Basic concepts of Appiled Linguistics

1、Applied LinguisticsWhat is the definition of Applied Linguistics?Defining the term was not a easy task, follows are some definitions which were generated by different experts:1.P.Corder defined AL as: AL is the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by language research f

2、or the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.(P1)2.The International Encyclopedia en,saiklupi:dj of Linguistics defined applied linguistics as follows: Whenever knowledge about language is used to solve a basic language-related problem, one may

3、 say that AL is being practiced. AL is technology which makes abstract ideas and research findings accessible and relevant to the real world; it mediates between theory and practice.3.人類百科全書大系語言文學(xué)百科全書對“應(yīng)用語言學(xué)”這一條文的解釋是：研究語言在各個領(lǐng)域中實際應(yīng)用的學(xué)科。4.桂詩春認為：“一般來說，應(yīng)用語言學(xué)可以從廣義和狹義兩個方面去定義,廣義的應(yīng)用語言學(xué)指的是把語言學(xué)的知識應(yīng)用于解決其他科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的

4、各種問題?！?What is the scope that Applied Linguistics actually covers? The term AL has been most commonly used to cover all aspects of the academic study of language teaching and learning. Since the 1980s, the term has begun to be used to refer more widely to any area of study ,beyond linguistics itself

5、, that is language related. Generally speaking, AL can be defined in two ways. In a broad sense, it means the application of linguistic knowledge to solving practical problems of other scientific fields, such as language teaching and learning, speech pathology, lexicography, translation, contrastive

6、 linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics and several other areas. In a narrow sense, applied linguistics means the scientific study of the principles and practices of second and foreign language teaching and learning. As P. Corder stated that it would be a mistake

7、 to associate applied linguistics exclusively with language teaching. Hence, applied linguistics is not only about applying linguistic theories to the real world, but it is also closely related to many other disciplines. Applied linguistics has its own hypotheses, principles, rules and methods in it

8、s practical activities. 隨著語言學(xué)研究的逐步深入和新興邊緣學(xué)科的不斷涌現(xiàn), 應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的研究范圍也逐步擴大, 那種認為應(yīng)用語言學(xué)就等于純語言教學(xué)的觀點是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?yīng)用語言學(xué)涉及眾多不同領(lǐng)域, 它研究的問題比較廣。關(guān)于應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的研究范圍，于根元認為，應(yīng)用語言學(xué)“好像一根軸承，一面是語言學(xué)本體和本體語言學(xué)，一面是發(fā)生關(guān)系的各個方面，兩者之間的一個個滾珠是應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的一個個分支學(xué)科，它們相互接觸、推動，它們還嵌在一里一外的槽里，都跟槽相互接觸推動。應(yīng)用語言學(xué)主要研究的是所有滾珠跟槽的接觸部的動態(tài)的規(guī)律，包括共性和個性，舉例的時候可能舉這個或那個滾珠與槽的結(jié)合部的情況?！盬h

9、at is the theory of Applied Linguistics Critical discourse analysis (CDA) Critical applied linguistics (CAL) A theorizing approach More theories: vague theory of language; interlanguage; the dynamic theory of language; levels of language; humanist theory of language; hidden and displaying theory of

10、language; functional and explanation grammar 應(yīng)用語言學(xué)有沒有理論, 人們有著不同的看法,有人錯誤地認為應(yīng)用語言學(xué)就是語言學(xué)理論的應(yīng)用, 其本身并沒有什么理論, 這是一種偏見和誤解。事實上，應(yīng)用語言學(xué)有自己的理論，其中于根元先生總結(jié)了以下幾種應(yīng)用語言學(xué)理論。 (1) 模糊語言理論。模糊語言學(xué)和語言學(xué)的研究對象是自然語言, 但語言學(xué)是把自然語言作為純語言符號進行研究, 而模糊語言學(xué)是把自然語言作為模糊語言符號加以研究。 (2) 中介語。中介語是指學(xué)習(xí)者在某一階段所建立起來的目的語系統(tǒng)和由此相連接而形成的一種連續(xù)體, 它是一種學(xué)習(xí)者的語言, 處于母語和目

11、的語之間的一種語言, 有自己的獨立體系。 (3) 語言的動態(tài)理論認為, 動態(tài)是語言的本質(zhì)和主導(dǎo)方面, 語言時時刻刻都在發(fā)生著變化,從實踐到理論和從理論到實踐都是動態(tài), 實踐和理論的互動更是動態(tài)的縱橫交錯。 (4)語言的層次性理論。對語言層次的理解, 人們也有著不同的看法, 只要涉及結(jié)構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)這樣的概念, 就涉及到層次。 (5) 語言的人文性理論。語言具有人文性, 它是語言的基本屬性之一。于根元認為:“人們的溝通是文化的溝通, 人們的交際是文化的交際。語言的溝通和交際, 也是文化的溝通與交際”。這充分說明語言具有人文性。 (6) 語言的潛、顯理論。這里的“顯”指的是現(xiàn)在態(tài), 顯語言指的是我們聽到

12、和看到的一切行為經(jīng)驗事實的語言現(xiàn)象的總和。這里的“潛”指的是過去態(tài)和未來態(tài), 潛語言指的是在此之前沒有人說過、未聽到過和看到的、但卻能意識到它存在的語言, 如我們看歌劇, 演員有在前臺的也有在后臺的, 走在前臺的演員相當(dāng)于顯語言, 未上前臺的相當(dāng)于潛語言(7) 功能解釋語法(或“功能語法”、“系統(tǒng)功能語法”、“認知語法”等)。功能解釋語法主要是研究語言的功能, 也可以說是從功能角度研究語言。功能解釋語法說明語言是社會交往的工具, 它把語言的實際使用作為自己的研究對象?！半x開語言使用者的實踐, 就不會有系統(tǒng)功能語法理論的存在”(胡壯麟等)。What is the nature of Applie

13、d Linguistics? The first nature of AL is that it is interdisciplinary. It is generally acknowledged that the most notable and significant feature in AL is its rapid growth as an interdisciplinary field. The second nature of applied linguistics is its empiricalness or experimentativeness. This is to

14、mean that Applied Linguistics differs itself from general or theoretical linguistics in that applied linguists make the great effort s to use language learners as their subjects or informants to collect the data in the practical language teaching and learning setting. The third nature is practice-or

15、iented or question-driven. Applied Linguistics is not bounded to present the description of an issue of practical language teaching and learning but to analyze the reason and cause.How are Applied Linguistics developed both at home and abroad?(一一) 國外應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r國外應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r一般認為，波蘭語言學(xué)家勃杜恩德庫爾特內(nèi)在1870年首先提

16、出了應(yīng)用語言學(xué)這個概念。1946 年, 美國密執(zhí)安大學(xué)成立了英語學(xué)院, 弗賴斯(C. Frie、拉多(R. L ado) 出版了語言學(xué)習(xí)(Language Learning ) , 這個雜志的副標題就是應(yīng)用語言學(xué)雜志1956英國愛丁堡大學(xué)率先建立了應(yīng)用語言學(xué)院。1959年, 在美國華盛頓也相繼成立了應(yīng)用語言學(xué)中心(Center for App lied Linguistics) , 其負責(zé)人是弗格森(C. Ferguson)。國際應(yīng)用語言學(xué)學(xué)會的成立。1964 年在法國南希成立了國際應(yīng)用語言學(xué)學(xué)會, 這個學(xué)會的成立標志著應(yīng)用語言學(xué)已經(jīng)走向成熟。(二二) 我國應(yīng)用語言學(xué)研究狀況我國應(yīng)用語言學(xué)研究狀況 在我國，真正把應(yīng)用語言學(xué)當(dāng)作一門獨立學(xué)科對待的，是在改革開放以后。廣東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué)(原廣州外國語學(xué)院) 在應(yīng)用語言學(xué)研究方面起步最早, 他們創(chuàng)了我國應(yīng)用語言學(xué)研究方面的幾個“第一”: 我國第一次“應(yīng)用語言學(xué)與英語教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)研討會”是由廣東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué)和上海外國語大學(xué)于1980 年召開的;我國第一部應(yīng)用語言學(xué)專著是由我國著名語言學(xué)家廣東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué)桂詩春先生于19