汽車專業(yè)英語原文及翻譯學習教案

1、會計學1汽車專業(yè)英語原文汽車專業(yè)英語原文(yunwn)及翻譯及翻譯第一頁，共61頁。obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types ofengine: gasoline(alsocalledaspark-ignitionengine)anddiesel (alsocalledacompression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates

2、heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotatea shaft connected to the power train.發(fā)動機作為動力設備，常見的類型是內燃機，其原理是通過發(fā)動機缸內的液體燃料燃燒而產(chǎn)生能量。發(fā)動機可分為兩類：汽油機（點燃式）和柴油機（壓燃式），都屬于熱力發(fā)動機。燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量使缸內氣體氣壓上升，從而產(chǎn)生能量，驅動與動力傳動系相連接的軸旋轉。The way engine cylinders are arranged is call

3、ed engine configuration. In-line engines have thecylinders in a line. This design creates a simply cast engine block. In vehicle applications, thenumber of cylinders is normally from 2 up to 6. Usually, the cylinders are vertical. As the numberof the cylinders increase, the length of the block and c

4、rankshaft can become a problem. One wayto avoid this is with a V configuration. This design makes the engines block and crankshaft shorterand more rigid.發(fā)動機的布置即發(fā)動機氣缸的排列方式。 發(fā)動機缸體按直線排列的即直列式，這種布置使得發(fā)動機缸體結構簡單(jindn)。汽車發(fā)動機一般為 26 缸，通常氣缸是垂直放置的，但氣缸數(shù)量的增加會導致缸體和曲軸的長度過大，解決問題的措施之一就是采用 V 型布置，這種布置方式可以使發(fā)動機缸體和曲軸長度尺寸更

5、短，從而大大增加剛度。An engine located at the front can be mounted longitudinally and can drive either the front orthe rear wheels. Rear engine vehicles have the engine mounted behind the rear wheels. Theengine can be transverse or longitudinal and usually drives the rear wheels only.前置發(fā)動機可以縱向布置，能夠驅動前輪或后輪。后置發(fā)

6、動機布置在后輪后側，發(fā)動機即可縱向布置又可橫向布置，一般只能驅動后輪。1.3 chassis 底盤the chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating parts of a vehicle.thechassis includes the power train,steering,suspension,and braking systems.底盤由汽車的主要操作系統(tǒng)組裝而成。包括傳動系、行駛系、轉向系和制動系四部分。1）Powertrain system conveys the drive to the

7、wheels.傳動系-將驅動力傳遞到車輪。2）Steering system controls the direction of movement.轉向系-控制汽車的行駛方向。3）Suspension and wheels absorbs the road shocks.懸掛系-吸收路面震動4）Brake slows down the vehicle.制動系-使汽車減速緩行。1.3.1 power train system 動力傳動系統(tǒng)The power train transfers turning effort from the engine to the driving wheels.a

8、 power train can include a clutch manual transmission or a torque converter for automatic transmission, a drive shaft, final drive and differential gears and driving axles. Alternatively,a transaxle may be used. A transaxle is a self-contained unit with a transmission, final drive gears and differen

9、tial located in one casing.傳動系把發(fā)動機輸出的扭矩傳遞給驅動輪。傳動系包括離合器（對應機械變速器）或液力變矩器（對應液力自動變速器）、變速器、驅動軸、主減速器、差速器和驅動橋。另外有些傳動系采用由變速器、主減速器和差速器組成的一體式的變速驅動橋。（或者采用一個獨立的變速驅動橋，即變速器在同一個箱體內。）A vehicle with a manual transmission uses a clutch to engage and disengage the engine from thepower train. Engine torque is transmitte

10、d through the clutch to the transmission or transaxle.thetransmission contains sets of gears that increase or decrease the torque before it is transmitted第1頁/共61頁第二頁，共61頁。to the rest of the power train.the lower the gear ratio selected,the higher the torquetransmissioned.a vehicle starting from rest

11、 needs a lot of torque,but once it is moving,it canmaintain speed with only a relatively small amount of torque.a higher gear ratio can then beselected,and engine speed is reduced.對于采用機械變速器的汽車，其發(fā)動機扭矩由離合器傳遞給變速器或變速驅動橋，并通過離合器來控制發(fā)動機和傳動系的嚙合或分離。變速器包含了不同傳動比的齒輪副，能夠增加或減小扭矩。選擇(xunz)的齒輪速比越小，傳遞的扭矩最大。汽車起步時需要較大的扭

12、矩，一旦起動后，僅需要較小的扭矩就可維持速度，此時應該換用較高的檔位，以降低發(fā)動機轉速。a conventional vehicle with the engine at the front and driving wheels at the rear uses a driveshaft,called a propeller shaft,to transmit torque from transmission to the final drive.傳統(tǒng)的汽車采用前置發(fā)動機、后輪驅動，因此(ync)需要傳動軸把動力從變速器傳遞給主減速器。the final drive provides a fi

13、nal gear reduction to multiply the torque before applying to thedriving axles.on front engine rear wheel drive vehicles,the final drive changes the direction ofdrive by 90 degrees. inside the final drive,a differential gear set divides the torque to the axlesand allows for the difference in speed of

14、 each wheel When cornering.axles shafts transmit thetorque to the driving wheels.in a rear-wheel drive vehicle,the axles can be solid or contain jointsto allow for movement of suspension.for a front-wheel drive vehicle,the drive shaft has universaljoints to allow for suspension and steering movement

15、.主減速器的作用就是在把動力傳遞給驅動輪之前，降低(jingd)轉速并增加扭矩。對于前置后驅的汽車，主減速器還將驅動的旋轉方向改變了 90 度。主減速器內的差速器齒輪副，把動力分給兩個驅動軸，并允許兩邊車輪在轉向時具有不同的轉速。動力最終由驅動軸傳遞給車輪。后輪驅動汽車的驅動橋應能滿足懸架的運動，可以是剛性的或包含運動副。為滿足懸架和轉向的要求，前輪驅動汽車驅動軸上需安裝萬向節(jié)。an automatic transmission or transaxle performs similar functions to a manual transmission ortransaxle except

16、 that gear selection is controlled either hydraulically or electronically.theautomatic transmission uses a torque converter,which acts as a hydraulic coupling to transfer thedrive.自動變速器或自動變速驅動橋的功能和機械式基本類似，區(qū)別在于檔位的選擇是液力或電力控制的。液力自動變速器采用液力變矩（耦合）器作為連接器以傳遞動力。1.3.2 steering system 轉向系統(tǒng)The directional motio

17、n of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. A basic steering system has 3main parts: a steering box connected to the steering wheel, the linkage connecting the steeringbox to the wheel assembly at the front wheels and front suspension parts to let the wheelassemblies pivot. When the driver turn

18、s the steering wheel, a shaft from the steering columnturns the steering gear. The steering gear moves tie-rods that connect to the front wheels. Thetie-rods move the front wheels to turn the vehicle right or left.轉向系控制汽車行駛方向，一般由三部分組成：與轉向盤相連的轉向器、連接車輪和轉向器的傳動結構、允許車輪轉動的前懸架部件。當駕駛員轉動方向盤時，轉向柱內的軸帶動轉向器運動，然后

19、通過轉向傳動機構來轉動車輪，從而使得汽車向左或向右行駛。1.3.3 suspension system 懸架系統(tǒng)The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle body from road shocksand vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and load. It must also keepthe tires in contact with the road regardless of road

20、surface. A basic suspension system consistsof springs, axles, shock absorbers, arms, rods and ball joints.第2頁/共61頁第三頁，共61頁。整個懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來自路面的沖擊和振動對車身的影響，防止傳遞給乘員和貨物。另外不論路面如何，懸架系統(tǒng)都應該(ynggi)保持輪胎和路面接觸。懸架系統(tǒng)的基本組成包括彈性元件、車橋、減震器、桿系（臂、桿）和球副組成的導向機構。the spring is the flexible component of the sussuspension.basic

21、 types are:leaf spring,coil springand torsion bars.modern passenger vehicles and can have coil springs at the front and leafsprings at the rear.heavy commercial vehicles usually use leaf springs or air suspension.彈簧是懸架的彈性元件，常見的彈簧類型有：鋼板彈簧、螺旋彈簧和扭桿彈簧?，F(xiàn)代(xindi)汽車大多采用小的螺旋彈簧，輕型商用車常采用的螺旋彈簧比一般乘用車的大得多，或者前懸架采

22、用螺旋彈簧，后懸架采用鋼板彈簧。重型商用車則通常采用鋼板彈簧或空氣彈簧。wheels must be strong enough to support the vehicle and withstand the forces caused by normaloperation.at the same time,they must be as light as possible to help keep unsprung weight to aminimum.車輪必須能支撐整車重量，并能承受正常工況下的載荷。同時(tngsh)車輪必須盡可能地輕，有助于最小化簧下質量。wheels can be

23、made from pressed-steeling two sections,and also be made from cast aluminiumalloy.alloy wheels are popular because of their appearance and because they are lighter thansimilar steel wheels.aluminium is a better conductor of heat,so alloy wheels can dissipate heatfrom brakees and tires more effective

24、ly than steel ones.車輪可采用雙面鋼化板壓制而成，也可采用鑄造的鋁合金材料。除了外觀漂亮之外，鋁合金比鋼更輕，因此鋁合金車輪應用較廣。另外鋁合金導熱性更好，因此相比鋼制車輪，制動器和車輪產(chǎn)生的熱量更容易被鋁合金車輪散發(fā)。the tire provides a cushion between the vehicle and the road to reduce the transmission of roadshocks.it also provides friction to allow the vehicle to perform its normal operations

25、.modern tiresare manufactured from a range of materials.the rubber is mainly synthetic.two types of tireconstruction are common:cross-ply and radial.most passenger cars now use radial tires,andradials are replacing cross-ply tires on 4-wheel drives and heavy vehicles.輪胎在汽車和路面之間起緩沖作用，能減小路面沖擊。同時輪胎也提供了

26、車輪正常行駛所需的摩擦力。輪胎是由多種材料加工而成，橡膠多是人工合成的。最常見的輪胎類型是子午線輪胎和斜交輪胎。現(xiàn)在大部分乘用車都采用子午線輪胎，在四輪驅動和商用車上，子午線輪胎也正在取代斜交胎。tube tires require an inner tube to seal air inside the tire.tubeless tires are eliminating the innertube by making the complete wheel and tire assembly airtight.a special airtight valve assembly isneed

27、ed.this can be tight fit into the rim or can be held with a nut and sealing washers.有內胎的輪胎用內胎來密封內部氣體。無內胎的輪胎則要求車輪和輪胎具有很好的密封性，這就需要專用的密封件，可以緊固在輪緣上，也可用螺釘和密封圈來固定。1.3.4 Braking system 制動系統(tǒng)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brakeshoes expanding against the ins

28、ide of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheelhub is clenched between two brake pads. on light vehicles,both of these systems are hydraulicallyoperated.the brake pedal operates a master cylinder. hydraulic lines and houses connect themaster cylinder to brake cylinders at the wheels.

29、most modern light vehicles have either discbrakes on the front wheels and drum brakes on the rear or disc brakes on all 4 wheels.disc brakesrequire greater forces to operate them.a brake booster assist the driver by increasing the forceapplied to the master cylinder when the brake is operated.第3頁/共6

30、1頁第四頁，共61頁。鼓式制動器的制動鼓和輪轂連接(linji)，制動蹄張開壓緊制動鼓內側從而產(chǎn)生制動。在盤式制動器上，連著輪轂的制動盤被緊緊夾在兩個制動塊之間。輕型汽車上都采用液壓制動系統(tǒng)，制動踏板控制制動主缸，通過液壓管路與車輪上的制動輪缸相連?，F(xiàn)在輕型汽車上的制動器，前輪采用盤式，后輪采用鼓式，或全部采用盤式。相比鼓式制動器，盤式制動器需要更大的作用力。在制動時采用增壓器輔助駕駛員提高施加在主缸上的制動力。air operated braking systems are used on heavy pressed air operating on largediameter diaphr

31、agms provides the large forces to the brake assembly that are needed.an aircompressor pumps air to storage tanks.driver controlled valves then direct the compressed air todifferent wheel units to operate the friction brakes.on articulated vehicles,any delay in applyingthe trailer brake should be min

32、imize.this is achieved by using a relay valve and a separatereservoir on the trailer.this arrangement also applies the brakes if the trailer disconnected fromthe prime mover.重型商用車多采用氣壓制動系統(tǒng)，壓縮氣體作用在直徑較大的膜片上時能為制動總成提供較大的制動力。氣壓制動系統(tǒng)靠空氣壓縮機把氣體吸入儲氣罐。駕駛員控制(kngzh)閥門開啟，使壓縮氣體進入車輪制動氣室進行制動。在鉸接車輛的拖車上采用繼動閥和單獨的儲氣罐，以減

33、小拖車制動系統(tǒng)的時間延遲，這種布置方式還可以在拖車失去動力時制動拖車。all vehicles must be fitted with at least 2 independent systems.they were once called theservice brake and the emergency brake.now they are usually referred to as the foot brake and thepark brake.most light vehicles use a foot brake that operates through a hydrauli

34、c system on allwheels and a hand operated brake that acts mechanically on the rear wheels only.one commonuse of the hand brake system is to hold the vehicle when it is parked.the system are designed tobe independent So that if one fails,the otheris still available.所有汽車必須安裝至少兩套獨立的制動系統(tǒng)，即行車制動系統(tǒng)與緊急制動系統(tǒng)，

35、一般被稱之為腳制動和停車制動。大部分輕型汽車的腳制動通過液壓系統(tǒng)作用在四個車輪上，而其手制動則是機械式的，且僅作用在后輪。手制動的一個普通用途就是停車時對汽車進行制動。設計兩套獨立的制動系統(tǒng)的目的(md)就是當一套失效時，另一套仍可工作。1.4.1 Electrical system 電器系統(tǒng)The electrical system supplies electricity for the starter, ignition, lights and heater. The electricitylevel is maintained by a charging circuit.電器系統(tǒng)為起動

36、機、點火系、照明和加熱設備提供電流，電流的大小由充電電路來維持。The charging system provides electrical energy for all of the electrical components on thevehicle.the main parts of the charging system include:the battery,the alternator,the voltageregulator which is usually integral to the alternator,a charging warning or indicator

37、light andwiring that complete the circuits.the battery provides electrical components of the vehicle.it alsocharges the batter to replace the energy used to start the engine.the voltage regulator preventsovercharging.充電系統(tǒng)為汽車上所有的電器系統(tǒng)提供電能。充電系統(tǒng)主要組成部分有：蓄電池、交流發(fā)電機、穩(wěn)壓器（多集成在發(fā)電機中），充電指示燈和組成電路的電線。汽車起動時由蓄電池提供能量

38、，一旦發(fā)動機開始工作，交流電機為電氣設備供電，同時還對蓄電池進行充電，以補償起動所消耗的電能。穩(wěn)壓器則防止過載。1.4.2 Starting 啟動系統(tǒng)The staring system consists of the battery,cables,starter motor,flywheel ring gear and the ignitionswitch.during starting,two actions occur.the pinion of the starter motor engages with theflywheel ring gear and the starter mo

39、tor then operates to crank the engine.the starter motor is第4頁/共61頁第五頁，共61頁。an electrical motormounted on the engine block and operated from the battery.起動系統(tǒng)包括電池、電纜、啟動電機、飛輪(filn)齒圈和點火開工。起動需要兩個動作，啟動電機齒輪和飛輪(filn)齒圈嚙合，從而帶動發(fā)動機轉動。起動電機安裝在發(fā)動機殼體上，靠電池工作。1.4.3 Ignition 點火(din hu)系統(tǒng)A basic ignition system consi

40、sts of the battery,low-tension cables,the ignition coil,distributor,coilhigh-tension cable,spark pluk cables and spark plugs.the ignition system provides high intensesparks to spark plugs to ignite the fuel charges in the combustion chambers.the sparks must besupplied at the right time and they must

41、 have sufficient energy over a range of conditions toignite the charges.the energy comes from the battery and alternator,and voltage is increased bythe ignition coil.the system has two circuits.the primary or low-tension circuit initiates thespark.the secondary or high-tension circuit produces the h

42、igh voltage and distributes it to sparkplugs.點火系統(tǒng)包括電池、低壓電纜、點火線圈、分電器、高壓電纜、火花塞連線和火花塞。點火系統(tǒng)在火花塞處產(chǎn)生高壓火花，點燃發(fā)動機燃燒室內的燃油混合物。點火系統(tǒng)必須在恰當?shù)臅r刻提供火花，并且能量滿足各種( zhn)工況的要求。電池和交流發(fā)電機為點火系統(tǒng)供電，點火線圈提高電壓。點火系統(tǒng)由兩級電路組成，初級電路（低壓電路）初始化火花，次級電路（高壓電路）產(chǎn)生高壓電，并分到各個火花塞。2.1 principle of operation 工作原理2.1.1 energy and power 能源和動力Engine is u

43、sed to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by theburning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustionoccurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustiontakes place outside the cylinder

44、, the engine is called an external combustion engine.能源用于產(chǎn)生動力。燃料以控制的速率燃燒，燃料中的化學能轉換為熱能。這個過程叫做燃燒。如果發(fā)動機燃燒發(fā)生在動力室內，這種發(fā)動機叫做內燃機。如果燃燒發(fā)生在氣缸外，這樣的發(fā)動機叫做外燃發(fā)動機。Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in thecombustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion ga

45、ses within the chamber. Theincrease in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developedwithin the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usablemechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.汽車使用的發(fā)動機是內燃發(fā)動機。在燃燒室內釋放

46、的熱能提高了室內燃燒氣體的溫度。氣體溫度的增肌使氣體的壓力增加。在燃燒室內產(chǎn)生的壓力作用于活塞的頂部，產(chǎn)生機械力，這個力轉換成有用的機械動力。2.1.2 Engine TermsLinking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke“uses up”the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the

47、 cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves；an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaustvalve lets out the burnt gas afterthe gas has done its job. Engine terms are：活塞通過連桿和曲軸連接，使得氣體帶動曲軸旋轉半圈。作功沖程耗盡了所以的氣體，這樣就必須采取相

48、應的措施排出廢氣以及向氣缸內充入新鮮的可燃混合氣：氣體的運動由氣門來控制。進氣閥允許新的混合氣體在適當?shù)臅r間進入，排氣閥在作功完成后，可以放出燃燒后的氣體。引擎術語：第5頁/共61頁第六頁，共61頁。TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.上止點：活塞處于離曲軸最遠處(yun ch)時，曲柄和活塞所處的位置。BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and p

49、iston when the piston is nearest to thecrankshaft.下止點：活塞處于離曲軸(qzhu)最近處時，曲柄和活塞所處的位置。Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. 行程(xngchng)：上止點和下止點間的距離;行程(xngchng)由曲軸控制。Bore : the internal diameterof the cylinder.缸徑：氣缸的內徑Swept volume : the volume between TDC and

50、 BDC. 有效容積：上止點和下止點間的容積Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinders.e.g. a four-cylinder enginehaving a capacity of two liters(2000cm3) has a cylinder swept volume of 500cm3.發(fā)動機排量：所有氣缸的有效容積之和.例如一四缸發(fā)動機有能力兩升（2000cm3）有一個氣缸排量 500cm3。Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the p

51、iston when it is at TDC.燃燒室容積：活塞處于上止點時，活塞上方的體積Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)(clearance vol)壓縮比：（有效容積+燃燒室容積）/燃燒室容積Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.兩沖程： 曲柄旋轉一圈作功一次。Four-stroke: a powerstroke every other revolution of the crank.四沖程：曲柄旋轉兩圈作功一次。2.1.3 The Four-str

52、okeSpark-ignition Engine CycleThe spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition ,which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes tworevoluti

53、ons of the crankshaft.火花點火式發(fā)動機是由外部提供點火的內燃機，從而將含在燃料內的能量轉化成動能。發(fā)動機的一個工作循環(huán)分布在活塞的四個行程中，一個完整的工作循環(huán)曲軸需要轉動兩圈。The downward-moving piston increases the volume in the cylinder and draws in fresh air-fuelmixture through the open intakevalve.向下運動的活塞使氣缸里的體積增大，并且將新的空氣燃料混合物通過節(jié)氣門吸進氣缸。The upward-moving piston reduces

54、the volume in the cylinder and compresses the air-fuelmixture.Shortly before TDC is reached ,the spark plug ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture andthus initiates the combustion process. A higher compression ratio means better utilization of thefuel. The extent of compression is restricted by the

55、 knock limit.向上運動的活塞使氣缸里的體積減小，從而壓縮空氣燃料混合物。在活塞即將到達上止點的瞬間，火花塞點燃壓縮的空氣燃油混合氣，從而燃燒過程開始了。壓縮比越高，燃料利用率越高，但是壓縮的程度受到爆震極限的限制。After the ignition spark at the spark plug has ignited the compressed air-fuel mixture,thetemperature increases as the result of combustion of the mixture.The pressure in the cylinderincr

56、eases and forces the piston downwards. The piston transfers power to the crankshaft via theconnectingrod.當火花塞噴出的火花點燃壓縮的空氣燃料混合物后，空氣燃料混合物開始然后，隨之氣缸內的溫度開始升高。氣缸里的壓力也隨之增加，使得活塞向下運動。這樣活塞就把動力通過連桿傳遞給曲軸。第6頁/共61頁第七頁，共61頁。The upward-moving piston expels the combusted gases （exhaust gas） through the open exhaustv

57、alve. After this 4th stroke,the cycle is repeated.向上運動的活塞(husi)使燃燒后的氣體（廢氣）通過排氣門排出氣缸。在這第四個行程后，整個工作工程將重復進行。2.1.4 Engine Overall Mechanics 發(fā)動機的總體(zngt)構造The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engineheads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. Th

58、e other parts are joined to makesystems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system,lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. Thesesystems will be discussed in detail later。發(fā)動機有上百個其它部件。發(fā)動機的主要部件是發(fā)動機缸體、發(fā)動機頭、活塞、連桿、曲軸和閥門。

59、其他部分也加入到系統(tǒng)中。這些的系統(tǒng)是燃油系統(tǒng)、進氣系統(tǒng)、點火系統(tǒng)、冷卻系統(tǒng)、潤滑系統(tǒng)和排氣系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)中的每一個都有一個明確的功能。這些系統(tǒng)以后(yhu)將進行詳細論述。2.2 Engine Block and Cylinder Head2.2.1 Engine BlockThe engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil gal

60、leries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture)of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium.