醫(yī)博英語真題摘要寫作范文

1、Ladies and gentlemen,First of all, Id like to extend my sincere congratulations to your success of sitting here as a candidate of Master degree which results from your great efforts of years.This is the first time that we have met here for my English writing course. It is also a beginning of new exp

2、erience, a new leaf of your life, of which you may have good reasons to cherish many wonderful wishes and expectations. It is pleasing that you are no longer to be supposed to learn just for passing some kind of compulsory exam, such as CET Band 6, though all of you will have to write a conventional

3、 composition in your finals. You come here mainly for something practical, useful and necessary in your future career, written skills of English communication. You come here to learn more about English writing, to polish what you have commanded and to enhance your current writing proficiency. You ma

4、y want to be able to write an English medical paper to publish your findings, an English abstract for your Chinese article, or an English report to your foreign colleagues on your recent project. Some of you will sit for the English entrance examination for medical doctoral candidates. I will try to

5、 meet these different needs with something that I call essential notions and functions （意念功能）of English writing. The proficiency of English writing is a very broad concept which involves not only many notions（意念） but also countless communicative functions.If we say someone is good at English writing

6、, we actually mean that he is capable of expressing some notions and his English writing skills are just sufficient to perform the needed functions. In this sense, to learn English writing is to learn the skills needed to express ones specific notions and functions. From the point of view of linguis

7、tic communication, to write is to perform many specific communicative tasks of expressing necessary notions and completing necessary functions. It seems that communicative notions and functions are too various and too great in number, but we should know that they are not equally important, useful, e

8、ssential, practical, or necessary for us. The most essential and frequently used ones are limited in number but enable us to perform the majority of our communicative tasks. What we are going to learn and try to command are essential notions and functions （意念功能）of English writing. To make a good beg

9、inning, you should first know what I am going to do and what you are going to do with this course.I am not going to conduct my course in a traditional way. I am not going to make me speak all the time on the platform and you just sit and listen down there as well as make daydreams. I am going to bas

10、e my course on my teaching experience and findings of ages, on the theory of task-based communicative approach. I am no longer a teacher in a traditional sense,one who dominates the classroom because he teaches his students what he knows but they do not know. I am going to be a guide who is just abl

11、e to help you with what I know but you do not know, or are not good at, to acquire what you need to know.The first thing you are going to do is to attend my classes. Attendance is compulsory no matter how skillful you are at English writing. If you are a proficient writer, you can make contributions

12、 to the course by helping me and your classmates. Class activities are centered round practical communicative tasks which you are supposed to get involved.Class participation is encouraged and so part of the classroom time will be devoted to it. Next you are going to perform and complete written com

13、municative tasks assigned by me. They will take you lots of time out of class if you want to do a good job. In this way, I will show you how you can really master what you need in your future written communication and develop competence in medical English writing by yourselves.Classroom time will be

14、 devoted to illustration, explanation, discussion, group work, and students participation. Classroom activities will be decided not only by me but also by you. Part of the contents of the course has been prepared by me in advance but part of the contents is going to be decided by you, by what you do

15、 and by how you perform the tasks. As a result of this arrangement, different classes will have different tasks or contents. Assignments must be submitted to a designated e-mail address where they will be recorded and checked. A special exercise-book and computer work are necessary.The final exam is

16、 based on what we have done in class, and the final evaluation is based on attendance, classroom participation, assignment and final exam.I hope all of you will have a wonderful and fruitful time in the next four months being with me. I hope you will find a successful approach to English writing.Las

17、t, Id like to ask for your understanding and tolerance for my lack of personal attention, for I am overloaded with 22 periods a week and more than 1000 students to be attended in writing. A、應(yīng)試要點(diǎn)一寫文章摘要，最忌諱逐字逐句地翻譯漢語原文中的一些句子。不幸的是，許多考生往往這么做，尤其喜歡翻譯第一句，這是因?yàn)樗麄儾坏脤懳恼抡囊I(lǐng)。在英語寫作水平還沒有到達(dá)高級(jí)程度的情況下，死譯的結(jié)果就是寫出來的東西錯(cuò)誤

18、百出，讓人不忍卒讀。由于時(shí)間和英語水平的限制，許多考生翻譯的句子往往是東一句西一句，寫出來的摘要沒有邏輯，雜亂無章，成績自然不會(huì)好。寫好摘要的要點(diǎn)是：1. 文摘寫作成功的關(guān)鍵的第一點(diǎn)。總結(jié)出原文的中心思想。拿到原文，不要馬上動(dòng)筆，要用510分鐘對(duì)原文進(jìn)行再加工。這點(diǎn)非常重要，考生千萬要記住。首先，看看闡述的是什么事物或事情，也就是文章的主題。看看是說明或描寫事物的客觀性質(zhì)、作用、特征、前因后果、過程、意義、及方法，還是表明對(duì)事物的主觀看法與態(tài)度。這樣，找出作者的主要觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)。其次，看看作者是如何表達(dá)他的中心思想的，是描述、說明、比較、例證、定義、還是分類，并找出主要的論點(diǎn)。這里特別要注意的是

19、，由于中文寫作的散點(diǎn)思維的特點(diǎn)或者作者的思維素質(zhì)，醫(yī)學(xué)博士生英語入學(xué)考試所節(jié)選的中文文章，往往顯得內(nèi)容雜亂、觀點(diǎn)不明，條理不清，很難總結(jié)。但無論如何，考生必須總結(jié)出一個(gè)條理大致清楚的、有若干主要論點(diǎn)支持的中心思想來。再加工是關(guān)鍵。在總結(jié)的過程中，考生可以將原文中的帶有結(jié)論性的重要句子用筆劃出來，幫助自己整理思想。近年來寫作考試反映出來的考生的一個(gè)最大問題是，寫出來的東西雜亂無章，東一句西一句，大大影響了考生作文的得分。記住，一定要使你寫出來的摘要有一個(gè)明確中心思想，語句要連貫，有邏輯。2. 文摘寫作成功的關(guān)鍵的第二點(diǎn)。盡管時(shí)間很緊張，但還是最好寫出一個(gè)粗略的非常簡單的漢語提綱和中心思想，形式不

20、拘。漢語提綱和中心思想必須簡單。語言和思想都要簡單，否則考生無法用簡單的規(guī)范的英語表達(dá)出來?？梢哉f，總結(jié)再加工就是簡化?？忌獣r(shí)刻想象，你的短文的讀者是小學(xué)三年級(jí)的學(xué)生，你寫出的東西要讓他們明白。做到這一點(diǎn)，考生要擺脫原文語句的影響和束縛，因?yàn)槟鞘菫槌赡耆丝吹摹?. 文摘寫作成功的關(guān)鍵的第三點(diǎn)。漢語提綱和中心思想必須要有足夠的概括性和總結(jié)性。概括性和總結(jié)性的語句往往是原文中沒有的，需要考生自己寫出來。許多考生往往受原文語句的影響和束縛，愛用原文中的一些語句，這樣寫出來的話缺乏概括性和總結(jié)性，影響了摘要的質(zhì)量。4. 文摘寫作成功的關(guān)鍵的第四點(diǎn)。說你會(huì)說的。同一篇文章，不同人有不同的概括和總結(jié)；同

21、一個(gè)意念，不同人有不同的語言表達(dá)。所以，文摘寫作是允許有合理的個(gè)人再加工的差異的。考生在選擇表達(dá)的語句時(shí)，要考慮自己的英語表達(dá)能力。也就是說，考生要盡量展示自己會(huì)的東西，盡量用有把握的表達(dá)方式表達(dá)原文的意思，或者說，盡量把原文的意思往自己掌握的句型上靠。在以后的實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)部分，將用例證說明如何寫出粗略的非常簡單的漢語提綱和中心思想。二考生在進(jìn)行英語寫作時(shí)，往往是先用漢語思維，再經(jīng)過一個(gè)翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換的過程，表達(dá)成英語的。這樣寫出的英語毫無疑問地會(huì)受到漢語語句的表達(dá)方式的影響。面對(duì)一篇漢語原文時(shí)，情況就更是如此了。中國學(xué)生的英語寫作中出現(xiàn)的種種毛病，根源就在此。然而，英語思維的能力，或者說習(xí)慣，決不是一

22、年半載能夠培養(yǎng)出來的。那么，考生首先要做到的是，有意識(shí)地盡量克服漢語語句對(duì)自己英語語句寫作的束縛和不良影響。頭腦中出現(xiàn)的要寫成英語的漢語語句，不能基本上字對(duì)字地直接轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的語句。要找一個(gè)規(guī)范的符合英語思維表達(dá)習(xí)慣的英語句型，來表達(dá)大體相當(dāng)?shù)囊馑?。字面上不要相等，但只要意思或者說意念大體相同就行了。這是一個(gè)從漢語思維到英語思維的過渡階段，這種過渡能力就是我們考生應(yīng)該慢慢培養(yǎng)的能力和習(xí)慣。有了這種能力和習(xí)慣，考生寫出的英語才能象英語，才基本規(guī)范?？忌鯓硬拍芘囵B(yǎng)和運(yùn)用這種過渡能力呢？就目前考生的水平而言，我們提出一條很實(shí)用很奏效的建議，希望考生牢記心中，尤其是在開始階段以及考試的時(shí)候，那就是，

23、寫你會(huì)寫的，不要寫你想寫的。這一點(diǎn)前面提到過，這里再詳細(xì)說明。出現(xiàn)在考生頭腦中的，首先是具有成人特點(diǎn)的地道的漢語思維的語句，把這種語句直接寫成英語，難度很大，結(jié)果往往弄巧成拙、適得其反、出力不討好。我們需要把具有成人思維特點(diǎn)的地道的漢語的語句轉(zhuǎn)換成具有兒童思維特點(diǎn)的簡單的漢語語句，再轉(zhuǎn)換成我們能夠掌握和表達(dá)的規(guī)范的簡單英語，這樣就容易多了。具體到醫(yī)學(xué)博士生英語入學(xué)考試的摘要寫作，要做到“寫你會(huì)寫的，不要寫你想寫的”， 有兩個(gè)技巧。一是規(guī)避，二是變通。下面舉例說明規(guī)避。規(guī)避不僅僅是因?yàn)橐馑技罢Z句復(fù)雜，難以用英語表達(dá)，而且因?yàn)槠湟馑技罢Z句不屬于主要論點(diǎn)，避而不談之后，對(duì)中心思想的完整性影響不大。例

24、如：在97年的考題中，“碳水化合物是最主要也是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的功能營養(yǎng)素。1克碳水化合物能提供的熱量為千焦。蛋白質(zhì)的供熱量雖與碳水化合物相同，但價(jià)格較貴。1克脂肪能提供的熱量為千焦，但食物易產(chǎn)生飽膩感，無法攝入過多?！保暗窃谔妓衔锾峁崃坎蛔愕那闆r下，蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪將首先被消耗以提供熱量，不能發(fā)揮它們?cè)械墓δ?，從而?dǎo)致肌體生長發(fā)育遲滯。嚴(yán)重者可引起營養(yǎng)不良，表現(xiàn)為體重不增、食欲不振、各器官功能低下、容易反復(fù)感染等。”，“以3歲小兒為例，每日應(yīng)得到的總熱量為兆焦，其中碳水化合物提供的熱量應(yīng)為兆焦，約需碳水化合物210克，折合大米約280克?！保@些句子都可以避而不寫。又如，在04年的考題中，“民

25、營醫(yī)院的出現(xiàn)讓人想起十幾年前人們對(duì)超市的概念認(rèn)識(shí)也是比較模糊的。即使總認(rèn)為里面裝修豪華、高檔，但因貨物很貴而不愿意進(jìn)門。而今超市大大普及了，人們紛紛進(jìn)入購物，因?yàn)槲镉兴?。民營醫(yī)院或許正有類似的經(jīng)歷，它也將有一個(gè)自然成長的過程。而2002年我國政府又提出了在衛(wèi)生資源相對(duì)過剩的地方，鼓勵(lì)投資者通過收購、重組現(xiàn)有公立醫(yī)院的方式舉辦贏利性醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)和民辦非贏利性醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)，提出了社會(huì)資本投資著重于目前服務(wù)能力較欠缺的老年慢性病護(hù)理、康復(fù)、嬰幼兒保健等領(lǐng)域”，“不同于民營醫(yī)院的是，醫(yī)藥費(fèi)還可以報(bào)銷?！保@些大段的話都可以基本不去考慮怎么用英語表達(dá)。有時(shí)原文的語句很重要，不能規(guī)避，但用英語表達(dá)又有困難，這時(shí)

26、可以考慮部分規(guī)避，也就是簡化。如在04年的考題中，“隨著社會(huì)觀念的變化和政策環(huán)境的改善，民營醫(yī)院必能與公立醫(yī)院相輔相成，互爭高低，成為醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生界一道獨(dú)特的風(fēng)景，從而為人民群眾提供更多更好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)?！笔且痪渲匾慕Y(jié)論性的句子，最好用英語表達(dá)出來。那么可以簡化為“隨著社會(huì)觀念的變化和政策的改善，民營醫(yī)院必能與公立醫(yī)院一道為人民提供更好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)?！边€有，“為了留住病人，公立醫(yī)院開始實(shí)施全方位的改革措施，不僅在管理體制上、人事制度上進(jìn)行改革，而且更多的是紛紛打起了技術(shù)、服務(wù)、環(huán)境、價(jià)格牌?！币部梢院喕癁椤盀榱肆糇〔∪?，公立醫(yī)院在管理上開始實(shí)施全面改革”。在摘要寫作的考試中，規(guī)避是比較容易掌握的技巧

27、，但規(guī)避得恰到好處還需要有意識(shí)的注意，考生可以通過實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)提供的參考摘要細(xì)心揣摩。三一個(gè)意念功能，可以用幾種大體相當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言方式表達(dá)出來，這是語言能力熟練的表現(xiàn)和結(jié)果。英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生，都經(jīng)過長期的這方面的訓(xùn)練，才達(dá)到熟練的英語表達(dá)能力。這種訓(xùn)練叫paraphrase。Paraphrase的能力，就是變通的能力。非英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生，往往沒有這種訓(xùn)練，也就很難用多種不同形式來表達(dá)同一種意念。但他們?cè)谂囵B(yǎng)英語寫作能力的過程中，要有意識(shí)地注意練習(xí)和培養(yǎng)這種能力。一個(gè)重要的意念，我們不能規(guī)避，但它的漢語表達(dá)形式讓我們感到用英語表達(dá)不出來，或者感到硬用英語表達(dá)出來，結(jié)果多半是錯(cuò)的。這時(shí)，我們就需要運(yùn)用變通的技

28、巧，或者說能力。變通就是將漢語的意念，用我們能夠掌握的英語形式大體相當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)出來。變通的原則是把不會(huì)的變成會(huì)的，把復(fù)雜的變成簡單的。這和上面說講的“寫你會(huì)寫的，不要寫你想寫的”原則是一致的。后面課文中的句型講解與練習(xí)，有大量的變通的實(shí)例，尤其是斜體標(biāo)明的句子，考生們可以自己體會(huì)。變通有詞與詞組層面上的和句子層面上的兩種，下面再舉例說明。雌激素（estrogen）可以用female hormone來表示，沖動(dòng)（impulse）可以用sudden excitement來表示，悲劇（tragedy）可以用sad result來代替，誘發(fā)（induce）可以lead to或result in來代替，慢

29、跑（jog）可以用slow running 來表示。“打技術(shù)、管理牌”肯定不能說成“play technological and management cards”，可以根據(jù)不同上下文，變通成“改善技術(shù)、管理”（improve technology and management）或者“利用技術(shù)、管理”（make use of technology and management）。要表達(dá)“鄉(xiāng)村一級(jí)衛(wèi)生院醫(yī)療質(zhì)量無法保證。”，如果有考生覺得“質(zhì)量無法保證”不好說，一下子又想不起來“保證”如何拼寫，最好變通一下，說一個(gè)大概類似的意念就行了：“鄉(xiāng)村一級(jí)衛(wèi)生院醫(yī)療質(zhì)量通常不好?！被蛘摺澳銦o法有好的醫(yī)療質(zhì)

30、量在鄉(xiāng)村一級(jí)衛(wèi)生院?！弊兺ǔ晌覀兪煜さ男问街螅磉_(dá)起來成功的把握就大多了：You can not have good medical services in village clinics.，或者The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor.另外，同一種意念有多種表達(dá)方式時(shí)，我們的選擇要注意使得文章中的句式有變化，或者是我們最有把握的那一種。如果原句為“洋醫(yī)院的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于，病人能得到醫(yī)務(wù)人員的尊重和周到的服務(wù)?！?，可以表達(dá)的句式有“The advantage of foreign-invested hosp

31、itals is that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（表語從句），“It is to the advantage of foreign-invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（主語從句），“It is a great advantage of foreign-invested ho

32、spitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（主語從句），以及“Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（同位語從句）， “Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage, becau

33、se a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（原因狀語從句）?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)自己的具體情況來選擇。再例如，“忽視人的心理社會(huì)背景，影響了醫(yī)療服務(wù)的質(zhì)量。”可以有以下表達(dá)：“If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can be weakened.”（條件關(guān)系、忽視），“Ignorance of the social and ment

34、al background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.”（忽視、影響），“Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.”（忽視、有害），“When a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he can not prov

35、ide good medical services.”（注意、提供），以及“Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can result in poorer outcome of the medical service.”（忽視、因果關(guān)系）。考生可以根據(jù)自己所掌握的句型的熟練程度或上下文，在心中作出選擇。變通是一種必需的、有效的寫作策略，考生在后面的句型講解和練習(xí)中可以看到更多的運(yùn)用。隨著英語語言能力的提高，變通的能力和技巧也會(huì)日益熟練，寫作不再是一件讓人頭痛的苦差事。1漢語提綱健康教育的重要性與必要性原因：影響人類

36、健康的因素及醫(yī)學(xué)模式改變好處：促進(jìn)健康，花費(fèi)比治療少，大大降低慢性病發(fā)病率必要：衛(wèi)生工作的根本目的和發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)：以健康為中心，而不應(yīng)以疾病為中心，保障全體人民群眾的健康目前我國健康教育方面的不足：投入、人員、設(shè)備不足任務(wù)：加強(qiáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院校健康教育與促進(jìn)健康專業(yè)的建設(shè)、完善社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)、建立各類健康服務(wù)中心。B、參考摘要Passage 1With the development of modern society, the causes and patterns of diseases are changing and so is the medical mode. The focus of t

37、he future medicine will be on the prevention of diseases and self health care. Therefore, health education will become more and more important in the new century. In a modern society, an increasing number of people will suffer from chronic noninfectious diseases, buttheir conventional treatments are

38、 usually very expensive but effects are far from satisfactory. Medical practice in the western developed countries has proved that health care is a good economical way to greatly reduce incidences of chronic noninfectious diseases and to keep fit. Consequently, both WHO and our country call for a gr

39、eat development and promotion of public health education since the future medical work should be centered on people and their health rather than on diseases. In order to improve people's health and reduce health risk factors,the best way isto develop public health education that can involve the

40、participation of all the people.There are, however, many problems in health education in our country. The major ones are: lack of investment and specialists, poor facilities, and poor community health services. In order to change this situation, we should take effective measures to promote health ed

41、ucation in medical colleges. Moreover, we should set up all kinds of health service centers in local communities. (230 words)Passage 2In this article the author talks about the importance of health education in the future medicine. In the future modern society, chronic and noninfectious diseases wil

42、l become the greatest threats to peoples health. As a result, health education will be a chief concern for the medical workers in our country and will play a more and more important role in public health care and prevention of chronic diseases. Many western developed countries have made great achiev

43、ements by carrying out health education. There is no doubt that health education can improve people's health by reducing occurrence of chronic diseases among people. It costs much less money than ordinary treatment of chronic diseases. So medical units at all levels should take it as one of thei

44、r basic daily tasks. The author also holds that our country has not had much experience and has much to do in health education. The money, facilities, devices, teachers for health education are not enough. We should carry out health education in more local communities and pay more attention to it. I

45、n conclusion, the writer suggests that all the medical workers should take part in health education, because prevention of diseases is more important and effective than treatment of diseases. (203words)21漢語原文育兒謹(jǐn)防入“誤區(qū)”一般來說，如今大中城市里的年輕父母對(duì)子女的營養(yǎng)問題相當(dāng)重視，他們也有足夠的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力為子女提供良好的膳食。然而，我們?cè)谂R床工作中卻看到，有些小兒面黃肌瘦、體重偏低。對(duì)這

46、些小兒進(jìn)行膳食營養(yǎng)調(diào)查后發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中多數(shù)小兒存在著熱量攝入不足的問題。不少小兒在增加熱量攝入后，癥狀得到明顯改善。顯然，熱量的缺乏是導(dǎo)致這些小兒消瘦的主要原因。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，家長中普遍存在著一種錯(cuò)誤的“共識(shí)”。他們認(rèn)為有營養(yǎng)的事物就是雞、鴨、魚、肉等含蛋白質(zhì)較多的動(dòng)物性食品，這些食品的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格也卻是較高。據(jù)觀察，家長為孩子提供的食譜中不乏此類食品，甚至還有烏骨雞、甲魚等比較昂貴的食品。但是綜觀這些孩子的全部飲食，糧食所占的比例往往少得驚人，常常是幾匙米飯或半碗稀粥，僅此而已。這些家長們認(rèn)為，糧食所具有的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值就像它們的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值一樣，無法與動(dòng)物性食品相比，簡直可以不屑一顧?，F(xiàn)在，人們的消費(fèi)能力提高

47、了，也舍得為孩子買高價(jià)的營養(yǎng)品。但是家長們不曾想到，由糧食等淀粉事物或糖提供的碳水化合物，在體內(nèi)的物質(zhì)代謝中同樣具有非常重要的作用。碳水化合物是最主要也是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的功能營養(yǎng)素。1克碳水化合物能提供的熱量為千焦。蛋白質(zhì)的供熱量雖與碳水化合物相同，但價(jià)格較貴。1克脂肪能提供的熱量為千焦，但食物易產(chǎn)生飽膩感，無法攝入過多。所以說，碳水化合物提供的熱量是人體熱量的主要來源，約占總熱量的60%。蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪在體內(nèi)代謝中，除提供熱量外還有許多重要功能，如構(gòu)成組織細(xì)胞的成份、傳遞遺傳信息、幫助維生素吸收等。但是在碳水化合物提供熱量不足的情況下，蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪將首先被消耗以提供熱量，不能發(fā)揮它們?cè)械墓δ埽瑥亩鴮?dǎo)

48、致肌體生長發(fā)育遲滯。嚴(yán)重者可引起營養(yǎng)不良，表現(xiàn)為體重不增、食欲不振、各器官功能低下、容易反復(fù)感染等。營養(yǎng)的關(guān)鍵在于平衡。人類所需要的各種營養(yǎng)素包括蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、碳水化合物、維生素和微量元素，雖然其市場(chǎng)價(jià)格有高低之分，但是它們?cè)隗w內(nèi)的物質(zhì)代謝中均具有及其重要的作用，缺一不可。只有均衡營養(yǎng)素，而且在膳食中各種營養(yǎng)素之間的比例適當(dāng)，這才稱得上是平衡營養(yǎng)，才能維持小兒的正常發(fā)育和健康。近年來，在上海市區(qū)小兒中進(jìn)行的局部調(diào)查顯示，幼兒和學(xué)齡前兒童，甚至部分小學(xué)生，熱量攝入不足的現(xiàn)象比較普遍，這與家長錯(cuò)誤理解糧食類食品的價(jià)值觀不無關(guān)系。這種現(xiàn)象也多見于經(jīng)濟(jì)水平高的其他城市家庭中，并不是因經(jīng)濟(jì)的貧困而造成的

49、。解決這個(gè)問題的方法不言而明，那就是走出“誤區(qū)”，為孩子提供足夠的糧食類食品，使碳水化合物提供的熱量達(dá)到總熱量的60%左右。以3歲小兒為例，每日應(yīng)得到的總熱量為兆焦，其中碳水化合物提供的熱量應(yīng)為兆焦，約需碳水化合物210克，折合大米約280克。其次，蔗糖也能提供碳水化合物，在牛奶中加糖5%8%，也是提高熱量攝入的一種有效方法。 (1141字)（97考題）漢語提綱本文討論了父母在小孩營養(yǎng)方面的錯(cuò)誤觀念及其導(dǎo)致部分兒童營養(yǎng)不良的效果。錯(cuò)誤觀念：動(dòng)物食品營養(yǎng)高，糧食營養(yǎng)差。后果：體重低、瘦原因：熱量攝入不足碳水化合物的重要作用營養(yǎng)的關(guān)鍵在于平衡。3參考摘要A wrong idea in raisin

50、g childrenPassage 1In this article, the author writes about a wrong idea held by many young parents in rearing their children. Nowadays, young parents in big cities attach great importance to the care and nutrition of their children. But in the clinical investigations many children are found to be u

51、nderweight and thin. The main cause, the author believes, is lack of calories in their diet.Many young parents feed their children under the mistaken idea that animal food is much more nutritious than grain. So they provide their children with too much protein-rich meat but without enough carbohydra

52、te food, such as rice and corn, which is also indispensable in childrens diet.Carbohydrate is a major source of calories for the human body. It supplies 60% of the calories the body needs. Moreover, carbohydrate plays an important role in maintaining the proper functioning of the body. When carbohyd

53、rate is in short supply, the normal growth of children is affected and they show signs of malnutrition.A health diet is one that keeps a nutritional balance. Animal protein, carbohydrate and food rich in vitamins are equally important for childrens health. Young parents should fully realize this and

54、 provide their children with nutritionally balanced diet.In conclusion, the writer says that people should get rid of the wrong idea and provide enough grain food for the children. (223 words)Passage 2Nowadays young parents in cities pay much attention to the nutrition of their children and can prov

55、ide them with good food, but doctors find that many children are poorly nourished. They are thin, pale and underweight. Obviously they do not take in enough heat or energy.The reason for this problem is that there is a commonly accepted wrong idea among young parents. They believe that animal food o

56、r expensive food is more nutritious while grain food or cheap food is insignificant in nutrition. As a result, there is too much animal food but little grain in the diet of the children. These parents do not know that grain food, namely carbohydrate, is the main source of the heat that the body need

57、s and plays an important role in the metabolism of the body. If carbohydrate is insufficient and cannot produce enough heat, protein and fat can not play their proper roles either. Lack of heat will eventually leads to many development problems to the body, such as malnutrition, thinness, and slow g

58、rowth.To resolve the above problem, young parents should realize that the key point of nutrition is a balanced diet. Human body needs all kinds of nutrition, including protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and trace elements. They are all essential to the health. (214 words)1漢語原文大學(xué)生，心理咨詢是你的朋友1994年秋，香

59、港一位心理學(xué)家到南京大學(xué)找部分學(xué)生開座談會(huì)，問了一個(gè)問題：如果你有心理障礙，怎么辦?許多學(xué)生淡然一笑：自己解決!時(shí)過境遷，兩年后，南京大學(xué)“大學(xué)生心理健康教育與研究中心”向?qū)W生發(fā)放了咨詢卡。出乎意料的是，學(xué)生們表現(xiàn)出了很高的參與熱情，發(fā)放問卷2132份，回收2118份。在填寫過程中，好多學(xué)生的思想經(jīng)歷了嬗變的陣痛。在“你認(rèn)為你有沒有心理衛(wèi)生問題?”及“你有心理衛(wèi)生問題或障礙怎么辦?”一欄中做出了勇敢的抉擇。對(duì)回收的問卡，咨詢員送行綜合統(tǒng)計(jì)，最終篩選出209名重點(diǎn)對(duì)象，向其發(fā)出了“邀請(qǐng)信”，有針對(duì)性地開展心理疏通，為許多學(xué)生解開了“心頭疙瘩”。有關(guān)資科表明：我國7O80的大學(xué)生有心理問題，20.3有心理障礙。心理的不正常嚴(yán)重影響了大學(xué)生的生活、學(xué)習(xí)。為了使大學(xué)生有一個(gè)健康的心理，全國各高校一直致力于大學(xué)生心理保健工作。在南京地區(qū)，解放軍南京政治學(xué)院、南京大學(xué)分別形成了具有“軍、地”特色