海洋生態(tài)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)題完整版

1、復(fù)習(xí)題1. Community：Several species populations that tend to occur together in a particular geographical area constitute an ecological community. 2. Mutualism(互利)：is that form of symbiosis in which two species associate together for their mutual benefit. In a mutualism relationship, the partners are oft

2、en called symbionts(共生體)3. Ecotone (群落交錯(cuò)區(qū)) ：The boundary zones is areas of transition between adjacent communities where species gradually drop out and others come in. Such boundary zones are called ecotones.4. Sublittoral(近海灘)：covers that area of the oceans that lies between the area of lowest low

3、water on the shore to the edge of the continental shelf at a depth of about 200m. Overlying it are the waters of the neritic (淺海) zone.5. Cleaning behavior：Various species of fishes and shrimps actively attract large fishes to themselves for the purpose of cleaning them of various ectoparasites(外寄生蟲

4、)6. Food chain：Each pathway that transfers energy from a given source plant or plants through a given series of consumers is called a food chain.7. Food web：The combination of all food chains in a given community or ecosystem is called a food web.8. Dominants：The numerically abundant species in comm

5、unities are usually called dominants.9. Ecology：Ecology is the science that treats the spectrum of interrelationships existing between organisms and their environments and among groups of organisms.10. Biogeochemical cycles：Among many of the chemical elements and compounds in ecosystems there is a c

6、ycling back and forth between organisms and the physical environment. Such repeated transfers are called biogeochemical cycles. 11. Leibigs law of the minimum（最小因子法則）: Each species requires a certain minimum amount of various materials. If the concentrations of these necessities, such as nitrate, fa

7、ll below the minimum, the species disappears. This is known as Leibigs law of the minimum.12. Standing crop: The standing crop is the total amount of biomass (plant or animal) present in a given volume of water at a given time. The standing crop is related to two kinds of factors: reproduction and g

8、rowth; death and sinking or lateral transport out of the area.13. Epifauna （底上動(dòng)物）：The epifauna are those benthic organisms that live on or are otherwise associated with the surface of the bottom. 15. Zooplankton：Zooplankton are the various free-floating animals.16. Meiofauna（小型底棲動(dòng)物區(qū)系）： Meiofauna is

9、applied to those organisms that lie within the size range of 0.5mm to 0.062mm.17. Species richness：Species richness is a simple listing of the total number of species in a community or trophic level.19. Parasites（寄生）：Parasites are organisms living in or upon other organisms from which they drive nou

10、rishment and shelter.20. Cohort life table： cohort life table(股群生命表，動(dòng)態(tài)生命表) to collect data by identifying a large number of individuals that are born at about the same time and keep records on them from birth to death(cohort).21. Bacterioplankton：Bacterioplankton include the various minute bacteria

11、and blue-green algae.22. Limiting factor ： Each species in a community has tolerances with respect to all environmental factors. If the limit of tolerance is exceeded in some area by a given factor(say, temperature), the species will be absent and this factor is called limiting factor.23. Photosynth

12、esis： The basis for almost all life on the earth resides(存在于) in the ability of green plants to use the energy of sunlight to synthesize energy-rich organic materials. This is the process of photosynthesis. 24. Density-dependent factors （密度制約因素）：The effects of biotic factors, such as disease and pre

13、dation, are often influenced by population density, so the biotic factors are often referred to as density-dependent factors.25. Compensation depth: The depth at which the rate of respiration of a plant is just equaled the rate of photosynthesis is called the compensation depth (補(bǔ)償深度). The compensat

14、ion depth is dependent upon the clarity of the water.27. Keystone species（關(guān)鍵種）：key industry or keystone species (關(guān)鍵種) can have a profound effect not only on their prey population, but also on the entire community of which they are a part.28. Climax （頂級(jí)群落）：A stage in ecological development in which a

15、 community of organisms, especially plants, is stable and capable of perpetuating itself.Also called climax community 頂極群落，演替頂極：生態(tài)發(fā)展的一個(gè)階段，在此階段一群有機(jī)體（尤指植物）能保持自身的穩(wěn)定及永存。29. Phytoplankton（浮游植物）：The free-floating and weakly swimming associations of organisms call the plankton. Phytoplankton comprise the f

16、ree-floating plants of the sea that are capable of photosynthesis. 30. Ecological succession（生態(tài)演替） ：Communities are not static units. They change in structure and composition with time. Some tend to change in an orderly fashion until they reach a persistent stage. This orderly process of community c

17、hange controlled through modification of the physical environment is called ecological succession 32. Competition：Competition is an ecological term referring to the interaction among organisms for a necessary resource that exists in short supply. Competition may be intraspecific or interspecific.33.

18、 The high productivity rate of seagrass beds 問題可以為：Why do seagrass beds have a very high productivity ?答： They have a very high productivity rate, because of:a. Seagrass beds are densely covered with plant.b. They are capable of extensive nutrient cycling and regeneration.c. They cover such extensiv

19、e areas in continental shelf waters.34. The characteristics of intertidal environments and adaptations of intertidal （潮間帶）organisms.(紅色是重點(diǎn))答：（一）Environmental conditions1. Tides（潮汐）a. The periodic（周期性的）, predictable rise and fall of the level of the sea over a given time interval is called a tide. b.

20、 The different tides have to do with the interaction tide-generating force, the sun and moon, the rotation of the earth, the geomorphology of the ocean basins, and the natural oscillations(震動(dòng)) of the various ocean basins. c. Diurnal tides(全日潮), semidiurnal tides(半日潮) and mixed tides. d. Spring tides

21、 and neap e. Duration of exposure 2. Temperature ： Marine organisms are subjected to death by temperature directly and indirectly, for example, marine organisms can be subject to death by desiccation(干燥). 3. Wave actiona. Wave action has a mechanism effect. b. It can extend the limits of the interti

22、dal zone.c. It acts to increase the oxygen content and decrease penetration of light4. Salinity：Salinity may be either increased by evaporation during the day or decreased by floods and heavy rains.5. Other factors： Different substrates（底質(zhì)類型）: rock（巖石）,sand（沙石）,mud（泥質(zhì)）；pH and nutrient.（二）Adaptations

23、 of Intertidal Organims1、Resistance to water lossThe simplest method is moving from the exposed surface into very moist cracks(裂縫), and burrows(洞穴), such as crabs.Some large algae are adapted to withstand severe(嚴(yán)厲的) loss of water from their tissues.Many species of intertidal animals have mechanisms

24、 for prevention of water loss: 2. Maintenance of heat balanceIntertidal organisms that are exposed to extremes of heat and cold show behavioral and structural adaptations to maintain their internal heat balance, especially to high temperature.Reducing the heat gain from the environment: Increasing t

25、he heat loss from the body:3. FeedingMost diurnal(白天活動(dòng)的) rocky intertidal animals are active only during the time the tide is in and they are covered with water.Nocturnal(夜間活動(dòng)的) animals may also be active at low tides at night.4. Salinity stressThe low salinity caused by flooding fresh water would c

26、rease the osmotic(滲透壓的) stress.Most intertidal organisms do not show adaptations to tolerate salinity changes, not like estuarine(河口的) organisms do.So there are catastrophic(災(zāi)難性的) mortality of intertidal organisms following heavy rain or runoff.5. ReproductionMost of their larvae are planktonic and

27、of many types.Most organisms have a breeding cycle that is closely in-phase(同步) with the occurrence of certain tides, such as spring tides. 36. The geographic variations in marine productivity.答：Geographic variations are produced by the factors interacting with each other.u Tropic seas ：The producti

28、vity there is low but constant throughout the year. The reasons is listed below: 1. The upper waters are well lighted and maintains higher temperature than deeper waters. So there is a thermal stratification(溫躍層) throughout the year. 2. Mixing can not occur. 3. There are few phytoplankton in the wat

29、er.u Temperate seas The light, temperature, mixing and productivity change seasonally in temperate seas. There is a major peak(高峰) in spring, a lesser peak in the fall(秋季), and low productivity in winter and summer. We may explain this as follows: 1. The low winter productivity is because of low lig

30、ht levels and because the mixing carry plant cells below the critical depth. 2. The spring bloom is because of the increased light and temperature, no mixing and because nutrients have been replenished(再充滿) during the winter mixing. 3. The nutrient replenishment ceases because of thermal stratified

31、in summer. 4. The thermal stratified begins to break up and nutrients are returned in the fall, A small bloom will occur.u Polar seas In the polar sea, Productivity is restricted to a single short period in summer, usually July or August. Light is the only reason.37. Holoplankton (永久性浮游生物)：are those

32、 organisms that spend their entire lives in the plankton.38. How can we measure the primary productivity of the sea?答： Light-dark bottle method Net photosynthesis=O2 in light bottleO2 in initial bottle Gross photosynthesis=O2 in light bottleO2 in dark bottle14C method（） P: primary production; Rs: 14

33、C in light bottle; Rb: 14C in dark bottle; W: total CO2 in seawater; R: 14C added in; N: incubation time.×P= Chlorophyll method P=Chl a content ×Q P: primary production; Q: assimilation index(同化指數(shù)) 39. Why the standing crop of phytoplankton in the oceans is a difficult factor to measure ac

34、curately?答：1. The patchy distribution of plankton organisms. 2. The problems of sampling.3. The problems inherent in the methods.The usual method of measuring standing crop is to measure the chlorophyll a content of a given volume of sea water.40. Explain the characteristics of the population's

35、survivorship curves.答： A survivorship curve (存活曲線) summarizes the pattern of survival in a population.There are three main ways of estimating patterns of survival within a population: Three types of survivorship curves: a. In type I survivorship, juvenile survival is high and most mortality occurs a

36、mong older individuals .b. In contrast, individuals in a populations with type II survivorship die at equal rates, regardless of age. c. Individuals showing type III survivorship die at a high rate as juveniles and then at much lower rates later in life. 41. Explain the Logistic population growth an

37、d the Logistic equation.答： As resources are depleted, population growth rate slows and eventually stops; this is known as logistic population growth. 邏輯斯諦增長（logistic growth） Logistic equation： dN/dt=N(K-N)/k) rm: intrinsic rate of increase; K/N: environmental resistance(環(huán)境阻力)42. Describe the modific

38、ations due to the association of animal-animal symbiosis relationships.答： Modifications due to the association The animal-animal relationships can result in anatomical(解剖學(xué)的), physiological, and behavioral modifications to one or both of the partners. The fewest modification occur among the epizoites

39、. recognition (most like a chemical, unique to the host, released into the water) and sensory receptors.The tube-dwelling symbionts are often smaller or thinner and flatter than their free-living relatives.The crabs carry the anemones with their chelae(螯).Acclimatization(環(huán)境適應(yīng)性): The fish coats itsel

40、f with anemone mucus(粘液), thus tricking the anemone to discern the fish as itself.The anemone fish swim toward the predator and have vivid color to attract the predator. Cleaning fishes have narrow snouts(嘴) and forcepslike(鑷子似的) teeth.43. What special adaptations to the pelagic do the marine mammal

41、s have?答： Special adaptations of marine mammals To maintain temperature: a large body, a thick insulating layer of blubber(隔溫層), and using the circulatory(血液循環(huán)) system. To maintain diving: store more oxygen, a large blood volume, bradycardia(心博緩慢), no blood supply to organs, and tolerance of anaerob

42、ic(厭氧的) conditions. To maintain osmotic(滲透) regulations: salt-secreting glands, a large kidney, etc. 44.The main types of symbiotic relationships among marine organisms.答：Symbiosis(共生), the name given to such associations, means an interrelationship between two different species. 1. Commensalism(共棲)

43、：The term Commensalism is often used to refer to an association that is clearly to the advantage of one member while not harming the other member. 2. Inquilinism(寄居)：Inquilinism is a special subdivision of commensalism, in which an animal lives in the home of another, or in its digestive tract(消化道),

44、 without being parasitic. 3. Mutualism(互利)：Mutualism is that form of symbiosis in which two species associate together for their mutual benefit. In a mutualism relationship, the partners are often called symbionts(共生體)4. Parasitism(寄生)：Parasitism generally refers to an association in which one species lives in or upon another and draws nourishment from that species at the expense(損失) o