會計英語至課

1、會計英語110課Text 1 Accounting and Its EnvironmentDevelop an accounting vocabulary for decision making. Accounting is a system for measuring, processing, and communicating financial information. As the “l(fā)anguage of business, accounting helps a wide range of decision makers. Accounting dates backs to anci

2、ent civilizations, but its importance to society has been greatest since the Industrial revolution.Apply accounting concepts and principles to analyze business transactions. The three basic forms of business organization are the proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation. Whatever the form

3、, accountants use the entity concept to keep the businesss records separate from the personal records of the people who run it. Accountants at all levels must be ethical to serve their intended purpose. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) guide accountants in their work. Among these guid

4、elines are the entity concept, the reliability principle, the cost principle, the going-concern concept, and the stablemonetary-unit concept.Use the accounting equation to describe an organizations financial position. In its most common form, the accounting equation is Assets=Liabilities + Owners Eq

5、uity.Use the accounting equation to analyze business transactions. Transactions affects a businesss assets, liabilities, and owners equity. Therefore, transactions are analyzed in terms of their effect on the accounting equation.Prepare the financial statements. The financial statements communicate

6、information for decision making by the entitys managers, owners, and creditors and by government agencies. The income statement presents a video of the entitys operations in terms of revenues earned and expenses incurred during a specific period. Total revenues minus total expenses equal net income.

7、 Net income or net loss answers the question, How much income did the entity earn, or How much loss did it incur during the period? The statement of owners equity reports the changes in owners equity during the period. The balance sheet provides a photograph of the entitys financial standing in term

8、s of its assets, liabilities, and owners equity at a specific time. It answers the question, What is the entitys financial position? The statement of cash flows reports the cash coming in and the cash going out during the period. It answers, Where did cash come from , and, Where did it go?Evaluate t

9、he performance of a business. High net income indicates success in business; net loss indicates a bad year.New words 可修改 歡送下載 精品 Wordaccounting 會計學，結算 measure 估量，衡量，計算process 初步分類，整理 apply to 把···應用于transaction 交易 principle 原理proprietorship 獨資企業(yè)，所有權 partnership 合伙關系，合伙企業(yè)corporation 公司

10、，企業(yè) entity 實體，統(tǒng)一的，權益ethical 符合道德的 intended 預期的GAAP 普通會計原理 guideline 方針，指南entity concept 主體概念 reliability principal 可信性原那么cost principal 本錢原那么 going-concern concept 持續(xù)經營概念stable-money-unit concept 穩(wěn)定貨幣單位的概念 equation 等式 owners equity 投資者權益financial statement 財政報表 agency 機構income statement 損益報表 video 說

11、明revenues 總收入 incurrent 遭受minus 減去 balance sheet 資產負債表，決算表indicate 說明，暗示 expenses 開支，消費Text 2 Recording Business TransactionDefine key accounting terms: account, ledger, debit, and credit. The account can be viewed in the form of the letter “T. The left side of each T-account is its debit side. The

12、right side is its credit side. The ledger, which contains a record for each account, groups and numbers accounts by category in the following order: assets, liabilities, and owners equity (and its subparts, revenues and expenses).Apply the rules of debit and credit. Assets and expenses are increased

13、 revenues are increased by credits. Liabilities, owners equity, and revenues are increased by credits and decreased by debits. The sidedebit or creditof the account in which increases are recorded is that accounts normal balance. Thus the normal balance of assets and expenses is a debit, and the nor

14、mal balance of liabilities, owners equity, and revenues is a credit. The Withdrawals account, which decreases owners equity, normal has a debit balance. Revenues, which are increases in owners equity, have a normal credit balance. Expenses, which are decreases in owners equity, have a normal debit b

15、alance.Record transactions in the journal. The accountant begins the recording process by entering the transactions information in the journal, a chronological list of all the businesss transactions.Post from the journal to the ledger. The information is then posted-transferred-to the ledger account

16、s. Posting references are used to trace amounts back and forth between the journal and the ledger. Businesses list their account titles and numbers in a chart of accounts.Prepare a trial balance is a summary of all the account balance in the ledger. When double-entry accounting has been done correct

17、ly, the total credits in the trial balance are equal.Set up a chart of accounts for a business. The first step in accounting is to set up the chart of accounts.Analyze transactions without a journal. Decision makers must often make decisions without a complete accounting system. They can analyze the

18、 transactions without a journal.We can now trace the flow of accounting information through these steps:Business Transactionà Source Documents à Journal Entry à Posting to Ledger à Trial Balance.New wordsledger 分類帳 debit 記入借方的款項，借方assets 資產 liabilities 債務subpart 分類 chronological

19、按時間順序的transfer 轉移 chart 圖表accountant 會計Text 3 Measuring Business Income: the Adjusting ProcessDistinguish accrual basis accounting from cash-basis accounting. In accrual-basis accounting, business events are recorded as they affect the entity. In cash-basis accounting, only those events that affect

20、cash are recorded. The cash basis omits important events such as purchases and sales of assets on account. It also distorts the financial statements by labeling as expenses those cash payments that have long-term effects, such as the purchases of buildings and equipment. Some small organizations, us

21、e cash-basis accounting, but the generally accepted method is the accrual basis.Apply the revenue and matching principles. Businesses divide time into definite periods-such as a month, a quarter, and a year-to report the entity's financial statements. The year is the basic accounting period, but

22、 companies prepare financial statements as often as they need the in- formation. Accountants have developed the revenue principle to determine when to record revenue and the amount of revenue to record. The matching principle guides the accounting for expenses.Make adjusting entries at the end of th

23、e accounting period. Adjusting entries are a result of the accrual basis of accounting. These entries, made at the end of the period, update the accounts for preparation of the financial statements. One of the most important pieces of business information is net income or net loss, and the adjusting

24、 entries help to measure the net income of the period. Adjusting entries can be divided into five categories: prepaid expenses, depreciation, accrued expenses, accrued revenues, and unearned revenues.Prepare an adjusted trial balance. To prepare the adjusted trial balance, enter the adjusting entrie

25、s .next to the unadjusted trial balance and compute each account's balance.Prepare the financial statements from the adjusted trial balance .The adjusted trial balance can be used to prepare the financial statements. The there financial statements are related as follows: Income, shown on the inc

26、ome statement, increases the owner's capital, which also appears on the statement of owner' s equity. The ending balance of capital is the last amount reported on the balance sheet.New Wordsaccrual n. 自然增長,自然增長額 accrual-basis accounting 權責發(fā)生制 cash-basis accounting 現(xiàn)金收付制 omit vt. 省略，刪 distort

27、 vt. 曲解 label vt. 把列為 definite adj. 明確的,確切的 accounting period 結算期 revenue principle 收益原那么 matching principle 配比原那么 adjusting entries 調整分錄 update vt . 使現(xiàn)代化 net income 純收入 prepaid expenses 待攤費用 depreciation n.貶值 accrued expense 應計費用 accrued revenues 應計收入 unaccrued revenues 未實現(xiàn)收入 adjusted trial balance

28、 經調整過的試算表 unadjusted trial balance 未經調整過的試算表 Text 4 Completing the Accounting Cycle Prepare an accounting worksheet, The accounting cycle is the process by which the accountants produce the financial statements for a special period of time. The cycle starts with the beginning account balances. Durin

29、g the period，the business journalizes transactions & posts them to the ledger accounts. At the end of the period, the trail balance is prepared, and the accounts are adjusted in order to measure the periods net income or net loss. Completion of the accounting cycle is aided by use of a work shee

30、t. This multicolumned document summarizes the effects of all the activity of the period. Use the work sheet to complete the accounting cycle. The work sheet is neither a journal nor a ledger but merely a convenient device for completing the accounting cycle. It has columns for the trail balance, the

31、 adjustments, the adjusted trail balance, the income statement, and the balance sheet. It aids the adjusting process, and it is the place where the periods net income or net loss is first computed. The work sheet also provides a data for the financial statements & the closing entries. It is not,

32、 however, necessity. The accounting cycle can be completed from the less elaborate adjusted trail balance. Close the revenue, expense, and the withdrawal accounts. Revenue, expenses, and withdrawal represent, increases and decreases in owners equity for a specific period. At the end of the period, t

33、heir balances are closed out to zero, and, for this reason, they are called temporary accounts. Assets, liabilities, and capital are not closed because they are the permanent account. Their balances at the end of one period become the beginning balances of the next period. The final accuracy check o

34、f the period is the postclosing trail balance. Correct typical accounting errors. Accountants correct errors by making correct journal entries. Classify assets and liabilities as current or long-term. The balance sheet reports current and long-term assets and current and long-term liabilities. It ca

35、n be presented in report format or account format. Use the current & debt ratios to evaluate a business. Two decision-making aids are the current ratiototal current assets divided by total current liabilitiesand the debt ratiototal liabilities divided by total assets.New Wordsaccounting cycle 會計

36、循環(huán) account balance 帳戶余額journalize 記日記帳 ledger 分類帳，分戶帳ledger account 分戶帳目 completion 完成，結束multicolumned 欄目縱橫的 worksheet 備忘單，工作底稿compute 計算，估算 closing entries 工程終結elaborate 詳盡闡述的 withdrawal 提款temporary account 臨時帳戶 permanent account 永久帳戶postclosing trail balance 結帳后試算 current 流動的，通用的report format 報告試

37、account format 帳戶試ratio 比率 current ratio 流動比率debt ratio債務比率 divide 整除 Text 5 Merchandising and the Accounting Use sales, gross margin, and operating income to evaluate a company. The major revenue of a merchandising business is. sales revenue, or net sales. The major expense is cost of goods sold. N

38、et sales minus cost of goods sold is called gross margin, or gross profit. This amount measures the business' s success or failure in selling its products at a higher price than it paid for them. The invoice is the business document generated by a purchase or sale transaction. Most merchandising

39、 entities offer discounts to their customers and allow them to return unsuitable merchandise. They also grant allowances for damaged goods that the buyer chooses to keep. Discounts and Returns and Allowances are contra accounts to Sales Revenue. Account for the purchase and sale of inventory. The me

40、rchandiser's major asset is inventory. In a merchandising entity the accounting cycle is from cash to inventory as the inventory is purchased for resale, and back to cash as the inventory is sold. Compute cost of goods sold and gross margin. Cost of goods sold, or cost of sales, is the cost of t

41、he inventory that the business has sold. It is the largest single expense of most merchandising businesses. Gross margin equals net sales revenue minus cost of goods sold. Adjust and close the accounts of a merchandising business. The end-of-period adjusting and closing process of a merchandising bu

42、siness is similar to that of a service business. In addition, a merchandiser adjusts inventory for theft losses, damage, and accounting errors. Prepare a merchandiser's financial statements. The income statement may appear in the single-step format or the multiple-step format. A single-step inco

43、me statement has only two sections-one for revenues and the other for expenses-and a single income amount for net income. A multiple-step income statement has subtotals for gross margin and income from operations. Both formats are widely used. Use the gross margin percentage and the inventory turnov

44、er ratio to evaluate a business. Two key decision aids for a merchandiser are the gross margin percentage and the rate of inventory turnover .Increases in these measures in these measure usually signal an increase in profits. New Words merchandising business 商品流通企業(yè) sales revenue = net sales 銷售凈收入 co

45、st of goods sold= cost of sales 銷售產品本錢，銷售本錢 minus 減去 gross margin = gross profit 毛利潤 invoice 發(fā)票 discount 折扣 allowance 折讓 return 退貨 inventory存貨 end-of-period 期終 theft loss 失竊造成的損失 single-step format單步驟化格式 multistep format多步驟化格式 subtotal 小計，局部和 percentage比例，比率 turnover周轉 gross margin percentage 毛利潤比例

46、rate of inventory turnover 存貨周轉率 Text 6 Accounting Information SystemsDescribe the features of an effective accounting information system. An effective accounting information system should capture and summarize transactions quickly, accurately, and usefully. It should generate a variety of accountin

47、g reports, including financial statements and trial balances, that aid management in operating a business. The four major aspects of a good accounting system are (1) control over operations, (2)compatibility with the particular features of the business, (3) flexibility in response to changes in the

48、business, and (4) a favorable cost/benefit relationship such that benefits outweigh costs.Understand how computerized and manual accounting systems are used. Computerized accounting systems process inputs faster than do manual systems and can generate more types of reports. The key components of a c

49、omputerized accounting system are hardware, software, and company personnel. Account numbers play a bigger role in the operation of computerized systems than they do in manual systems, because computers classify accounts by account numbers. Both computerized and manual accounting systems require tra

50、nsactions to be classified by type. Computerized systems use a menu structure to organize accounting functions. Posting, trial balances, financial statements, and closing procedures are carried out automatically in a computerized accounting system. Computerized accounting systems are integrated so t

51、hat the different modules of the system are updated together.Understand how spreadsheets are used in accounting. Spreadsheets are electronic work sheets whose grid points, or cells, are linked by means of formulas. The numerical relationships in the spreadsheet are maintained whenever changes are ma

52、de to the spreadsheet. Spreadsheets are ideally suited to detailed computations as in budgeting.Use the sales journal, the cash receipts journal, and the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger. Manual accounting systems use special journals to record transactions by category. Credit sales are recorde

53、d in a sales journal, and cash receipts in a cash receipts journal. Posting goes to the general ledger and to the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger, which lists each customer and the amount receivable from that customer. The accounts receivable subsidiary ledger is the main device for ensuring t

54、hat the company collects from customers.Use the purchases journal, the cash disbursements journal, and the accounts payable subsidiary ledger. Credit purchases in a manual system are recorded in a purchases journal and cash payments in a cash disbursements journal. Posting from these journals is to

55、the general ledger and to the accounts payable subsidiary ledger. The accounts payable subsidiary ledger helps the company stay current in payments to suppliers. New Wordsaccounting information system 會計信息體系 accurately 準確，精確 generate導致，產生 aspect方面 compatibility 一致性，和諧性flexibility 機動性，靈活性outweigh 超過m

56、anual 用手操作的component 組成局部，成分hardware 硬件software 軟件personnel全體成員，全體職員menu 菜單，目錄automatically 自動地integrate使一體化module 組件，模塊spreadsheet 電子工作表grid point 格點formula 程式numerical數(shù)字的budgeting 預算journal日記賬cash receipt 現(xiàn)金收訖發(fā)票category 種類，類目credit 貸款，賒欠general ledger 總分類賬 subsidiary ledger 明細分類賬，輔助帳賬disbursement付出款 cash disbursement 現(xiàn)金付出款 purchase購置，購置 purchase journal 購置議事錄supplier 供給者Text 7 Internal Control, Cash Transaction, and Ethical Issues1 Define internal control. Internal controls should safeguard assets, ensure accurate accounting records, promote operational effi