情態(tài)動詞, 虛擬語氣

1、PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞一.表能力can,beableto1.表現(xiàn)在的能力2.表將來的能力：willbeableto3.表過去的能力canam/isareabletocould表示過去的能力，不表示是否做was/wereableto表示過去有能力做并且成功地做了(相當(dāng)于:managedtodosth/succeedindoingsth)couldhavedone表示過去本來能夠做，但是卻未做PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞一.表能力1.Icantpromiseanything,butIlldowhatI_.2.Ifyouhaveagoodsleep,you_workoutthisprobl

2、em.3.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone_getout.4.I_outtheproblem,butIwastoonervous.canwasabletowillbeabletocouldhaveworkedPART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞二.表推測1.在肯定句中表推測（must/havetooughtto/shouldcouldmaymight）當(dāng)說話人表示懷疑或者猶豫時，應(yīng)用may,might,could,其中might,may的懷疑或猶豫更強(qiáng)(說明可能性小，不確定)Thatmaybeourtaxi,butIdoubtit.

3、說話人表達(dá)毫無疑問的結(jié)論時，要用must和haveto,“一定，確定”Should/oughtto所表達(dá)的程度不同，意為“按說應(yīng)該”Hemust/ has to bethewantedman.Hesexactlyliketheoneinthispicture.He ought to /shouldbethereontime-hestartedearlyenough.PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞2.在否定句中表推測(否定語氣由強(qiáng)到弱)cantcouldntshouldnotmaynotmightnot否定語氣較弱時，一般使用shouldnot(應(yīng)該不會),maynot,mightnot(可能不

4、，也許不),否定語氣較強(qiáng)時，則用cant或couldnt(不可能)Dontworry.Yourfathermay not havebeenhurtseriously.There shouldnt beanydifficultyingettingyouavisa.PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞3.在疑問句中表推測can,could表示困惑，不相信Thereissomeoneoutside-whocanitbe?外面有人，會是誰呢？Whatcantheybedoing?他們可能在干些什么呢？Couldhebeserious?他是認(rèn)真的嗎？Wherecanshehaveputit?她能把它放在哪兒呢

5、？PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞二.表推測（可能性）Must,should,oughtto,can,could,may,might.詞形詞形肯定式肯定式否定式否定式疑問式疑問式must必定，必然/should按說應(yīng)該應(yīng)該不會/oughtto按說應(yīng)該應(yīng)該不會/can在理論上理論上可能不可能有可能嗎？could微弱的可能不可能語氣比can要弱may或許，也許可能不/might比may弱比maynot要弱/PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞1. Althoughyou_findbargainsinLondon,itsnotgenerallyacheapplacetoshop.2. Lifeisunpre

6、dictable;eventhepoorest_becometherichest.3. Harryisfeelinguncomfortable.He_(drink)toomuchatthepartylastnight.musthavedrunkmay/mightcanPART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞三.表示必要性，義務(wù)，責(zé)任1.必要性現(xiàn)在或?qū)肀仨氉瞿呈拢簃ust/havetodo現(xiàn)在或?qū)聿槐刈瞿呈拢哼^去沒必要做某事但卻做了：neednthavedonedonthavetodosthneedntdosth1.You_thatlatelastnight.Itwasharmfultoyourhea

7、lth.2.-_Igiveupsmoking?-Yes,you_/No,you_neednthaveworkedMustmustneedntPART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞2.義務(wù)，責(zé)任Should意為“（義務(wù)上）應(yīng)該”，在語氣上比must弱。Should+V表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)響?yīng)該Shouldhavedone表示過去本應(yīng)該Ishouldgoandvisithimthisafternoon,butIwonderifIwillbefree.Youshouldhavecometotheconferenceyesterday.Whatwasthereasonforyourabsence?shouldshou

8、ldhavecomePART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞四.表示請求，建議，命令，允許，禁止1. 表示請求許可（askingforpermission），提出建議(makingsuggestion)時（may,can,could,shall,will,would）Will用于疑問句而且第二，第三人稱時，表示請求，建議Willyourfatherallowustousehistelephone?shall可用于第一/第三人稱疑問句中,表示請求許可,征詢意見Shallthedriverwaitoutside?PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞2.表示命令，允許，禁止must和mustnt表示說話人的命令和指

9、令，語氣較強(qiáng)烈should/oughtto，shouldnt/oughtntto表示命令和指令時，帶有不確定性may/might,can表示允許Thechildrenmustbebackby4oclock.Youmustntleavethegateopen.Youought to/ should apologize.Passengersmay/ can / might crossbythefootbridge.PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞五.表示意愿，意志，決心，允諾1.Shall與第二，第三人稱連用，用于陳述句中，表示說話者的意志，用來表達(dá)說話者給對方以命令，指示或允諾。此外，當(dāng)宣布法律，

10、規(guī)定的時候，也用shall來表達(dá)Ithasannouncedthatcandidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilalltheapershavebeencollected.2.Will,would與各種人稱連用，用于陳述句，表示主語的意愿，意志，決心Youcanstayhereaslongasyoucan,ifyouwill.(只要你愿意)PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞3.表示“寧愿做某事”時，wouldratherdosth(thandosth)wouldsthratherthandosthwouldrathersbdidsthPART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞六.

11、Need和dare的區(qū)別need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動詞，也可用作實義動詞。用作情態(tài)動詞時，主要用于否定句和疑問句。用作實義動詞時，可用于各種句式。1.用作情態(tài)動詞，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化1.-NeedIcome?-Yes,youmust/need to.2.Youneedn ttelephonehimnow.3.Idontthinkyouneedworry.4.Shedarenotgooutaloneatnight.5.HowdareyousayImunfair?PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞2.用作實義動詞,有人稱和數(shù)的變化，Youdon t need todoityourself.Wene

12、ed totellthemthenews.作實義動詞時，dare用于否定句或疑問句中，to可省略Hedidntdare(to)doit.need做實義動詞時，還可表示“需要”(被動)，need+doing/tobedone.Thefloorneedssweeping/tobeswept.PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞七.情態(tài)動詞+havedone情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+ have done用法用法例句例句musthavedone過去一定做了某事（表推測），否定式為cant/couldnthavedoneItmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheroadisquitemuddy.

13、can/cannothavedone過去可能會做/不可能做了（表推測）canhavedone用于疑問句1.Thereisnowheretofindthem.Wherecantheyhavegone?2.Hecannothaveforgottenit.could/couldnothavedone1.過去可能/不可能做（表推測）2.過去本來能夠做/沒能夠做（表虛擬）1. Shecouldhavegoneoutwithsomefriends.2. Wecouldnthaveheardthembecauseofthenoisefromtheriver.3. Youcouldhavedonebetter

14、,butyoudidnttryyourbest.PART 02 may have done過去也許做了（表推測），過去也許做了（表推測），一般不用于疑問句一般不用于疑問句1.Its too late. I think he may have gone to bed.2.He may not have finished the workmighthavedone1.過去也許做了2.過去本可能做1.Hemighthavemissedthetrain.2.ButIthinkyoumighthavetoldushalfanhourago.(但是我認(rèn)為你本來可以在半個小時前告訴我的)mightnotha

15、vedone過去也許沒做，相當(dāng)于maynothavedone，語氣更加不確定一些Theymightnothaveregardedmeastheirfriends.Should/oughttohavedone本該做，可是沒做本該做，可是沒做Yououghttohavedonethisexercisemorecarefully.PART 02Should not/ ought not have done本不該做而做了本不該做而做了You shouldnt have told her the truth.Neednthavedone本不必做卻做了Youneednthavetakenataxihere

16、,foritwasnearmyhome.wouldratherhavedone/wouldrathernothavedone寧愿當(dāng)時做了/沒做Iraisedobjectionatthemeeting,butnowIwouldrathernothavedonethat.wouldliketohavedone過去愿意做但未做成Iwouldliketohavegonetotheparty,butIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞1.can(could)1）表示能力，could主要指過去Twoeyescanseemorethanone

17、.兩只眼比一只眼看得清。Couldthegirlreadbeforeshewenttoschool?這女孩上學(xué)前能識字嗎？2）表示可能（理論上或是邏輯判斷上）。Thetemperaturecanfallto60,thatis60belowfreezing.氣溫可降至60，也就是零下60。Hecant(couldnt)haveenoughmoneyforanewcar.他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。3）表示允許。CanIhavealookatyournewpen?我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎？Heaskedwhetherhecouldtakethebookoutofthereadingroom.他問他可

18、不可以把書帶出閱覽室。PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞4）表驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。Wherecan(could)theyhavegoneto?他們會去哪兒了呢？Hecant(couldnt)beoversixty.他不可能超過六十歲。Howcanyoubesocareless?你怎么這么粗心？5）比較委婉客氣地提出問題或陳述看法。Can(Could)youlendmeahand?幫我一把好嗎？Imafraidwecouldntgiveyouananswertoday.恐怕我們今天不能給你答復(fù)。PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞2.may(might)1）表允許，

19、might可以指過去時間，也可指現(xiàn)在時間，語氣更委婉。Youmaytakewhateveryoulike.你喜歡什么就拿什么。HetoldmethatImightsmokeintheroom.他告訴我可以在房間里抽煙。May(Might)Iaskforaphotoofyourbaby?我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎？2）表可能（事實上）。Hemaybeathome.他可能在家。Shemaynotknowaboutit.她可能不知道這件事。Hewasafraidtheymightnotagreewithhim.他擔(dān)心他們可能不同意他的意見。Theymightbehavingameeting,butI

20、mnotsure.他們有可能在開會，不過我不肯定。PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞3.must1）表示義務(wù)。意為“必須”，mustnt表示禁止，不可以Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。Youmustnttalktoherlikethat.你不可能那樣對她說話。-Mustwehandinourexercisebooksnow?我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習(xí)本嗎？-No,youneednt./No,youdonthaveto.不必。（這種情況下，一般不用mustnt）2）表示揣測。意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。Hemustbeill.Helooks

21、sopale.他準(zhǔn)是病了。他的臉色蒼白。Sheswearingadiamondnecklace.Shemusthavealotofmoney.她戴著鉆石項鏈，一定很有錢。PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞4.shall1）表征詢意見，用于第一、第三人稱疑問句。ShallIgetyousometea?我給你點(diǎn)茶好嗎？Shalltheboywaitoutside?讓那男孩在外面等嗎？Whatshallwedothisevening?我們今晚做什么？2）表說話人的意愿，有“命令、允諾、警告、決心”等意思，用于第二、第三人稱陳述句。YoushalldoasIsay.按我說的做。（命令）Youshallha

22、vemyanswertomorrow.你明天可以得到我的答復(fù)。（允諾）Heshallbesorryforitoneday,Itellyou.有一天他會后悔的，我告訴你。（警告）Nothingshallstopusfromcarryingouttheplan.什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項計劃。（決心）PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞5.will1）表意愿，用于各種人稱陳述句。Iwilldoanythingforyou.我愿為你做任何事。Noneissoblindasthosewhowontsee.不愿看的人眼最瞎。Ifyouwillreadthebook,Illlendittoyou.如果你愿意讀這

23、本書，我會把它借給你。2）表請求，用于疑問句，而且是第二第三人稱。Willyouclosethewindow?Itsabitcold.請你把窗戶關(guān)上好嗎？有點(diǎn)冷。Wontyoudrinksomemorecoffee?再來一點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎？PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞6.should1）表義務(wù)。意為“應(yīng)該”（某件事宜于做），用于各種人稱。Youshouldbepolitetoyourteachers.你對老師應(yīng)該有禮貌。Youshouldntwasteanytime.你不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)時間。2）表推測，意為“想必一定、照說應(yīng)該、估計”等。Thefilmshouldbeverygoodasitisstar

24、ringfirstclassactors.這部新電影是一流演員主演的，估計拍得很好。Theyshouldbehomebynow.照說他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到家了。）PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞7.would1）表意愿。（will的過去時態(tài)）Theywouldnotlethiminbecausehewaspoorlydressed.他們不讓他進(jìn)去因為他衣著破舊。IsaidIwoulddoanythingforyou.我說過我愿意為你做任何事。2）表委婉地提出請求、建議或看法。Wouldyoulikeanotherglassofbeer?再來杯啤酒好嗎？Wouldyoumindcleaningthew

25、indow?請把窗戶擦一下好嗎？Theywouldnthaveanythingagainstit.他們不會有什么反對意見。PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞8.oughtto1）表義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”（因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等該做），口氣比should稍重。Youarehisfather.Yououghttotakecareofhim.你是他父親，應(yīng)當(dāng)管他。Yououghtnttosmokesomuch.你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。2）表推測，暗含很大的可能，HanMeioughttoknowhistelephonenumber.韓梅該知道他的電話號碼。Theresafinesunset;itoughttobeafi

26、nedaytomorrow.今天有晚霞，明天應(yīng)該是個好天。PART 02情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞1.-Couldyouhavemycarreadytoday?-Sure.Thedamageisnotthatserious,soit_bereadyby5:00pm2.Itisrainingcatsanddogs.Imsosurprisedthatyou_standoutside.3.-Howdoyoufindtheclub?-Iwouldrathernot_(join)it.Everyoneissayingitsmanagementisgoingfrombadtoworse.(我寧愿沒有加入它，大家都在

27、說他的管理變得越來越糟糕。)4.You_useyourcellphonehereinourhospitalbecauseofthedisturbancetotheelectronicequipments!Itsforbidden.shouldshouldhavejoinedmustntPART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣一.虛擬語氣在條件句中1. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式(be的過去式用were),主句的謂語用should（would,might，could）+動詞原形。Ifitwerenotraining,weshouldgoforapicnic.Ifhewashe

28、re,hemightbeabletohelpyou.如果他來這，他就能夠幫助你了。PART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣2.與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用had+過去分詞，主句的謂語用should（would,might，could）+have過去分詞。Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninvited.要是當(dāng)初她被邀請的話，她就會去參加這次聚會了。Ifshehadntcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning.今天早上，她要是不叫我的話，我就會睡過頭了。PART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣3.與將來事實可能相反的虛擬

29、條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式(be的過去式用were)；should動詞原形；wereto動詞原形，主句用should（would,might，could）+動詞原形。IfIweretobetwentyyearsoldnextyear,IwouldtakethecourseofFrench.Ifitshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.PART 02 條件從句條件從句主句主句例句例句與現(xiàn)在事實與現(xiàn)在事實相相反反過去式（動詞是過去式（動詞是be用用were）Should/would/could/might + 動詞原形動詞原形 IfIwereyou,Iwouldseizet

30、hechancetogoabroad.與過去事實與過去事實相相反反had + 過去分詞過去分詞Should/would/could/ might + have +過過去去分分詞詞Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnothavefailedintheexam.與未來事實與未來事實相相反反1）過去式2)Weretodo3)Should+VShould/would/could/might + 動詞原形動詞原形Ifheshouldnotcometomorrow,wewouldputoffthemeetingtillnextMonday.PART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣4.混合型

31、的條件句當(dāng)條件從句與主句所表的時間不一致時，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。主句和從句的謂語動詞并不相互呼應(yīng)，這種條件句叫混合條件句。此時，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。Ifyou_(follow)myadvice,you_(be)betternow.Ifyou_(study)hardbefore,you_(be)acollegestudentnow.hadfollowedhadstudiedwouldbewouldbePART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣二二. 連詞連詞if的省略的省略如果虛擬條件句的謂語部分有were，had和should時，可省略if，把were，had和shou

32、ld放到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b。Ifyouhadnothelpedme,Ishouldhavefailed.Hadyounothelpedme,Ishouldhavefailed.Ifyouwereinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.PART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣三三. 含蓄條件句含蓄條件句虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含

33、在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。Withoutyourhelp,wecouldnthavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.=Ifithadnotyourhelp,wecouldnthavefinishedtheworkaheadoftimeIwasillthatday.Otherwise,Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeeting.=IfIhadnotbeenillthatday,Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeeting.PART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣四四.虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的應(yīng)用虛擬語氣在名詞性從

34、句中的應(yīng)用1. 虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用Itis(was)+形容詞/過去分詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語從句,從句的謂語用should+動詞原形,should可省略。Itsimportantthatwe（should）workoutaplan.Itssuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputofftillnextweek.常見形容詞有：necessary,important,impossible,essential,reserved,strange,natural等過去分詞就是表示提議要求、命令等動詞的過去分詞，如suggested,requi

35、red，requested，decided,proposed，ordered，desired，advised等PART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣2. 虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用1).用于表示建議，命令，要求等動詞后的賓語從句中，常見的動詞有suggest，request，demand，propose，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，object,arrange,desire等。賓語從句中的謂語動詞為“should+V”should可省略Thedoctorsuggestedthathe（should）notgothe

36、reHesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.Theyinsistedthattheboyshouldgowithus.Attention:如果suggest表示“表明，暗示”，insist表示“堅持說”，suggest/insist后的賓語從句不使用虛擬語氣Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenmoney.PART 02虛擬語氣虛擬語氣2). wish的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that。從句的謂語動詞可用過去式，表示現(xiàn)在的愿望（與現(xiàn)在事實相反），雖實現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有實現(xiàn)的可能。IwishIwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.從句的謂語動詞還可用“could（would，might）+動詞原形”用來表示將來的愿望Iwishyouwouldstayalittl