluent young singles ; Prodigyfamily-oriented .美國(guó)在線 ”上 的團(tuán)體一般為富有的獨(dú)身者；“奇才 ”主要面向家庭。Then there are independents like Echo ,a hip ,downtown New York service ,or women Wires ,targeted to women who want to avoid the male culture prevalent elsewhere on the net.另外還有一

21、些具有獨(dú)到見(jiàn)解的服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)， “共鳴 ”為其中之一， 是紐約市中心一家時(shí)髦的服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)。再如 “婦女專線 ”，是專為女性開(kāi)辟的，她們希望逃避網(wǎng)上其他地方盛行的男性文化。On the internet itself there are lots of passionate non-commercial discussion groups on topics ranging from Hungarian politics (hungary Online ) copyright law .就因特網(wǎng)本身也有大量情緒激昂的討論小組，都屬非商業(yè)性質(zhì)， 討論話題廣泛，從匈牙利政治(匈牙利在線 ) 到版權(quán)法，無(wú)所

22、不及。11what's unique about cyberspace is that it allows communities ofany size and kind to flourish ;信息空間的獨(dú)特之處在于允許任何規(guī)模、任何種類的團(tuán)體發(fā)展繁榮。in cyberspace ,communities are chosen by the users , not forced on themby accidents of geography . 在信息空間， 用戶自愿參加任何團(tuán)體， 而不是因?yàn)榈乩砦恢玫那珊隙黄葏⒓幽硞€(gè)團(tuán)體。This freedom gives the rule

23、s that precise in cyberspace a moral authoritythat rules in terrestrial environments don't have .這種自由賦予主宰信息空間的準(zhǔn)則一種道義上的權(quán)威，這種權(quán)威是地球空間里的準(zhǔn)則所沒(méi)有的。Most people are stuck in the country of their birth, but if you don't like the rules of a given cyberspace community ,they can restrict their children

24、9;s access to it .多數(shù)人呆在自己出生的國(guó)土上動(dòng)彈不得，而在信息空間，假若你不喜歡某一群體的準(zhǔn)則，脫離這個(gè)群體即可。出入自由。12what's likely to happen in cyberspace is the formation of newcommunities ,free of the constraits that cause conflict on earth .在信息空間，可能會(huì)發(fā)生的情況是形成新的群體，新群體的形成不像在地球上那樣受到限制，產(chǎn)生沖突。Instead of a global village ,which is a nice dream

25、 but impossible to manage , we'll have invented another world of self-contained communities that cater to their own members' inclinations without interfering with anyonelse's.我們不是要建立一個(gè)夢(mèng)寐以求、而又難以管理的全球村， 而是要建立一個(gè)由各種獨(dú)立的、不受外界影響的群體組成的世界，這些群體將投其成員所好，而又不干涉他人。The possibility of a real market-style

26、 evolution of governance is at hand .一種真正的市場(chǎng)型管理模式很快成為可能。In cyberpace ,we'll be able to test and evolve rules governing wht needs to be governed -intellectual property ,content and access control , rules about privacy and free speech .在信息空間，我們將能夠檢驗(yàn)并完善所需要的管理制度?知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、服務(wù)內(nèi)容與使用權(quán)的控制制度、個(gè)人隱私權(quán)與自由言論制度等。So

27、me communities will allow anyone in ;others will restrict access tomembers who qualify on one basis or another .有些群體允許任何人加入，而有些則只允許符合這樣或那樣條件的人加入。Those communites that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhapsgrow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests andidentities )能夠自持的群體

28、會(huì)興旺發(fā)展(或許也會(huì)因?yàn)橹救づc身份日趨特殊，而發(fā)展成為幾個(gè)分支 )。Those that can't survive -either because people lose interestor getscared off -will simply wither away .有些群體或因?yàn)槌蓡T失去興趣， 或因?yàn)槌蓡T被嚇跑而不能幸存下來(lái)，它們將漸漸萎縮消亡。13in the near future ,explorers in cyberspace will need to get betterat defining and identifying their communities .在

29、不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)，信息空間的探索者應(yīng)該更善于解釋和辨別各群體的性質(zhì)。They will need to put in place -and accept -their own local governments apart from terrestrial governments ,just as the owners of expensive real estatet often have their own security guards though they can call in the police to get ride of undesirable customers .除了現(xiàn)實(shí)中的

30、政府之外， 他們將有必要安置并接受自己的地方政府，就如同豪華莊園的業(yè)主一樣，盡管可以叫警察來(lái)驅(qū)逐不受歡迎的顧客，但還是寧愿雇傭自己的保安。14 then what shoul be done about undesirable material in cyberspace ?那么，該如何處置信息空間不受歡迎的材料呢?What to do ,for instance ,about pornography .例如，淫穢材料該怎么辦?The answer is labeling ,besides banning ,questionable material .答案除了禁止以外，就是在有問(wèn)題的材料上貼

31、上標(biāo)簽。it makes sense for cyberspace participants themselves to agree on ascheme for uestionable items ,so that people or automatic filters can avoidthem .信息空間的成員對(duì)有問(wèn)題的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該達(dá)成共識(shí)，拿出一個(gè)解決方案來(lái)，使人們或自動(dòng)過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)避開(kāi)這些內(nèi)容，這樣可能會(huì)有助于解決問(wèn)題。It's easy enough for software manufacturers to build an automatioc filter that woul

32、d prevent you or your child from ever seeing the undesired item on a menu . (it's as if all the items were wrapped , with labels on the wrapper.)軟件制造商很容易建立一套自動(dòng)過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)，使你和孩子們?cè)诓藛紊弦?jiàn)不到不想見(jiàn)到的內(nèi)容。(就好像所有的內(nèi)容都被包裝了起來(lái)，并在包裝紙上貼有標(biāo)簽。 )Someone who posted pornographic material under the title "Kid-Fun"could be sue