如何撰寫科普文章（課堂PPT）

1、How to Write a Scientific Paper如何撰寫科普文章如何撰寫科普文章More reasons to publish更多發(fā)表原因更多發(fā)表原因Ethical obligation to subjects 對(duì)于研究對(duì)象的道義責(zé)任對(duì)于研究對(duì)象的道義責(zé)任Ethical obligation to society 對(duì)于社會(huì)的道義責(zé)任對(duì)于社會(huì)的道義責(zé)任To have the greatest public health impact 具備最大的公共衛(wèi)生影響具備最大的公共衛(wèi)生影響To really understand your topic 完全理解主題完全理解主題Academic

2、capacity-building 學(xué)術(shù)能力培養(yǎng)學(xué)術(shù)能力培養(yǎng)vFuture grant applications 未來應(yīng)用廣泛v“Publish or perish” “發(fā)表或消亡”v“Currency” of research 研究的“流通性”Publications: The Currency of Academic Research發(fā)布：發(fā)布：學(xué)術(shù)研究的流通性In any country: The “MPU”在任何國(guó)家：在任何國(guó)家： MPUFirst Step: Where are you going?第一步：寫作目的第一步：寫作目的 The “MPU”: Minimal Publish

3、able Unit “MPU”：最?。鹤钚“l(fā)表單位發(fā)表單位 The best papers are based on a single main finding 最好的科普文章均圍繞最好的科普文章均圍繞單個(gè)單個(gè)主要研究主要研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)撰寫撰寫vAvoid saying everything, too much, too dense - other papers for other findings 避免論述對(duì)象無所不包、篇幅過多過密 - 其他研究發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)另文撰述 Easier to write if focused on 1 finding 如果僅關(guān)注一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，則更容易撰寫文章如果僅關(guān)注一個(gè)

4、研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，則更容易撰寫文章 Build the paper around the “elevator test” 圍繞圍繞“電梯測(cè)試電梯測(cè)試”撰寫文章撰寫文章The best papers center on a single most important finding 最好的科普文章圍繞最重要的最好的科普文章圍繞最重要的單個(gè)單個(gè)研研究發(fā)現(xiàn)撰寫究發(fā)現(xiàn)撰寫The “Elevator Test”:“電梯測(cè)試電梯測(cè)試”：vYou get into the elevator with your boss. She asks:“What did you find in that research st

5、udy you did?” 你和老板一同進(jìn)電梯，她問道：“你的研究有何發(fā)現(xiàn)”？vYou have one minute before she gets off on her floor. 在她走出電梯前，你有一分鐘的時(shí)間回答提問。vExplain the single most important finding of your study in one minute. 利用這一分鐘闡述最重要的單個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。The best papers center on a single most important finding 最好的科普文章圍繞最重要的最好的科普文章圍繞最重要的單個(gè)單個(gè)研研究發(fā)現(xiàn)撰

6、寫究發(fā)現(xiàn)撰寫The “Elevator Test”:“電梯測(cè)試電梯測(cè)試”：vYeah, it was really cool! 哇，這真的太棒了！vWe did a survey of HBV prevalence among IDU entering jails in Tehran, Iran. 我們對(duì)伊朗德黑蘭 (Tehran) 戒毒所內(nèi)收押人員進(jìn)行了乙肝病毒感染率調(diào)查。vChronic HBV infection was 6%, and 0% were vaccinated. 慢性乙肝病毒 (HBV) 感染率為 6，乙肝病毒疫苗接種率為 0。vIran will need to intr

7、oduce special campaigns to vaccinate this group starting with jails. 伊朗需要開展專門的疫苗接種行動(dòng)，為吸毒者接種乙肝病毒疫苗 - 從監(jiān)獄開始。7The best papers center on a single most important finding最好的科普文章圍繞最重要的最好的科普文章圍繞最重要的單個(gè)單個(gè)研研究發(fā)現(xiàn)撰寫究發(fā)現(xiàn)撰寫vThe “elevator test” “電梯測(cè)試”vThe “SOCO” Single Overriding Communication Objective “SOCO” - 單一最主

8、要溝通對(duì)象vThe newspaper headline 報(bào)刊頭條新聞vYour main hypothesis supported or refuted 被支持或反駁的主要假設(shè)vThe paper leads the reader to how you got to this main conclusion 文章要引導(dǎo)讀者得知你是如何得出該主要結(jié)論的8Order of Paper文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排Abstract 摘要摘要Introduction 引言引言Methods 研究方法研究方法Results 研究結(jié)果研究結(jié)果Discussion 討論討論References 參考文獻(xiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)

9、Tables and figures 圖表圖表Order of Writing文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排 (Willis Way) (Willi 的編排的編排方式方式)Tables and figures 圖表圖表Results 研究結(jié)果研究結(jié)果Discussion 討論討論Introduction 引言引言Methods 研究方法研究方法Abstract 摘要摘要References 參考文獻(xiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)10Order of Writing文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排Tables and Figures: 圖表：圖表：vHave the results in front of you before y

10、ou start to write 得出研究結(jié)果后再開始寫作vIdentify the single most important finding 確定最重要的單個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vShow the data that get you there 公布讓你得出此結(jié)論利用的數(shù)據(jù)vThink 4 parts: 思考如何妥善編排以下四項(xiàng)內(nèi)容： 3 Tables, 1 Figure (usually enough) 3 個(gè)表格、1 個(gè)圖解（通常足夠）Or, 4 Tables 或 4 個(gè)表格11Order of Writing文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排Results: 研究結(jié)果：研究結(jié)果：vThink 4 par

11、ts: 思考如何妥善編排思考如何妥善編排 4 個(gè)圖表：個(gè)圖表：Express in words the important findings of the Tables and Figure 用文字闡述表格和圖解包含的重要研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vSubject description: recruitment, eligibility, univariate, main outcome 研究對(duì)象說明：研究對(duì)象說明：招募、資格、單變量、主要研究結(jié)果vBivariate: associations with main outcome 雙變量：雙變量：與主要研究結(jié)果的聯(lián)系vMultivariate: streng

12、then hypothesis testing 多變量：多變量：強(qiáng)化假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)vSub-analyses, secondary aims 子目分析、次要目標(biāo)子目分析、次要目標(biāo)12Order of Writing文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排3. Discussion, 4 parts: 討論四項(xiàng)內(nèi)容：討論四項(xiàng)內(nèi)容：vAnswer the question. First present the single main finding quickly and clearly stated 回答問題.首先迅速明確地表述單個(gè)主要研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vRelevant other findings 其他相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vLim

13、itations of the study 研究局限vPublic health implications 公共衛(wèi)生意義13Order of Writing文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排4. Introduction 引言引言vNow ask the question that you already answered! 現(xiàn)在就你已回答的問題提問！vThink 4 parts: 考慮以下四個(gè)問題：General issue 一般問題Specific issue (related to your single main finding) 特定問題（與單個(gè)主要研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)）Gap: What was m

14、issing in the world 不足之處：有哪些遺漏What you did to fill gap 如何彌補(bǔ)不足之處14Order of Writing文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排5. Methods 研究方法研究方法vMatches how you got the results闡述你如何得出研究結(jié)果vNo more, 不能多，vNo less.不能少。vNot a protocol并非草案15Order of Writing文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排6. Abstract 摘要摘要vWrite after you complete the other sections完成其他部分后再開

15、始編寫vFalls into place by lifting and paraphrasing a few sentences from each section每部分摘取幾句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行釋義，確保文章有條不紊vUsually different from conference abstract通常不同于會(huì)議摘要16Order of Writing文章文章內(nèi)容內(nèi)容編排編排7. References 參考文獻(xiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)vDo along the way, but dont spend too much time邊撰寫正文邊完成，但無需花費(fèi)太多時(shí)間vLeave place holders and fi

16、nd reference later留注補(bǔ)位數(shù)字供以后查找參考文獻(xiàn)vDont let this be an excuse to put off writing不要讓參考文獻(xiàn)成為推遲寫作的借口17Tables and Figures表格與圖解表格與圖解18Figure 1: Setting truck drivers sampled at a major cross-roads of Brazil圖圖 1：背景：背景：巴西一個(gè)：巴西一個(gè)主要交通十主要交通十字路口卡車字路口卡車司機(jī)抽樣調(diào)司機(jī)抽樣調(diào)查查19Table 1: Subjects demographic and occupational

17、variables 表表 1：研究主題研究主題 - 人人口與職業(yè)變口與職業(yè)變量量20Table 2: HIV risk behavior表表 2：可能：可能感染艾滋病感染艾滋病病毒的危險(xiǎn)病毒的危險(xiǎn)行為行為Table 3: Multivariate predictors of risk behavior表表 3：危險(xiǎn)行為多危險(xiǎn)行為多變量預(yù)測(cè)因變量預(yù)測(cè)因子子Results研究結(jié)果研究結(jié)果General Recommendations for Results針對(duì)研究結(jié)果的一般建議針對(duì)研究結(jié)果的一般建議 Follow the sequence of Tables and Figures遵循圖表的遵循圖

18、表的順序順序 State in words the most interesting findings in table (not everything)利用文字闡述表格包含的最有趣的研究利用文字闡述表格包含的最有趣的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)（不是不是每個(gè)每個(gè)研究研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)）vNot all numbers, just main outcomes, most important, most interesting, unexpected只需闡述主要結(jié)果，要求最重要、最有趣、意外得出，而不是所有數(shù)字 Use sub-headings if complex如果如果內(nèi)容繁多內(nèi)容繁多，則可使用，則可使用副副標(biāo)題

19、標(biāo)題 Think 4 paragraphs考慮如何用 4 段文字闡釋研究結(jié)果Results in Four Paragraphs分四段闡釋研究結(jié)果分四段闡釋研究結(jié)果Describe study population, eligible and enrolled, key demographic variables, primary outcome (Table 1, univariate, prevalence by variables; Figure 1 setting)說明研究人口、有資格和注冊(cè)的人口、關(guān)鍵人口統(tǒng)計(jì)變量、主要研說明研究人口、有資格和注冊(cè)的人口、關(guān)鍵人口統(tǒng)計(jì)變量、主要研究成果

20、（表究成果（表 1，單變量單變量，通過變量得出的患病率通過變量得出的患病率；圖；圖 1 - 設(shè)置）設(shè)置）Primary hypotheses, what is associated with the main outcome (bivariate, Table 2)主要假設(shè)，與主要研究成果主要假設(shè)，與主要研究成果關(guān)聯(lián)的是關(guān)聯(lián)的是什么（什么（雙變量雙變量，表，表 2）Multivariate analysis (confounding factors, interactions, Table 3)多變量多變量分析（混淆因素、相互關(guān)系，表分析（混淆因素、相互關(guān)系，表 3）Stratificatio

21、n, subanalyses, examination of biases, corroborative analyses, secondary objectives (Table 4, Figure 1 trend over time)分層分層、子子目分析、偏差目分析、偏差檢查檢查、佐證分析、次要目標(biāo)（表、佐證分析、次要目標(biāo)（表 4，圖，圖 1 歲歲時(shí)間變化的時(shí)間變化的趨勢(shì)）趨勢(shì)）Results Paragraph 1: 研究結(jié)果闡釋研究結(jié)果闡釋 第一段：第一段：Recruitment, Eligibility招募、資格招募、資格Example:范例：范例：“A total of 246,7

22、15 clients age 15 years or older had their first HIV test at the 4 VCT centers from January 1992 to December 2000. We excluded 44,974 who reported illness as a reason for testing to avoid selection bias. The proportions of clients excluded due to illness were similar across sites: 15% Kampala; 17% J

23、inja; 25% Mbarara; and 20% Mbale.”“總共 246,715 名 15 歲以上的患者于 1992 年 1 月至 2000 年 12 月在 4 個(gè)自愿咨詢檢測(cè)中心首次進(jìn)行艾滋病病毒檢測(cè)。為了檢測(cè)需要，我們排除了 44,974 名聲稱患病之人，以避免選擇偏差。以下地點(diǎn)因疾病原因被排除在外的患者比例類似：15% Kampala、17% Jinja、25% Mbarara 以及 20% Mbale。Results Paragraph 1: Describe Key Variables研究結(jié)果闡釋第一段：關(guān)鍵變量說明研究結(jié)果闡釋第一段：關(guān)鍵變量說明Univariate re

24、sults (Table 1)單變量結(jié)果（表單變量結(jié)果（表 1）Focus written text on main findings重點(diǎn)著墨于主要研究重點(diǎn)著墨于主要研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)vRelevant demographic characteristics相關(guān)的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)特征vInterestingly high or low levels of variables較高或較低水平的變量vA few unexpected findings, maybe少數(shù)意外得出的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vMain outcome主要研究成果Results Paragraph 1: Describe Key Variables an

25、d Primary Outcome研究結(jié)果闡釋研究結(jié)果闡釋 - 第一段：關(guān)鍵變量與主要第一段：關(guān)鍵變量與主要研究研究結(jié)果結(jié)果說明說明Examples:范例：范例：“The majority of participants were under 25 years old (72%), male (52%), and had less than secondary education (67%). (Table 1).“大多數(shù)參與者的年齡低于 25 歲（72），男性占多數(shù)（52），中等教育水平人群占多數(shù)（67）.（表（表 1）。Overall, prevalence of HIV infectio

26、n was 7.1%. No HIV infections were detected among adolescents age 15 to 19 years.”總體來說，艾滋病感染率為 7.1。15 歲至 19 歲的青少年均未檢測(cè)出艾滋病?！盧esults Paragraph 2: Associations with Outcome研究結(jié)果闡釋研究結(jié)果闡釋 - 第二段：研究第二段：研究結(jié)果結(jié)果關(guān)聯(lián)因素關(guān)聯(lián)因素Bivariate associations with main outcome (Table 2)與主要研究成果關(guān)聯(lián)的雙變量Focus written text on signifi

27、cant findings重點(diǎn)著墨于重點(diǎn)著墨于重大重大研究研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)vStatistically significant統(tǒng)計(jì)重大研究結(jié)果vClinically significant臨床重大研究結(jié)果vUnexpectedly not associated意外的無關(guān)聯(lián)的研究結(jié)果vSome say include all tested, maybe有些論述可能包括所有檢測(cè)結(jié)果But: No interpretations, no comparisons to other studies.但是：無需對(duì)但是：無需對(duì)其他其他研究進(jìn)行說明，無需與研究進(jìn)行說明，無需與其他其他研究進(jìn)行研究進(jìn)行對(duì)比。對(duì)比。v

28、Just the facts, maam只需陳述事實(shí)Results Paragraph 2: Main Associations with Primary Outcome研究結(jié)果闡釋第二段：主要研究研究結(jié)果闡釋第二段：主要研究結(jié)果結(jié)果關(guān)關(guān)聯(lián)因素聯(lián)因素Example:范例：范例：“In bivariate analysis (Table 2), HIV seropositivity was associated with age 25 44 years, female gender.”“雙變量分析（表 2）表明，艾滋病病毒檢測(cè)血清狀態(tài)呈陽(yáng)性的全部為 25 歲至 44 歲的女性.”“Over ti

29、me, prevalence of HIV infection declined from 23% in 1998 to 13% in 2003, with a decreasse from 17% to 9% among men (P 0.001) and from 31% to 17% among women (P 0.001) (Table 2).”“1998 年至 2003 年，艾滋病毒感染率從 23 降至 13 ，男性艾滋病病毒感染率從 17 降至 9 (P 0.001) ，女性艾滋病病毒感染率從 31% 降至 17% (P 0.001) (表 2).” Results Paragr

30、aph 3: Multivariate Analysis研究結(jié)果闡釋研究結(jié)果闡釋 第三段：多變量分析第三段：多變量分析Independent associations with main outcome (Table 3)與主要研究與主要研究結(jié)果關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)果關(guān)聯(lián)的獨(dú)立因素（表的獨(dú)立因素（表 3）Confirm or refute main hypothesis支持或反駁主要假設(shè)支持或反駁主要假設(shè)Ruling out confounders排除混淆因素排除混淆因素Results Paragraph 3: Multivariate Analysis研究結(jié)果闡釋研究結(jié)果闡釋第三段：多變量分析第三段：多變

31、量分析Example:范例：范例：In multivariate analysis (Table 3), independent predictors of truckers having unprotected sex with non-wife partners while on the road were using the stimulant “arribite” within the calendar year (Adjusted odds ratio AOR 4.7, 95% CI 1.2 18.0), not professing a religious affiliation

32、(AOR 6.1, 95% CI 1.9 19.8), and being separated or divorced (AOR 5.1, 95% CI 1.3 20.4). 多變量分析（表 3），一年中與妻子以外的性伴侶進(jìn)行未采取保護(hù)措施的性交并在行車途中使用興奮劑 “arribite” 的卡車司機(jī)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子（調(diào)整后的優(yōu)勢(shì)率 AOR 4.7, 95% CI 1.2 18.0），未公開聲明宗教信仰（ AOR 6.1, 95% CI 1.9 19.8），分居或離婚（ AOR 5.1, 95% CI 1.3 20.4）。Results Paragraph 4: Sub-Analyses研究結(jié)果

33、闡釋研究結(jié)果闡釋 第四段：第四段：子子目分析目分析Stratified analyses (Table 4)分層分析（表 4）vSpecial sub-population特定細(xì)分人口Ruling out biases, direction of biases消除偏差、偏差方向消除偏差、偏差方向Secondary aims 次要目標(biāo)次要目標(biāo)vIf dont stand alone in a separate paper如果并非單獨(dú)存在于某篇獨(dú)立的文章中Additional Tips for Results 闡釋研究結(jié)果的其他秘訣Dont mix Methods into Results研究方法

34、不得混入研究結(jié)果研究方法不得混入研究結(jié)果vIf you conduct a new analysis or sub-analysis, add into Methods如果重新進(jìn)行分析或子目分析，則增加研究方法Dont mix Discussion into Results討論內(nèi)容不得混入研究結(jié)果討論內(nèi)容不得混入研究結(jié)果vNo interpretation無需解釋v(Also, dont introduce Results into Discussion, go back)（同樣，研究結(jié)果也不得混入討論內(nèi)容）No references無需參考文獻(xiàn)無需參考文獻(xiàn)OK to be very, ver

35、y short簡(jiǎn)短即可簡(jiǎn)短即可Double check numbers, do they add up?仔細(xì)核查數(shù)字，數(shù)字是否累加總計(jì)？仔細(xì)核查數(shù)字，數(shù)字是否累加總計(jì)？Discussion討論討論The Discussion Section討論部分討論部分 Highlights the public health impact of your study突出研究對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生的影響突出研究對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生的影響 The most interpretative part解釋性最強(qiáng)的部分解釋性最強(qiáng)的部分 The most creative part最富創(chuàng)意的部分最富創(chuàng)意的部分 The most prone

36、to writers block最容易成為作者阻礙的部分最容易成為作者阻礙的部分 Simplified template: 簡(jiǎn)化模板：簡(jiǎn)化模板：vThink of the Discussion as 4 paragraphs考慮如何用 4 段文字?jǐn)⑹鲇懻搩?nèi)容Template for Discussion討論模板討論模板 Mission accomplished!任務(wù)完成！任務(wù)完成！vThe single most important finding最重要的單個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn) Not only that不僅不僅vSecondary findings次要研究發(fā)現(xiàn) Mea culpa過失過失vLimita

37、tions局限vBut, redemption!但必須補(bǔ)救！ KumbayaKumbayavPublic health implications公共衛(wèi)生意義Mission Accomplished!任務(wù)完成任務(wù)完成The “elevator test”, newspaper headline, SOCO, main hypothesis“電梯測(cè)試電梯測(cè)試”、報(bào)刊頭條新聞、報(bào)刊頭條新聞、 SOCO、主要假設(shè)、主要假設(shè)The first sentence of Discussion討論的開場(chǎng)白討論的開場(chǎng)白v“We found”“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)”State the single most impo

38、rtant finding as succinctly and accurately as possible盡可能簡(jiǎn)潔準(zhǔn)確地陳述最重要的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)盡可能簡(jiǎn)潔準(zhǔn)確地陳述最重要的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Expand the single sentence into a paragraph將一句擴(kuò)展成一段將一句擴(kuò)展成一段Put your best case forward拿出最佳案例vCorroborative evidence within your study你的研究中的確鑿證據(jù)vCorroborative evidence from others studies其他研究中的確鑿證據(jù)vBe as certain

39、as you possibly can be盡可能保證確定性“Mission Accomplished!”“任務(wù)完成任務(wù)完成”O(jiān)ops, try again哎呀，再來一哎呀，再來一次次Examples of “Mission Accomplished!” Sentence“任務(wù)完成任務(wù)完成”句例句例“The overall prevalence of HIV infection among women participating in ANC surveys decreased between 2000 and 2004 in Zimbabwe.”“2000 年至 2004 年津巴布韋 (Zi

40、mbabwe) 參加嗜中性細(xì)胞絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)（ANC）調(diào)查的女性的艾滋病病毒總體感染率逐年下降?！盓xpand the “Mission Accomplished!” Sentence“任務(wù)完成！任務(wù)完成！”句擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展“This decline was seen in all age groups, in all provinces, in all locations.“所有年齡段、所有省份以及所有地點(diǎn)的艾滋病病毒感染率均出現(xiàn)了下降。Three local research studies also found declines in HIV prevalence during the same

41、period.”當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)構(gòu)同期做的三次研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)，艾滋病病毒感染率出現(xiàn)下降?！盓xpand the “Mission Accomplished!” Sentence“任務(wù)完成任務(wù)完成”句擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展“The decline is similar in magnitude to that experienced by Uganda.“烏干達(dá) (Uganda) 的艾滋病病毒感染率也大幅下降。The trend is corroborated by changes in reported sexual behavior.”報(bào)告顯示的性行為改變證實(shí)了該下降趨勢(shì)?！盢ot only that不僅不僅Rela

42、x, now that main point is made既然已得要點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)放松既然已得要點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)放松“We also found”“我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)”Three additional findings (maybe more)其他三個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其他三個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn) （或許更多）（或許更多）Sub-group findings:子組研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：子組研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：vMen vs. women男性與女性的對(duì)比vYoung vs. old年輕人與老年人的對(duì)比Secondary questions次要問題次要問題Unexpected findings意外的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)意外的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vContradict other

43、 studies反駁其他研究vContradict conventional wisdom反駁傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)Examples of “Not only that” Sentences“不僅不僅”句例句例“VCT data may help surveillance systems to overcome major limitations of ANC data.”“自愿咨詢檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)可能有助于對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，克服嗜中性細(xì)胞絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)的重大局限性。” “VCT data can also be used for program monitoring purposes.”“自愿咨詢檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)也可用于項(xiàng)目

44、監(jiān)測(cè)目的。”Mea Culpa過失過失“We recognize limitations of our study”“我們認(rèn)識(shí)到自身研究的局限性”Confess, come clean完成承認(rèn)vNo study is without potential bias所有研究都有可能存在偏差vNo study is perfectly executed所有研究都不可能完美進(jìn)行vNo study is definitive所有研究都是絕對(duì)正確的Head off criticism防止批評(píng)指責(zé)Redemption補(bǔ)救措施Mea Culpa過失過失 Start with single biggest th

45、reat to internal validity從內(nèi)部有效性的最大威脅開始敘述從內(nèi)部有效性的最大威脅開始敘述 Explain (if you can):解釋（如果可能）：解釋（如果可能）：vLikely size of this bias可能的偏差幅度vLikely direction of this bias可能的偏差方向 Proceed to next most important, and so on繼續(xù)下一個(gè)最重要的項(xiàng)目Example of “Mea Culpa” Sentences“過失過失”句例句例“Our findings are subject to several limi

46、tations. “我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)存在諸多局限。First, VCT clientele may not be representative of the general Ugandan population.”首先，自愿咨詢檢測(cè)患者無法代表烏干達(dá)一般人群。”Mea Culpa過失過失 Address common problems and biases only if they are a particular concern in your study:解決普通問題與偏差，即使你在研究中特別關(guān)注它們：解決普通問題與偏差，即使你在研究中特別關(guān)注它們：vExternal validity, r

47、epresentativeness外部有效性、代表性vSelf-reported behavior自發(fā)報(bào)告的行為vSample size, power樣本大小、影響力vIncomplete responses, data quality不完整的答復(fù)、數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量vCausality in cross-sectional study交叉部分研究的因果關(guān)系vUnmeasured and unknown confounders無法衡量的未知的混淆因素vNot enough money資金不足Mea Culpa and Redemption!過失過失與補(bǔ)救措施！與補(bǔ)救措施！48Mea Culpa and

48、Redemption!過失過失與補(bǔ)救措施！與補(bǔ)救措施！ How you did your best to address the bias in the design and analysis你如何盡力解決設(shè)計(jì)與分析的偏差你如何盡力解決設(shè)計(jì)與分析的偏差 Analyses or other evidence that bias is not likely to change primary conclusion不會(huì)因分析或其他證據(jù)的偏差而改變主要結(jié)論不會(huì)因分析或其他證據(jù)的偏差而改變主要結(jié)論 Not! “Other studies are worse”不！不！“其他研究更糟其他研究更糟” But,

49、 may include how we avoided biases of other studies但是，可能包括我們避免其他研究出現(xiàn)偏差的方但是，可能包括我們避免其他研究出現(xiàn)偏差的方法法Examples of “Mea Culpa” Sentences (with Redemption)“過失過失”句例（附補(bǔ)救措施）句例（附補(bǔ)救措施）“Second, our data were drawn from only 4 major towns in Uganda and do not represent the whole country. “其次，我們的數(shù)據(jù)僅來自于烏干達(dá) 4 個(gè)主要城鎮(zhèn)，不能

50、代表烏干達(dá)整個(gè)國(guó)家。However, the fact that our data were comparable with national ANC data suggests that our major findings of declining prevalence are not likely to have been affected significantly by such differences.”但事實(shí)上，我們將自己的數(shù)據(jù)與該國(guó)嗜中性細(xì)胞絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，結(jié)果顯示，兩者的差異不太可能嚴(yán)重影響我們得出的感染率下降的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。” Kumbaya51Kumbaya Dont

51、 end negatively!不能以負(fù)面陳述結(jié)尾！不能以負(fù)面陳述結(jié)尾！vHuman nature likes to be positive人類天生喜歡積極正面的事物vScience is incremental improvement科學(xué)意味著逐步進(jìn)步 Big picture, way forward重點(diǎn)，奮勇直前重點(diǎn)，奮勇直前vPublic health implications公共衛(wèi)生意義vClinical practice implications臨床實(shí)踐意義 Setting the future research agenda (be specific)設(shè)定未來研究日程（必須具體）設(shè)

52、定未來研究日程（必須具體） Segue from Mea Culpa “Despite these potential limitations” 從過失中吸取教訓(xùn)并繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，從過失中吸取教訓(xùn)并繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，“盡管存在這些潛在的盡管存在這些潛在的局限局限”52Examples of “Kumbaya” Sentences “Kumbaya” 句例句例The Iranian and US CDCs agree that HIV prevention services be made available to inmates of correctional facilities, including v

53、oluntary HIV counseling and testing upon entry into prison, before release, and during incarceration. Such programs provide potentially great benefit to inmates and to wider society. Harm reduction programs within jails, such as NEP, are more controversial but may provide benefits to inmates and soc

54、iety by preventing a substantial number of infections. In the Iranian context, arrested opium smokers may be mixing the first time with injectors who have a high prevalence of HIV coming into jail. Therefore, the question arises whether the mandatory detention for detoxification is causing more harm

55、 than good.伊朗與美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心 (CDC) 均同意向懲教機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)的囚犯提供艾滋病預(yù)防服務(wù)，其中包括剛?cè)氇z、釋放前以及監(jiān)禁期間自愿進(jìn)行艾滋病毒病毒咨詢與檢測(cè)的人員。此計(jì)劃可為犯人與廣大社會(huì)帶來巨大的潛在利益。如 NEP 等監(jiān)獄減害計(jì)劃頗具爭(zhēng)議，但可通過預(yù)防艾滋病的大量感染為犯人與社會(huì)帶來巨大的利益。在伊朗，鴉片吸食者首次被逮捕時(shí)會(huì)與艾滋病病毒感染率較高的注射吸食毒品者關(guān)在一起。因此，出現(xiàn)了強(qiáng)制拘留戒毒是否弊大于利的問題。Additional Tips for the Discussion討論的其他秘訣討論的其他秘訣 Stick to your data and your find

56、ings堅(jiān)持你的數(shù)據(jù)與研究發(fā)現(xiàn)堅(jiān)持你的數(shù)據(jù)與研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vDo not speculate on causes that are not suggested by your data 不要猜測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)并未暗示的原因vWell, maybe a little, OK to offer new specific hypotheses也可以接受提出的一點(diǎn)新的特殊假設(shè) Do not include new study results不包括新的研究結(jié)果不包括新的研究結(jié)果vAll findings must be in Results研究結(jié)果必須包含所有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vGo back and include them回

57、顧研究發(fā)現(xiàn)并全部納入 Avoid “More research is needed”避免避免“需要進(jìn)一步研究需要進(jìn)一步研究”vUnless you say very specifically what is needed除非你能非常具體地說明需要闡述什么Additional Tips for the Discussion討論的其他秘訣討論的其他秘訣 Do not simply repeat results不要簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)研究結(jié)果不要簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)研究結(jié)果 Use words rather than numbers or statistics使用文字，而非數(shù)字或統(tǒng)計(jì)資料使用文字，而非數(shù)字或統(tǒng)計(jì)資料v“

58、Nearly half” vs. 49.1%“接近一般” 與 49.1% 的對(duì)比v“More than three-fold increase” vs. OR of 3.12“超過三倍增長(zhǎng)” 與 3.12 的優(yōu)勢(shì)率的對(duì)比 Avoid promising future papers or studies避免承諾未來的文章或研究避免承諾未來的文章或研究Additional Tips for the Discussion討論的更多秘訣討論的更多秘訣 Avoid bragging 避免吹噓避免吹噓 Well, a little is OK稍許夸張可以接受稍許夸張可以接受vFirst ever dire

59、ct measure of ART need in a national survey首次在全國(guó)性調(diào)查中直接衡量 ART 需求 Avoid clichs避免陳詞濫調(diào)避免陳詞濫調(diào) Happy ending!結(jié)尾要圓滿！結(jié)尾要圓滿！KumbayaIntroduction引言引言Introduction引言引言Ask the question you already answered就你就你已回答的問題已回答的問題提問提問Think of Introduction as 4 sentences:考慮用四句話撰寫引言：考慮用四句話撰寫引言：vThe general situation一般情況vThe

60、specific situation特殊情況vThe gap in our knowledge of the specific situation對(duì)特殊情況認(rèn)識(shí)的不足之處1.What you did to fill the gap如何彌補(bǔ)不足Example of 4 sentence introduction四句話引言范例四句話引言范例General:一般一般情況情況：The movement of people has contributed to the spread of infectious diseases人口流動(dòng)促使傳染性疾病傳播Specific: 特殊情況：Long-distan