研究生英語閱讀教程(提高級(jí)-第三版)-教學(xué)課件Lesson 7

1、1 Advanced Reading Revised Edition 2策 劃：鞠方安 商希建顧 問：李光立主 編：劉蘭芝 董敬一副主編：Gerald Zimmerman 楊真真 任林靜制作人：段艷麗3 Lesson Seven A Christmas Sermon On Peace4Background InformationWarm-up QuestionsMain IdeaLanguage PointsDifficult SentencesKeys to the Exercises5 Martin Luther King, Jr. ,U.S. civil rights leader. B

2、orn in Atlanta, Georgia, Dr. King was the son of a Baptist minister. He became an adherent of nonviolence philosophies while in college. In 1963, King helped organize the March on Washington, an assembly of more than 200,000 protestors at which he made his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.67Johnson. S

3、ome of Kings white supporters agreed with his criticisms of United States involvement in Vietnam so strongly that they shifted their activism from civil rights to the antiwar movement .In 1968 King went to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by sanitation workers; there on April 4, he was assassi

4、nated by J. E. Ray. 8 of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and King was awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. In 1968 he went to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by sanitation workers; there on April 4, he was assassinated. 91011Alexander the Great: Also Alexander III (365323BC), greatest military lead

5、er of antiquity. His empire, the greatest that had existed to that time, extended from Thrace to Egypt and from Greece to the Indus Valley. 12Caesar, Julius (100?44BC) Celebrated Roman general, statesman, and dictator. He was in the midst of launching a series of political and social reforms when he

6、 was assassinated in the Senate House.131415Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered this speech on Christmas Eve in 1967, at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. He had been leading the civil rights struggle for several years. This was only months before his assassination in April of 1968. In powe

7、rful direct language for which he was known King put forward profound ideas and directed them to all humanity.16Great themes you will find in this speech include: 1) It is time for all of mankind to reexamine the meaning of nonviolence. 2) Through international trade and co- mmerce the lives of all

8、people are interwoven; at va-rying levels we are dependent of others and they on us. 3) When addressing international issues the “ends,” the effects our actions have on other peoples lives can not17be separated from the “means,” the actions taken to achieve their goals. 4) We must achieve peaceful o

9、utcomes by using peaceful means. 5) All human life is sacred and valuable, even the lives of our enemies. When Martin Luther King Jr. spoke of peace through nonviolence, he had lived it. He had been arrested, thrown into prison and beaten be violent men. He has credibility because in his life he had

10、 “Walked his Talk.”1819“ bewildered human race ” bewildered, confused. He is saying that all mankind, all people of the world are in a condition of confusion. 202. paralyze vt ( line 2, para. 1 ) 1) to shock 她驚得她驚得目瞪口呆。 Shock paralyzed her mind. 2) to make sth unable to operate normally 對(duì)失業(yè)的擔(dān)憂在使經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)失

11、業(yè)的擔(dān)憂在使經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入癱瘓狀態(tài)。 Fear of unemployment is paralysing the economy. 壓力壓力壓壓不不垮你，恐懼會(huì)。你，恐懼會(huì)。 Pressure doesnt paralyze you, fear does.21“ paralyzing fears ” Fears that prevent us from making any decisions, or taking any meaningful action. Not literally physically paralyzed.22Synonyms: cripple, deaden,desens

12、itize, freeze, lame, immobilize, incapacitate, numb, perify,stun, anaesthetize233. harrow (line 2, para. 1) 1) vt to torment 我沒有用我沒有用這這些事去些事去折磨我們的女主人。我們的女主人。 I did not harrow our hostess with all that. 他飽嘗了悲痛，他飽嘗了悲痛，受盡受盡了恐懼了恐懼的的折磨。 He was harrowed with grief and fear. 傷某人的感情某人的感情：to harrow sbs feeli

13、ngs 242) n under the harrow 受折磨；在苦惱中受折磨；在苦惱中 她備受她備受折磨。 She was kept under the harrow. 3) n a farming machine with sharp metal teeth used to break up the earth and make it smooth. 4) vt to break up (clods of earth) with a harrow 耙耙地地 to harrow the ground 25harrowed adj feeling or showing anxiety and

14、suffering 你看上去很是你看上去很是憂傷。 You are looking rather harrowed. harrowing adj causing great suffering and anxiety in the mind 目睹他人遇難是目睹他人遇難是令人痛苦的經(jīng)歷經(jīng)歷。 To see someone killed is very harrowing / is a very harrowing experience.26 4. haunt vt ( line 2, para. 1 ) 1) to make someone worry or make them sad 拋下孩子

15、們的決定現(xiàn)在總拋下孩子們的決定現(xiàn)在總讓她她不安。 The decision to leave her children now haunts her. 他永遠(yuǎn)他永遠(yuǎn)無法擺脫那一幕。那一幕。 He would always be haunted by that scene . 272) n a place that someone likes to go to often 大學(xué)圖書館是人們喜歡的大學(xué)圖書館是人們喜歡的地方。 The college library is a favorite haunt. 這個(gè)地區(qū)是罪犯這個(gè)地區(qū)是罪犯經(jīng)常出沒的地方。方。 The area was a haunt

16、of criminals.28Synonyms: hang around, keep returning, loiter about, visit frequently295.“ world is sick with war ”( line 3, para. 1) To many, war can be viewed as a “sickness”, a disease of the human race, an abnormal unhealthy condition. King is saying that as humans, the world, we are suffering fr

17、om the illness of war and troubled times. 306. ominous adj ( line 3, para. 1) threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments 看上去看上去那些烏云對(duì)我們的野餐那些烏云對(duì)我們的野餐不利。 Those black clouds look ominous for our picnic. 那晚有著那晚有著不祥的寂靜。寂靜。 That evening has an ominous silence. omen n 前兆，預(yù)兆，兆頭前兆，預(yù)兆，兆頭317. misu

18、se n u c ( line 6, para. 1 ) the use of sth in the wrong way or for the wrong purpose; abuse 你如此你如此濫用自己的才能，使我深感不安。自己的才能，使我深感不安。 It disturbs me profoundly that you so misuse your talents. 32在在濫用醫(yī)院資金問題上，他采取公開的反對(duì)態(tài)度。醫(yī)院資金問題上，他采取公開的反對(duì)態(tài)度。 He has taken a public stand on the issue of misuse of hospital funds

19、.338. instruments n ( line 6, para. 1 ) It is referring to “tools and devises that are used for some purpose.” Some of the “instruments” he is referring to are tangible (weapons of war: guns, bombs, chemicals, etc.), and some intangible (treaties, policies for action, economic power, etc.) King is s

20、aying that governments of the world are incorrectly34 using (misusing) these instruments, and if people of the world do not change their thinking and actions, that we will destroy ourselves. - Considering where he is speaking in the suggestion is that this is particularly true of America. 3536be bor

21、n to do/be sh to be very suitable for a particular job, activity etc 他是他是天生的政治家。政治家。 He was born to be a politician.I wasnt born yesterday spoken used to tell someone you think is lying to you that you are not stupid enough to believe them378. obsolete adj ( line 7, para. 1 ) no longer used; complet

22、ely out of date 過時(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)/ /機(jī)器機(jī)器/ /思想思想/ /詞語詞語 obsolete design/machinery/ideas/words 這架打字機(jī)這架打字機(jī)老掉牙了。了。 The typewriter is obsolete. 電子銀行服務(wù)也學(xué)會(huì)電子銀行服務(wù)也學(xué)會(huì)淘汰柜臺(tái)交易。柜臺(tái)交易。 Electronic banking may make over-the-counter transactions obsolete.389. negative adj (line 8, para. 1) 1) harmful, unpleasant, or not wanted

23、; positive 教練教練因因戰(zhàn)術(shù)戰(zhàn)術(shù)消極而受到了批評(píng)。而受到了批評(píng)。 The coach was criticized for his negative tactics. 酗酒開始對(duì)我的工作產(chǎn)生酗酒開始對(duì)我的工作產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。影響。 My drinking was starting to have a negative effect on my work.392） considering only the bad qualities of a situation, person etc and not the good ones；not positive 他堅(jiān)持說使用武力是必要的，但會(huì)產(chǎn)

24、生他堅(jiān)持說使用武力是必要的，但會(huì)產(chǎn)生消極影響。影響。 He insists on the use of force is necessary,but has a negative impact. 他的人生觀是他的人生觀是消極的。 He has a negative outlook on life.40“ negative good ” War is bad (negative): people die, much is destroyed, it consumes economic resources that could be used for positive purposes. On t

25、he other hand, it can be viewed as a “necessary evil” bad, but leading to a positive, good outcome, particularly if it stops evil people. Here we often cite Germanys Hitler in World 41War II, Sadam Hussain in Iraq, Osama bin Laden, etc. - We humans seem good at identifying “evils” against which we u

26、se questionable means in order to bring about some “good”. MLK is posting (suggesting) that the instrument-weapons have become so powerful and so numerous (atomic and hydrogen bombs, chemical and 42germ warfare, and ability to use them quickly over broad areas of the globe) that we are in danger of

27、destroying ourselves along with the perceived evils we are trying to eliminate.43Synonyms: antagnistic, contradictory, destructive, dissenting, grudging, nullifying, obstructive, opposing, pessimistic, uncooperative, rejecting444511. philosophy n u (last line of para. 1) 1) the study of the nature a

28、nd meaning of existence, truth, good and evil 古希臘是智慧和古希臘是智慧和哲學(xué)的發(fā)源地。的發(fā)源地。 Ancient Greece was a fountain of wisdom and philosophy. 哲學(xué)課使學(xué)生們打開了新的視野課使學(xué)生們打開了新的視野。 The course in philosophy opened up new horizons for the students. 462) n c the attitude or set of ideas that guides the behaviour of a person o

29、r organization 我無法用一句話來概括他的全部我無法用一句話來概括他的全部人生觀。 I cant sum up his whole philosophy in one sentence. 最好的最好的生活方式是改變飲食習(xí)慣，食用低糖、高是改變飲食習(xí)慣，食用低糖、高 纖維食品纖維食品。 The best philosophy is to change your food habits to a low-sugar, high-fibre diet. 47Synonyms: convictions, ideology, metaphysics, set of beliefs, valu

30、es, wisdom4812. strategy n (last line of para. 1) a general plan or set of plans intended to achieve sth, especially over a long period 戰(zhàn)術(shù)有別于戰(zhàn)術(shù)有別于戰(zhàn)略。 Tactics differs from strategy. 她精心她精心策劃后，談妥了大幅增加工資的事。后，談妥了大幅增加工資的事。 By careful strategy she negotiated a substantial payrise.49Synonyms: approach, man

31、oeuvre, method, plan, plot, scheme, tactics, procedure, program5013.experiment with v prep ( line 1, para. 2) to try out; to try using various ideas, methods etc to find out how good or effective they are 我們?cè)趯?duì)高樓的生活我們?cè)趯?duì)高樓的生活進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。 We are experimenting with living in a high buiding. 他們他們?cè)囉昧硕喾N材料，最后才選中了一

32、種合適的了多種材料，最后才選中了一種合適的。 They experimented with many materials before they found a suitable one.512) n a scientific test done to find out how sth reacts under certain conditions, or to find out if a particular idea is true 很多人反對(duì)用動(dòng)物做科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。 Many people are against performing scientific experi- ments on/

33、upon animals.5214. justice n (line 1, para. 2) 1) fairness in the way people are treated 正義得到伸張，罪犯受到懲罰。得到伸張，罪犯受到懲罰。 Justice has prevailed; the guilty man has been punished. 我們?cè)O(shè)法做到寬我們?cè)O(shè)法做到寬嚴(yán)嚴(yán)并濟(jì)，恩并濟(jì)，恩威威兼施。兼施。 We try to strike a balance between justice and mercy.532) do justice to somebody/sth or do som

34、ebody/sth justice: to treat or represent someone or sth good, beautiful etc in a way that is as good as they deserve 這張照片不這張照片不像她。 The photo doesnt do her justice. 說句公道話，他最后還是表示歉意了。，他最后還是表示歉意了。 To do him justice, he did apologize in the end. 54 這部影片這部影片太好看了，我們一定得再看一次。了，我們一定得再看一次。 We will see the fil

35、m again to do it justice. 3) do onesel justice: to do sth such as a test well enough to show your real ability 這次測(cè)驗(yàn)他沒有這次測(cè)驗(yàn)他沒有考出自己的水平。 He did not do himslef justice on the test.55她終于得到了一個(gè)可以她終于得到了一個(gè)可以充分施展自己演技的角色。的角色。 She finally got a role in which she could do herself justice as an actress. 56Synonym

36、s: equity, fairness, honesty, impartiality, integrity, legality, right5715. scale n u ( line 3, para.2 ) the size or level of sth, or the amount that sth is happening 大公司從大公司從規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)中受益。經(jīng)濟(jì)中受益。 Large firms benefit from economies of scale. =ways of saving money because they are big 法治一旦崩潰可能導(dǎo)致大肆殺戮。 The br

37、eakdown of law and order could result in killing on a massive scale. 58污染會(huì)引起污染會(huì)引起全球天氣模式的變化。天氣模式的變化。 Pollution could cause changes to weather on a global scale. on a large/small/grand etc scale on a global/international/world scale59 16. ecumenical adj ( line 2, para.3) In its most literal use it ref

38、ers to the bringing together of different Christians religions for purposes of discussion, understanding and resolving of differences. In its broader application it means to bring together groups of widely differing opinions so that they can seek to understand each other. 60 MLK is saying that if th

39、ere is to be true “peace on earth” - (A phrase commonly used by Christians in the Christmas season.) - that we should come together, be ecumenical. 6117. perspective n ( line 3, para.3 ) a way of thinking about sth, especially one which is influenced by the type of person or by experiences; viewpoin

40、 我們亟待從歷史的角度審視一切問題。 We have to look at everything from a much-needed historical perspective. 對(duì)青少年成長(zhǎng)發(fā)育特點(diǎn)的有兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)。 There are two different perspectives on the nature of adolescent development.62 from a feminist/Christian/global etc perspective wider/broader perspective to get/keep sth in perspective :

41、 to judge the importance of sth correctly 我們必須正確判斷事情的重要性。 We must keep things in perspective.63 “ develop a world perspective ” - MLK believes that only when humans see themselves as part of something larger than their clan, tribe, ethnic group, country, or religion, only then will we be able to sol

42、ve the worlds problems for everyone. 64Synonyms: angle, outlook, point of view, view, viewpoint, slant6518. perish vi fml ( the last line of para.3) to die, especially in a terrible or sudden way 船沉后數(shù)百人喪生。 Hundreds perished when the ship went down. perish the thought! spoken used to say that you hop

43、e what someone has suggested will never happen 我們沒有電腦，死了心吧。 We dont have a computer . Perish the though!6619. beheld vt (line 8, para.4) to see or to look at sth, sometimes used humorously be a sight/joy/pleasure etc to behold 花園的美麗賞心悅目悅目。 The beauty of the garden was a pleasure to behold. 他跳到一塊可以觀望

44、大海的巖石上。 He leapt on a rock, from whence he could behold the sea. 6720. surplus adj ( line 11, para.4 ) 1) more than what is needed or used 一些國家的制造商向國外傾銷一些國家的制造商向國外傾銷過剩產(chǎn)品。產(chǎn)品。 The manufacturers in some countries dumped their surplus commodities abroad. 這些因這些因超出需求而閑置著的房子正在出售。而閑置著的房子正在出售。 The houses are

45、 being sold because they are surplus to requirements. 682) n u c an amount of sth that is more than what is needed or used ; excess 德國遭遇了教師德國遭遇了教師過剩的問題。的問題。 Germany suffers from a surplus of teachers. 3) If a country has a trade surplus, it exports more than it imports. 日本每年的貿(mào)易日本每年的貿(mào)易順差額額在在 1,000 1,

46、000 億美元左右。億美元左右。 Japans annual trade surplus is in the region of 100 billion dollars. 69Synonyms: balance, excess, extra, remainder, residue, superfluity, surfeit7021. wrinkled stomachs ( last but 2nd line of para.4 ) Stomachs that are drawn tight from starvation and hunger. His use of the word “wri

47、nkled” is more to imply“deformed”; it is a literary devise. 71 There is another form of starvation in which childrens bodies are wasted, extremely thin, from starvation, but their stomachs bulge outward. This link gives a picture that suggests both conditions.7222. boil down to v adv prep ( line 1,

48、para. 5 ) the main point or cause 所有這些都可以所有這些都可以歸結(jié)為一點(diǎn)為一點(diǎn)人的天性。人的天性。 It all boils down to one thing human nature. 老師要學(xué)生們把課文老師要學(xué)生們把課文濃縮成幾句話。幾句話。 The teacher asked students to boil the text down to a few sentences.7323. interrelated adj ( line 1, para. 5) things that are are connected and have an effect

49、 on each other 失業(yè)和通貨膨脹失業(yè)和通貨膨脹相互關(guān)聯(lián)。 Unemployment and inflation are interrelated. 很多很多相互關(guān)聯(lián)的因素在這里起作用。因素在這里起作用。 Many interrelated factors are at work here.74 24. a bar of ( line 6, para. 5) a small block of solid material that is longer than it is wide soap n the substance that you use to wash your body

50、; detergentA bar of soap757626. cocoa n u ( line 10, para. 5) cocoa powder a brown powder made from cocoa beans, used to make chocolate and to give a chocolate taste to foods 77 27. toast n u ( line 11, para. 5 ) bread that has been heated so that it is brown on both sides and no longer soft78 28. b

51、aker n ( line 12, para. 5 ) someone who bakes bread and cakes, especially in order to sell them in a shop7929. structructed adj (line 13, para. 5) carefully organized, planned, or arranged 我們已經(jīng)推出了一門更我們已經(jīng)推出了一門更系統(tǒng)的培訓(xùn)課程。培訓(xùn)課程。 We have introduced a more structured training programme. 80 30. means n c plu

52、ral (line 2, para. 6) 1）method; a way of doing or achieving sth 間諜使用狡猾的間諜使用狡猾的手段獲取機(jī)密。獲取機(jī)密。 A spy used cunning means to find out secrets. 企業(yè)經(jīng)理一心只想用盡企業(yè)經(jīng)理一心只想用盡辦法增加個(gè)人財(cái)富。增加個(gè)人財(cái)富。 Business managers are focused on increasing their personal wealth by any available means. 812) a means to an end: sth that you

53、 do only to achieve a result, not because you want to do it or because it is important 這份工作是達(dá)到許多目的的這份工作是達(dá)到許多目的的手段。 This job was a means to several ends.3) n plural the money or income that you have 82得到的禮物越多，她的胃口就越大，直到我得到的禮物越多，她的胃口就越大，直到我捉襟見肘為止。為止。 The more gifts she received, the more she craved, u

54、ntil I was living beyond my means.4) spending more money than they can afford. If someone is living within their means, they are not spending more money than they can afford.83Synonyms: affluence, capital, finance, funds, resources, riches, wealth84 31. cohere vi ( line 2, para. 6) if ideas, argumen

55、ts, beliefs, statements etc cohere, they connected in a clear and reasonable way. 前后不前后不連貫的句子很難懂。的句子很難懂。 A sentence that does not cohere is hard to understand. 這是一個(gè)靠人際關(guān)系而不是規(guī)章制度這是一個(gè)靠人際關(guān)系而不是規(guī)章制度維系的團(tuán)體。的團(tuán)體。 This organization coheres through human connection rather than system of rules.85Synonyms: bind,

56、cling together, coalesce, combine, fuse, hang together, hold together, join, stick together, unite8632. akin adj ( line 3, para.8 ) similar to sth 這里的政治情形更這里的政治情形更像是專制而非民主是專制而非民主。 The political situation here is more akin to dictatorship than democracy. 這些詞形這些詞形同同義異。義異。 These words are akin in form

57、but different in meaning.87 33. in the final analysis ( last but 2nd line of para. 8 ) used when giving the most basic or important facts about a situation 歸根到底，利益是動(dòng)力。，利益是動(dòng)力。 In the final analysis, profit is the motive. 一切真正的教育一切真正的教育, , 歸根結(jié)底, ,是自我教育。是自我教育。 All real education is, in the final analys

58、is, self- education.8834. ideological adj ( line8 , para. 9) based on strong beliefs or ideas, especially political or economic ideas 政黨之間的政黨之間的意識(shí)形態(tài)界線并不總是涇渭分明的界線并不總是涇渭分明的。 The ideological divisions between the parties arent always obvious. 他總是把學(xué)習(xí)和自己的他總是把學(xué)習(xí)和自己的思想問題聯(lián)系起來。聯(lián)系起來。 He always tries to link his study with his ideological problems. 89 35. trample vi ( line14, para. 9 ) 1) to behave in a way that shows that one does not care about others rights or feelings 莫讓人蔑視你。 Dont let people trample all over you. 他們的利益和權(quán)力被他們的利益和權(quán)力被忽視了。