翻譯技巧：英語介詞的翻譯+詞語搭配+句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

1、整理課件1英語介詞的翻譯+詞語搭配+句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析整理課件2英語介詞與漢語動詞詞組的對譯 林肯在葛底斯堡演說詞 “民有、民治、民享” “and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth” 漢英兩種語言的一大差異：英語是相對靜態(tài)的語言，而漢語則是相對動態(tài)的語言。許多在漢 語中必須用動詞表達的意思，在英語中往往要化“動”為“靜”，用其他詞類表達，其中之一便是介詞短語。反之，英語中用介詞短語表達的意思，在漢語中往往需要化“靜”為 “動”，用動詞來表達。

2、 一般說來，漢語句子中如有兩個以上的動詞，且它們之間沒有并列關(guān)系的情況下，英語中通常只用一個謂語動詞，同時用介詞短語或別的詞類表示其他動詞的意思。反之亦然。 例如：整理課件3 說完這些話，他便走開了。 With these words, he went away. 試比較：After he said these words, he went away. We arrived just in time for their Water Splashing Festival. 我們到達時正好趕上參加他們的潑水節(jié)。 African Americans who had left the poverty

3、of the rural South for factory jobs in the North were among the first to be laid off. 非洲裔美國人逃離了窮苦的南方農(nóng)村，在北方工廠找到了工作，卻成為第一批被解雇的工人。 對英國進出口貨物征收的關(guān)稅必須由兩國協(xié)商決定 Tariffs on British goods should be fixed by mutual agreement 她帶學(xué)生到那座新建的科學(xué)博物館去參觀。 She took her students to that new science museum for a visit.整理課件4 如

4、果漢語句子中兩個動詞中一個表示動作，一個表示狀態(tài)，通常把一個譯為謂語動詞， 另一個則可轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語。例如： 屈原懷著十分悲痛的心情，抱了一塊石頭，投汩羅江自殺了。 Overwhelmed with grief, Qu Yuan drowned himself in the Miluo River with a large stone in his arms. 他點了點頭，表示同意。 He nodded in agreement. 1493年，哥倫布一行約1200人，駕著17艘船，橫渡大西洋歸來。 Columbus returned across the Atlantic in 1493 wi

5、th seventeen ships and some 1,200 men. 她英語說得很棒，帶著美國腔，卻并不十分夸張。 She spoke English well with an American accent, not, though, a very exaggerated one. 整理課件5 另外，在英語中表示方向的介詞，由于其本身帶有動作性，譯成漢語時通常譯成動詞； 反之，這類漢語動詞譯成英語時通常用介詞表示。例如： Twenty-five or thirty would be out on the side of the rail, white and colored. 二十五

6、歲到三十歲的，不論白人黑人，都出去沿鐵路找活。 I looked out of the window into the street. 我透過窗子，朝街上望去。 12)他走出小屋，跨過草地，爬上小山，走進了那座廟宇。 He went out of the cottage, across the lawn, up the hill and into the temple.整理課件6英語介詞短語與漢語副詞的對譯 不少譯者英譯漢時，習(xí)慣于把英語中的狀語譯成漢語中含“地”的副詞，漢譯英時反過來，把漢語副詞譯成帶后綴-ly的副詞，結(jié)果譯文自然呆板凝滯。如果英譯漢時少用點 “地”，漢譯英時活用介詞短語，定

7、能使譯文增色不少。例如： She spoke to him with tenderness. 她和他說話時，聲音非常柔和。 The audience stared at the acrobat in amazement. 觀眾呆呆地望著那位雜技演員，驚訝不已。 父親不贊成地看著他。 Father looked at him in disapproval. 試比較：Father looked at him disapprovingly. 他胡亂地套上一件衣服，匆匆忙忙地離開了家里。 He threw on a coat and left home in a hurry. 試比較：He threw

8、 on a coat and left home hurriedly.整理課件7 Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Pay special attention to the italicized words. 1. The manager sat in his office amid his morning mail. 經(jīng)理坐在辦公室里處理早上到的郵件。 2. He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一個脫離了低級趣味的人。 3. The ancient compass is of high se

9、nsibility. 古代的指南針具有很高的靈敏度。 4. It looks as if we are in for a storm. 看來我們免不了要碰上一場暴風(fēng)雨了。 5. He was between sheets by eleven. 十一點時，他已鉆進被窩了。 6. On a third voyage in 1498 Columbus found Trinidad and explored the northern coast of South America. 1498年第三次出航時，哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)了特立尼達，探訪了南美的北部海岸。 7. Fresh from his role in

10、Titanic，he has a double starring role in The Man in the Iron Mask. (鐵面人） 剛剛完成泰坦尼克號中的角色，他又一人飾演兩個角色，主演電影鐵面人。整理課件8 8. Later when the children came home for the week of Christmas, the house was bright with Christmas colors. 后來，孩子們回到家過圣誕周，家里燈火輝煌，充滿著圣誕情調(diào)。 9. He continued to search through the Bahamian Cay

11、s down to Cuba, a place name which suggested Cipangu (Japan), and then eastward to the island he named Espanola. 他繼續(xù)行航行，穿過巴哈馬群島，直下古巴這個名字暗指“西潘戈（日本）” 然后東行至他命名為伊斯帕尼奧拉島的地方。 10.Out of all the glorious tales written about the U. S. revolution for independence from Britain, the fact is hardly known that a

12、black man was the first to die for American independence. 讀遍了關(guān)于美國為擺脫英國統(tǒng)治爭取獨立而進行革命的堂皇紀事，很少有人知道第一個為美國獨立而犧牲的原來是個黑人。整理課件9 Translate the following sentences into English. Pay special attention to the underlined words. 1. 中國經(jīng)歷了一系列艱苦的變革和試驗。 China has been through a wrenching series of changes and experimen

13、ts. 2. 我再向外看時，他已抱了朱紅的橘子往回走。 When next I looked out he was on his way back with some ruddy tangerines. 3. 1292年，馬可波羅攜弟弟和兒子，隨十四條大船組成的船隊和六百名船員從中國南方一個港口出發(fā)，離開中國，前往威尼斯。 Marco Polo, together with his son and brother, left China for Venice in 1292 with a fleet of fourteen large boats and 600 other passenger

14、s from a port in southern China. 4. 爹上班去了,妹不在家，媽剛找到工作，還得過一個小時才下班。 Dad was at work, my younger sister was away, and Mother wouldnt be home from her new job for an hour. 5. 經(jīng)過仔細研究，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個設(shè)計落后了。 After careful investigation they found the design behind.整理課件10 6.“來啦!”她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，穿過陽臺，進了門廊。 “

15、Coming !” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. 7. 他們一不會做工,二不會種地，三不會打仗。 They do not know a thing about factory work, nor about farm work, nor about military affairs. 8. 他們派了一個殺手去追殺他。 They sent a killer after him. 9. 他們立刻出動去追擊敵人。 They immed

16、iately set out in pursuit of the enemy. 10.我進屋時，他在讀書。 When I entered the room, he was at his books.整理課件11詞語搭配與句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析 英語和漢語各自有一套獨特的語言表達系統(tǒng)，在語法、語義、修辭等方面存在著差異。在英語中，詞的粘合力和搭配能力較強，一個動詞往往可以同多個名詞搭配。與此相反， 漢語用詞傾向于具體化，詞的搭配能力不如英語活躍。 因此，在英譯漢的翻譯過程中，在準(zhǔn) 確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，為了使譯文變得更加通順流暢，符合漢語的行文習(xí)慣，常常需要根據(jù) 上下文選擇與不同名詞搭配的相應(yīng)動詞。整理課件

17、12 1) Although the amount of land under cultivation and the number of people earning a living from agriculture expanded，the growth of commerce, manufacturing，and the service industries steadily eclipsed farmings significance. 誤譯：盡管耕作的土地面積在擴大，以農(nóng)為生的人口也在擴大，商業(yè)、制造業(yè)以及 服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展使農(nóng)業(yè)相形見絀。 改譯：盡管耕地面積不斷擴大，農(nóng)業(yè)人口不斷增長

18、，商業(yè)、制造業(yè)以及服務(wù)業(yè)的穩(wěn)步發(fā)展仍使農(nóng)業(yè)相形見絀。整理課件13 2) They did not seek fundamental social or economic change ； instead they accepted industrial society and concentrated on improving the wages and working conditions of their members. 誤譯：他們并不尋求社會和經(jīng)濟的根本變革；相反，他們接受工業(yè)社會，并著眼于提高勞工的工資、提高他們的工作條件。 改譯：他們并不尋求社會和經(jīng)濟的根本變革；相反，他們接受工業(yè)

19、社會，并致力于 提高勞工的工資、改善他們的工作條件。整理課件14 3) Eventually the United States digested the tensions and dislocations caused by the coming of industry and the growth of cities. 誤譯：最終，美國化解了由工業(yè)和城市發(fā)展帶來的矛盾，化解了由此造成的混亂局面。 改譯：最終，美國消除了由工業(yè)和城市發(fā)展帶來的上述矛盾，解決了由此造成的混 亂局面。 4) Around each corner of a city block, around each bend

20、in a country road, there is something new to greet the eyes, the ears, the nose. 原譯：在城市街區(qū)的每一拐角處，在鄉(xiāng)間道路的每個拐彎處，總有什么新的東西進 入我們的眼睛、耳朵，鼻子。 改譯：在城市街區(qū)的每一拐角處，在鄉(xiāng)間道路的每個拐彎處，總有什么新的東西映 入我們的眼簾，竄入我們的耳朵，撲入我們的鼻子。整理課件15漢語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析與翻譯 英語的復(fù)雜句有時很長，往往層層包孕、環(huán)環(huán)相扣，但是主謂分明，關(guān)系清晰。英語句 子通常把最主要的意義用主句表達，次要意義則用從句和介詞短語等次要結(jié)構(gòu)表達。 漢語則 不然，句子各成分

21、之間關(guān)系往往很模糊，沒有英語那樣清楚。但是句子也有其自身的特點， 在表達復(fù)雜的思想時，通常按一定的時空順序或邏輯順序，逐步展開。 在漢英翻譯實踐中，譯者首先應(yīng)搞清楚句子表達的中心意義，將這一中心意義用英語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)譯出，其它次要 意義可根據(jù)它們與中心意義的關(guān)系，譯成狀語、定語等，這樣行文才會符合英語的表達規(guī) 范，譯文才可能準(zhǔn)確、流暢。例如：整理課件16 1)人們常說，通過電視可以了解時事，掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動態(tài)，從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。 譯文：Television，it is often said，keeps one informed about curr

22、ent events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of program which are both instructive and entertaining. 2) 對于現(xiàn)代書籍，特別是教科書來說，要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新 觀察到的事實和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話，那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時間，將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。 譯文：Modern scientific and technical books, especially

23、 textbooks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.整理課件17 3) 盡管警察已接到命令，要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況，但人們不敢出門，因為警察也 和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。 譯文：People were afraid to leave their houses，for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of

24、emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. 4) 他看見河面很寬，水流很急，兩條小船來回渡人。 譯文：On the swift waters of the wide river, he saw two small ferryboats hurrying to and fro with passengers. 試比較：He saw that the river was very wide and the current was very swift and two small boats were hur

25、rying to and fro with passengers。整理課件18 1. We are soberly aware that China remains the worlds largest developing country, with a large population, weak economic foundation, uneven development, and challenges of unparalleled magnitude and complexity. 我們清醒地認識到，中國仍然是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家。中國人口多、底子薄、 發(fā)展很不平衡，在發(fā)展中遇到

26、的矛盾和問題，無論是規(guī)模還是復(fù)雜性，都是世所罕見的。 2. Britains largest manufacturing industry is the iron and steel industry and Britain remains one of the worlds major steel-producing nations. 英國最大的制造業(yè)是鋼鐵工業(yè)，而且英國一直是世界重要鋼鐵生產(chǎn)國之一。整理課件19 3. Bio-medicine production，well-knows as a “ Golden Industry ” and remaining stagnant for years, was showing vigor of growth. 生物制藥，作為“金色產(chǎn)業(yè)”多年來一直處于停滯狀態(tài)，開始顯示出勃勃生機。 4. A sound China-U. S. relationship serves the fundamental interest of the two count