呼吸內(nèi)科常用英語(yǔ)(全)(共14頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上詢問(wèn)病史 12case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a

2、history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical,baiu'ræfik,-kl data傳記,marital婚姻 status, nativity出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health st

3、atus(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spousesspaus 配偶 health status, menorrhea,men'ri:月經(jīng) (menarcheme&

4、#39;n:ki:, m- 初潮 age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual'menstrul月經(jīng)周期 pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流產(chǎn) ,premature,prem'tju, ,pri:- delivery早產(chǎn), stillbirths死產(chǎn), dif

5、ficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性 diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹 and children)常用的癥狀 symptomsfeverCough 咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent'pjurjulnt膿性的, copious'kupis green sputum大量綠色痰，tenaciousti'neis, t- yellow sputum 黃粘痰，frothy whi

6、te sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 鐵銹色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertioni'z:n or at rest 呼吸困難Orthopnea:'pni 端坐呼吸Paroxysmal,pærk'sizml nocturnalnk't:nl dyspnea 夜間陣發(fā)性呼吸困難Shortness of breath （SOB）Chest tightness 胸部緊迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgiafærin'g

7、ældi ; pharyngodynia,færi'dini 咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 嗆咳Sneeze噴嚏snore 打鼾malaise mæ'leiz不舒服myalgiamai'ældi 肌痛insomnia in'smni 失眠h(yuǎn)oarseness聲嘶dysphonia dis'funi發(fā)聲困難常見(jiàn)的體征 physical signsclubbed fingers杵狀指 : increased longitudinal ,lndi'tju:dinl and transverse橫向

8、 curvature 'k:vt彎曲 ,loss of concave 'knkeiv凹面的 nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx 'fælæks, 'fei-趾骨,指骨, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis ,sai'nusis發(fā)紺:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused wh

9、en mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin di:,ksi'hemu,lubin去氧血紅蛋白 more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral p'rifrl外圍的,次要的 cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipsha

10、nd flap: due to CO2 retention潴留asterixis 撲翼樣震顫papilloedema 視乳頭水腫chemosis球結(jié)膜水腫enlarged supraclavicula鎖骨上的r klæ'vikjul and axillary æk'silri腋窩 lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia 心動(dòng)過(guò)速pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexp

11、anded, decreased expansionkyphosis kai'fusis 駝背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea ,tækip'ni: 呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration,resp'rein: sternocleidomastoid'st:nu,klaid'mæstid 胸鎖乳突肌muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal,int'kstl 肋間的 spacetactile觸覺(jué)的 v

12、ocal聲音的 fremitus震顫 觸覺(jué)語(yǔ)顫subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻發(fā)感Percussion:resonance清音dullness濁音flatness實(shí)音hyperresonance過(guò)清音tympany/timp2ni/鼓音lower borders: scapular'skæpjul肩胛的 line X left/right intercostal,int'kstl 肋間的 spacerange of mobilitymu'bilti移動(dòng)Auscultation,:skl'tein:聽(tīng)診vocal resonance 語(yǔ)

13、音共振ronchi: wheeze , stridor'straid 喘鳴 , crackles'krækl發(fā)出細(xì)碎的爆裂聲, Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse粗的, medium中等的, fine好的, crepitus捻發(fā)音pleural friction rubscomplete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss，cachexiak'keksi惡病質(zhì)，cachectick'kektik惡病質(zhì)的decreased food appetite,

14、loss of appetite, anorexia,æn'reksi食欲減退常做的檢查 examinations or laboratory findings(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 體溫圖 (take ones body temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/urine/stool routine, occult'klt/ blood test潛隱血試驗(yàn)Blood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and d

15、rug sensitivity testsputum cytologysai'tldi細(xì)胞學(xué)Pulse oximeterk'simit 脈氧計(jì)：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral'femrl股骨的 artery puncture穿刺PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hyperc

16、arbiaPaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia,haipk'si:mi血氧不足respiratory failure:type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO260 mmHg(millimeters of mercury'm:kjuri汞)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction,

17、 fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO250 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular,njuru'mskjul神經(jīng)肌肉 (sedatives'sdtiv鎮(zhèn)靜劑 myasthenia,mais'i:ni

18、肌無(wú)力), structural'strktrl結(jié)構(gòu)的 (ankylosing spondylitis,æki'luzi,spndi'laitis強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎), pleural diseases ,obesityChest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticularri'tikjul網(wǎng)狀的, linear'lini線狀的, military nodules粟粒樣結(jié)節(jié))coin lesions 硬幣樣cavities空腔：amphoric'æmfrik 空翁音的

19、(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacificationu,pæsifi'kein渾濁：consolidation (air space infiltrate):confluent'knflunt支流的,匯合的 shadowing and air bronchogramf支氣管造影collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasis肺不張pleural effusionmediastinal,mi:diæs'tainl

20、縱隔 mass: thyroid ,thymomaai'mum胸腺瘤, teratoma,ter'tum畸胎瘤, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphomalim'fum淋巴瘤 and aneurysm動(dòng)脈瘤Chest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography) 'pzitrn正電子Abdominal ult

21、rasound'ltrsaund超聲skin prick test 皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)（dust mites塵螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivativedi'rivtiv 純蛋白衍生物(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test : Spirometry spai'rmitri呼吸量測(cè)定法，肺量測(cè)定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC

22、 RV and TLC KCO< 0.7 restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumesintraparenchymal >0.75 extraparenchymal variable normalFEV1: forced expiratoryiks'pairtri/ volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacityRV: residual volumeKCO: transfer fac

23、tor ( diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration,ekspi'rein)bronchoprovocation/challenge test,prv'kein 支氣管激發(fā)試驗(yàn)：histamine'histmmin 組胺or methacholine乙酰甲膽堿-inhalation,inh'leinbronchodilatation,dail'tein支氣管舒張?jiān)囼?yàn): salbutamol沙丁胺醇sæl&

24、#39;bju:tm(:)lfiberoptic bronchoscopybr'kskpi: biopsy'bai,psi活組織檢查 bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)protected specimen brush (PStransthoracic,træns'ræsik,經(jīng)胸廓的 percutaneous needle aspiration,æsp'rein吸引術(shù)pe

25、rcutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided'rækskup 胸腔鏡 lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG)心電圖echocardiogram心動(dòng)圖V/Q isotope'aisutup 同位素 scan ( ventilation/perfusi

26、on scanning)spiral螺旋 CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography,ændi'rfi血管造影術(shù))pulmonary angiographyDoppler'dpl 多普勒 USS thighai大腿 and pelvis'pelvis 骨盆 (USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常見(jiàn)的病名 diseasesacute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普

27、通感冒influenza 流感,influ'enzpharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgiafærin'gældi 咽痛acute broncho-bronchitis 急性氣管-支氣管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社區(qū)獲得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 醫(yī)院獲得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 醫(yī)院內(nèi)肺炎bronchiectasis 支氣管擴(kuò)張chornic bronchitis 慢性支氣管炎pulmonary

28、emphysema 肺氣腫chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性發(fā)作bronchial asthma 支氣管哮喘allergic rhinitisrai'naitis過(guò)敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺膿腫pulmonary tuberculosis 肺結(jié)核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原發(fā)性支氣管肺癌squamous'skweims cell carcinom

29、a 鱗癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌'ædnu,k:si'numbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支氣管肺泡細(xì)胞癌small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小細(xì)胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤m'tæstsispulmonary embolism （PE） 肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞癥,rmbu'emblizmpulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT

30、 深靜脈血栓形成empyema 膿胸,empai'i:mpneumothorax氣胸pyopneumothorax 膿氣胸'paiu,nju:mu':rækschronic suppurative disease 慢性化膿性疾病'spjurtiv, -reitivcongenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫紺性心臟病,sai'ntikcor pulmonale 肺源性心臟病'k:,pum'nælipulmonary hypertension 肺動(dòng)脈高壓pulmonary encephalopathy

31、 肺性腦病en,sef'lpiright heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 彌漫性間質(zhì)性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特發(fā)性肺纖維化,idi'pæikcryptogenic,kriptu'denik 隱源性的 fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隱源性纖維化性肺泡炎connective tissue related l

32、ung diseases 結(jié)締組織相關(guān)性肺疾病systemic lupus'lju:ps狼瘡 erythematosus, SLE 系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡rheumatoid arthritis, RA 類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系統(tǒng)性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjorens syndrome 感知綜合征polymyositis 多發(fā)性肌炎dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 結(jié)節(jié)病,s:ki'dusisPulmonary alveolar proteinosis,prutii'nusis, PAP 肺泡蛋白沉

33、積癥Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 'hi:mu,sid'rusis, ,hem-特發(fā)性肺含鐵血黃素沉著病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格漢斯細(xì)胞肉芽腫病'rænju,lum'tusisEosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽腫,i:sin'filikHistiocytosis X 組織細(xì)胞增多癥XWegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽腫extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性過(guò)敏性肺泡炎pneumocon

34、iosis 塵肺'nju:m,kuni'usisdrug-induced lung disease 藥物性肺病aspergillosisæ,sp:di'lusis 曲菌?。篴llergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支氣管胸膜瘺'fistjuloral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鵝口瘡,kændi'daisisosteoporotic bone change 骨質(zhì)疏松樣改變glaucoma

35、 青光眼cataract白內(nèi)障acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺損傷acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫綜合征urticaria 蕁麻疹eczema 濕疹hypertension 高血壓diabetes 糖尿病常用的藥物 drugs or agentsbe administered, treat sb. withempirical 經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的, prophylactic,prfi'læktik, ,pru-預(yù)防性, remedialri'mi:dil治療性Expectorant 祛痰藥eks

36、'pektrntMucolytics 粘液溶解劑,mju:ku'litikbronchodilator支氣管擴(kuò)張劑,brkudai'leitB2-agonists'ænist興奮劑: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇sæl'bju:tm(:)llong-acting: salmeterol 沙美特羅muscarinic,msk'rinik 毒蕈堿樣的 antagonistsæn'tænist對(duì)抗劑: ipratropium bromide'brumaid 異丙托溴胺a

37、minophylline 氨茶堿,mi:nu'fili:nsteroids'stirid類固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德， beclomethasone,beklu'mesun倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone'pred'nislun 強(qiáng)的松po(per os)., hydrocortisone,haidru'k:tizun 氫化可的松iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸鈉leukotriene,lju:ku'

38、;train白三烯 receptor antagonists: montelukast孟魯司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamideni'kemaid, -mid尼可剎米cardiac tonic 強(qiáng)心劑diuretics 利尿劑,daiju'retikalbumin 白蛋白'ælbjuminantitussive agents 鎮(zhèn)咳藥,ænti'tsivammonium chloride 氯化銨'munjm銨'kl:raid氯化物ambroxol 氨溴索 （mucosolvan

39、沐舒坦）Pantoloc潘妥洛克常用的治療措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae'kænjuli:鼻導(dǎo)管， Venturiven'tjuri文里氏 face-mask nebulizer'nebjulaiz噴霧器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)定量霧化吸入器continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitti

40、ng mask (non-invasive)intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation,intju:'bein插管 ，tracheostomy ,træki'stmi, ,trei-氣管造口術(shù)，tracheotomy,træki'tmi, ,trei-氣管切開(kāi)術(shù))sync

41、hronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步間歇指令通氣pressure support ventilation, PSV 壓力支持通氣thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺術(shù),:rksen'tesischest drain/drainage 引流術(shù)chemotherapy 化療radiation therapy 放療pneumonectomy 肺切除術(shù),nju:mu'nektmilobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺葉切除術(shù)lu'bektmi葉切除術(shù)thoracotom

42、y 開(kāi)胸術(shù)，胸廓切開(kāi)術(shù),:r'ktmipleurodesis胸膜剝脫術(shù)pleurectomy 胸膜切除術(shù)pleural adhesion 胸膜粘連術(shù)thromboendarterectomy血栓動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)inferior vena cava filter 下腔靜脈過(guò)濾器常見(jiàn)的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputumbronchiectas

43、is:cystic'sistik囊性的/varicose'værikus曲張樣/cyclindrical柱狀-tram-tracks軌道樣hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural'pstrl drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonalemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibioticssurgic

44、al: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine 'sju:pain 仰臥patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary pa

45、rtial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的 bleb bleb大皰 rupture 'rpt破裂lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy br'kskpi支氣管鏡檢查 ,esp. biopsytypes: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex 'eipeks尖端 shift contralaterally對(duì)立的旁邊CXR: translucency trænz'lju:snsi

46、 半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim邊緣 between lung and chest wall2 cm(centimeter) =50% lung volume lossaspiration ,æsp'rein吸引術(shù)，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定術(shù), pleurectomyplu'rektmi胸膜切除術(shù), bulla'bul 大皰 stapling裝訂 or lasering激光pleural effusionchest pain and pro

47、gressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate,trænsju'deit漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics,daiju'retik利尿劑 can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L(gram/litre'li:t) or pleura: serum'sirm血清 protein <1/2 or pleura: serum L

48、DH<2/3;often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia,haipuæl,bju:m'ni:mi低蛋白血癥, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . ,haipu'airidizm甲狀腺功能低下Exudate'eksjudeit滲出液：capillary permeability,p:mi'biliti 滲透 increases or lymph drainage decreasesoften s

49、een in infection ,neoplasia,ni:u'pleizi, -i瘤形成, surgery or trauma.CXR: meniscusmi'nisks彎液面-shaped,rises towards axillaæk'sil腋溫Appearance: clear ,straw淡黃色的-coloured: suggests transduateturbid't:bid渾濁的, green: indicates exudates(pusps膿cells) or empyema,empai'i:m積膿癥 (bacterial

50、infection)bloody( haemothorax,hi:mu':ræks血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis'pænkri'taitis胰腺炎, traumawhite( chylothorax,kailu':ræks乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic:'ræsik, duct胸導(dǎo)管, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeate

51、d drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic,intr'ræsik胸廓內(nèi)的 streptokinase,streptu'kaineis 鏈球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyselais溶解 fibrinous'faibrins 纖維蛋白的 adhesionsd'hi:n粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline,tetr'saiklain四環(huán)素. bleomycin,bli:u'maisin博萊霉素lung cancerhoarseness: due to l

52、eft recurrent屢發(fā)的 laryngeal,lærin'di:l 喉的 nerve palsy'p:lzi麻痹dysphagiadis'feidi,-di吞咽困難pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate 'stelit, -leit 星形的ganglion'ælin神經(jīng)節(jié) resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy,stiu:'rupi骨關(guān)節(jié)病superior vena cava obstr

53、uction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival edema, ,kndk'taiv結(jié)膜plethora'pler, vein dilation, pericardial tamponade,tæmp'neid心包 填塞( JVP,ABP,quiet HSparaneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushings; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especial

54、ly squamous cell carcinoma),skin（dermatomyositis）immunocompromised e.g. shingles 帶狀皰疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp

55、secretion)adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD ce

56、lls with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputumNSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemother

57、apySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention