語法是一門研究英語語言構(gòu)成規(guī)律的學(xué)科

1、語法：是一門研究英語語言構(gòu)成規(guī)律的學(xué)科。 詞 法 語法句法簡(jiǎn)單句：在句子中只包含一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。并列句：通常由一個(gè)連詞連接的并列的句子。復(fù)合句：大句套小句一氣：虛擬語氣二詞：非謂語動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞三句：名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句形容詞名詞數(shù)詞代詞動(dòng)詞介詞副詞感嘆詞冠詞連詞詞法陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句句法目的 結(jié)

2、構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)非謂語動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 語法名詞性從句狀語從句定語從句句法目的 結(jié)構(gòu)句法目的 結(jié)構(gòu)句法目的 結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句復(fù)合句并列句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句非謂語動(dòng)詞一、 在句中不能作謂語的動(dòng)詞叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞二、 啥樣呢？1. 不定式：To do2. 動(dòng)名詞：Doing3. 分詞：DoneEg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue.圍繞著群島的海洋是深藍(lán)色的Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done.非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，其邏輯主語為前面賓語 方法一：口訣法非謂語，三要點(diǎn)。變否定

3、，NOT前。哼哈將，時(shí)邏關(guān)。七仙女，記心間。（一） 變否定（二） 哼哈將 1.動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯關(guān)系時(shí)間關(guān)系時(shí)間關(guān)系主動(dòng)關(guān)系被動(dòng)關(guān)系一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done進(jìn)行式To be doing(To be being done)完成進(jìn)行式To have being doing(To have been being done) 一般式：不定式的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。 ABB A：謂語動(dòng)詞 B：不定式 完成式：不定時(shí)動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。 AB A：謂語動(dòng)詞 B：不定式Eg3. Jay Chou

4、taught us to sing 黃河大合唱 last night. 進(jìn)行式：不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)正在進(jìn)行B AA：謂語動(dòng)詞 B：不定式Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. 完成進(jìn)行式：不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，一直持續(xù)到謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作，到謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作為止。不定時(shí)的動(dòng)作有可能剛剛結(jié)束，還有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。 ABBBBA：謂語動(dòng)詞 B：不定式Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years.邏輯關(guān)

5、系2.動(dòng)名詞 （同時(shí)具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的雙重性質(zhì)，Doing）時(shí)間關(guān)系主動(dòng)關(guān)系被動(dòng)關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done 一般式：動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 ABA：謂語動(dòng)詞 B：動(dòng)名詞若非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，則通常用“To do” 完成式：動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。 ABA：謂語動(dòng)詞 B：不定式Eg6. She didnt acknowledge having received my flowers.Eg7. Xiaoqiang was so lucky that it had just missed

6、being caught.一般式 To Do Doing（ 1.固定搭配；2.Eg. mean to do計(jì)劃 mean doing意味著 ) 某些詞(need, demand要求, deserve應(yīng)得, allow, want, worth, require)后，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)。 Eg8. The house needs repairing. Be worthy of being done=Be worthy to be doneEg9. Want +to do(想要) / doing(想要被)3.分詞1）Doing & Done& 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞相區(qū)分的三大

7、原則 a. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生 The falling man 過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成 The fallen man b. 非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語，其邏輯主語就是其所修飾的詞 The excited man , The exciting man , The exciting film過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)主動(dòng)Eg10. The amazing man（A）The amazed man（B）A.小丑 B.觀眾邏輯關(guān)系 c. 現(xiàn)在分詞有時(shí)間邏輯上的變化，而過去分詞沒有時(shí)間關(guān)系主動(dòng)關(guān)系被動(dòng)關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done 三個(gè)區(qū)分： D

8、one & Being done Done 已經(jīng)被 Being done 正在被 Done & Having done Done & Having been done 已經(jīng)被（通?？苫Q）過去分詞更強(qiáng)調(diào)一種由始至終的動(dòng)作，Having been done更強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生Eg11. English is a language spoken all over the world.Eg12. Having best shown to the library, we were taken to the restaurant.2)獨(dú)立主格自己的 主語Eg13

9、. She was standing behind the door with a book in her hand.獨(dú)立主格：（兩大語法功能）a. 具有自己本身的邏輯主語，這個(gè)主語不是句子中真正的主語b. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)狀語句意 adj. adv.（With）+n.(邏輯主語)+將來 介詞短語 不定式 Doing 主動(dòng) Done 被動(dòng)Eg14. The job _A_, we went straight home. A. finished B. finishing C. had finished D. was finished（三） 七仙女七仙女非謂語主語賓語介詞賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語

10、狀語定語表語不定式動(dòng)名詞分詞邏輯主語本身通常是句子本身主語通常是句子本身主語賓語句子本身主語所修飾的詞通常是句子本身主語1) 作主語區(qū)分 Dong 更強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作To do 更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性動(dòng)作& DoingTo do 轉(zhuǎn)換Eg15. Smoking is harmful to our health.& It is / was+adj./n./done+for/of+sb/sth+to do（To do做真正主語）& It is / was+no good/use+doing2) 作賓語區(qū)分 & like/love/hate/prefer+to do+do

11、ing (To do更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性動(dòng)作；Doing更強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作) Eg16. I like dancing but I dont like to dance with you now. & (見例)To do 表將來， Doing 表事已做過To do 表將來 Eg17. RememberDoing 已做過的事 Forget Regret 方法二：講故事法& Eg18. mean+to do/doing Stop/go on+to do/doing3) 作介詞賓語區(qū)分& prep.+doingEg19. On being introduced to stran

12、gers British people often shake hands.&prep+疑問詞+to doEg20. Xiaoqiang always gives me some advice on how to express my feelings.& Look forward to doing 盼望著做某事習(xí)慣于做某事Be used to doingBe accustomed to doingDevote oneself / ones life to doingCant help but do = Have to do& Used to do 過去習(xí)慣做某事（表示

13、現(xiàn)在不干了） Am/is/are used to doing 現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于做某事 Be used to do 被用來作為 Was/were used to do 過去被用來做某事（不強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在）4) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語區(qū)分& ask sb to do sth.& 感官動(dòng)詞：see, look at, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feelEg21. do 看見某人做某事（整個(gè)過程）See sb doing 看見某人正在做某事 being done 看見某人正在被 done 看見某人被& 使役動(dòng)詞“使”

14、（共四個(gè)） Let, Get, Make, HaveEg22. Let sb do Get sb to do(主) / done(被) I cant get the car start. Make sb do(主) / done(被) Be made to do Have to do / done Have sth to do 注意：區(qū)分have意思Eg23. Excuse me, where is Room 301/ Just a minute. Ill have Bob show you your room.5) 作狀語區(qū)分句子， (狀語) 非謂語動(dòng)詞 成分& 不定式作狀語 通常表

15、示目的、結(jié)果、程度 常譯為“為了”& 分詞作狀語 通常表示伴隨、條件、方式、原因Eg24. Seeing from the FHS, weve got a wonderful view.Eg25. The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area. 常用搭配：1. To tell you the truth, 2. tooto3. only to(通常引出意想不到的結(jié)果)4. Lift a stone only to drop on his own feet.5. enough to 足以6. generally sp

16、eaking 通常情況下說7. judging from / by 6) 作定語區(qū)分 & 不定式 通常放在被修飾詞之后，用來表示一次性或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作 & 動(dòng)名詞 通常放在被修飾詞之前，用來表示被修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征、用途 & 分詞 既可放在被修飾詞之前，又可放在被修飾詞之后，通常表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作； 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或一種持續(xù)狀態(tài)； 過去分詞表被動(dòng) 7) 作表語區(qū)分系動(dòng)詞：Like, get, come, see, smell& 不定式 通常具有名詞性質(zhì)，用來表示主語所具有的內(nèi)容，更強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作& 動(dòng)名詞 通常具有名詞性質(zhì)，用來表示主語所具有的內(nèi)容，更強(qiáng)

17、調(diào)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作& 分詞 通常具有形容詞性質(zhì)，用來表示主語所具有的興趣和特性Eg26. My job is feeding / to feed pigs.名詞性從句1.（Whoever comes here）knows him.2. We all know that he can fly.3. The news that he succeeded in the end is well-know.4. The problem is that he always eats a lot.5. We are sure (that) he will go to the moon to dat

18、e Sister Change.一、通常由一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)小句具有名詞的性質(zhì)，在整個(gè)大句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分（主、賓、表、同位、補(bǔ)） 主語從句 賓語從句 同位語從句 表語從句 補(bǔ)語從句語時(shí)俱進(jìn)引導(dǎo)詞考點(diǎn)二、“豬頭”不省1.引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞詞形詞義從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞质÷赃B接詞That主、同位不可?。槐?、賓可省Whether是聯(lián)想諧音記頭法（千萬孤獨(dú)）If否連接代詞特指（泛指）Who(ever)誰主、表Whom(ever)誰賓What(ever)什么主、賓、表Which(ever)哪一個(gè)主、賓、定Whose(ever)誰的定有選擇項(xiàng)用“Which”,沒有選擇項(xiàng)用“What”“Whose”必須和后面名詞

19、同時(shí)省略連接副詞When(ever)時(shí)間狀語Where(ever)地點(diǎn)Why原因How(ever)方式、程度Eg27. This is what I like.找查原則找從句 查成分vi.Eg28. This is where I runRunvi 析： S+謂（eg. I ran） S+謂+（介+賓）/狀Eg29. Mary wrote an article on (why the team had failed to win the match).2.語時(shí)俱進(jìn)1）語序：疑問句在從句中要按正常語序排列（疑問詞+S+謂）2）時(shí)態(tài)：要保持一致Whether與If & 主語從句、表語從句、

20、同位語從句中通常用Whether & 介詞后，不定式前，通常用Whether & “Whether or not”與“If”不可互換 “Whetheror not”與“If”可互換4. 常見考點(diǎn)1） 主語從句 & 放在句前，主句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) & 固定搭配 It is / was +adj./n./done +that從句 & It seems /happens + that Eg30. Which way you turn is up to you.2） 表語從句正如 似乎好像 因?yàn)?As As if As though Because虛擬語氣Eg31

21、. He looks as if he were drunk.& The reason is /was + that& It is /was + the reason + why (定語從句) & It / That / This + is /was + Because 那是因?yàn)?Why 那就是的原因Eg32. It is because he has just broken up with his girl friend.3） 賓語從句 & S + vt. + OS + vi. + prep + OS + v (tell, teach, give, show,

22、 make, send) + O + OEg33. Our thoughts make us what we are. 思想塑造人& S + 謂 + it + adj. + that從句/to do & 疑 + do you think /suppose + 從句主語 + 從句謂語 + 其它 & 客觀真理一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)4） 同位語從句 & 通常由that引導(dǎo)，放在某些固定的名詞（plan, idea, news, fact, hope）之后 & n.= that (同位語從句用來解釋說明前面的名詞所具有的內(nèi)容) Eg34. The news that she

23、 had received the flowers was true.(同位語從句) The news that she had heard was true.(定語從句)關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞ThatWhyWhichWhereWhoWhenWhom(But)WhoseAs定語從句Eg35. I saw a flying pig in the sky. I saw a pig which was flying in the sky.一 關(guān)系代詞&關(guān)系副詞 “三板斧”原則1. 砍逗號(hào)That, but, why不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句2. 砍先行詞（人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因）3. 砍成份（定語從

24、句中缺少的成分主語、賓語、介詞賓語、狀語、定語）分類引導(dǎo)詞詞形先行詞從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞址秶P(guān)系代詞Who1. 人（含人名）2. 擬人的物3. all, those等,指人時(shí)4. 集合名詞表個(gè)體時(shí)（people, police,team, class, enemy,committee, group）1. 主語2. 賓語（口語中）限&非限Whom（同上）1. 賓語（可省略）2. 介詞賓語限&非限 prep + whom, whom不可省略 prep +whom, whom可以省略ThatEg. The girl that /- /whom I wrote a letter to is

25、1. 人2. 物3. 人和物（sb.+sth.）4. 不定代詞5. 先行詞被最高級(jí)序數(shù)詞（only, very, all, few, many, much, little等）修飾1. 主語2. 賓語（可?。?. 介詞賓語 prep不能放在that前且可以省略限Which1. 物2. 集合名詞表物3. 句子4. 不明性別的嬰兒1. 主語2. 賓語(可省)3. 介詞賓語限&非限prep + which, 介詞賓語不可省prep + which,介詞賓語可省Whose1. 人2. 物定語限&非限 必須和后面的名詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn) Whose = n.+ of + whom /whichEg

26、The Northern Island is famous for the area of hot spring, some of which are throwinto the sky.Eg. New Zealand has population of about 3.1 million people of which 14 percent are Maoris.關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞要盡量靠近先行詞ButEg.Theres nobody but has his faults.1. 人2. 物主句變否定句But = who not= that not主語限AsAs we all know /ex

27、pectSuch /That + n. + thatAs often happens1. 人2. 物3. 整句1. 主語2. 賓語3. 表語4. 狀語限&非限 As VS Which1. Which 不能放在整句句首2. As 要多譯一個(gè)“正如”關(guān)系副詞Where=prep + which1. 地點(diǎn)2. 時(shí)間3. 原因狀語限&非限When=prep + which1. 地點(diǎn)2. 時(shí)間3. 原因狀語限&非限Why=for which1. 地點(diǎn)2. 時(shí)間3. 原因狀語限二 定從中的主謂一致1. 定從中的謂語動(dòng)詞取決于先行詞（先行詞為單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)）2. which &

28、amp; as 若替代整個(gè)句子的句意，則定從中的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)3. 若先行詞為one of the + n.(pl.), 則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若先行詞為the only one of the + n.(pl.), 則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)三 “限制性定語從句”與“非限制性定語從句”的區(qū)分Eg36. Xiao Qiang, who lives in Beijing, is my brother. Xiao Qiang who lives in Beijing is my brother.1.“，”逗號(hào)2. 限制性定語從句只能用來限制、修飾先行詞，不能省略，通常放在先行詞前，與主句譯為一句；非限制性定語從句

29、起補(bǔ)充說明作用，通?？墒÷裕g時(shí)與主句譯為兩句。3. Which & As 在引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)，只能用來替代先行詞詞義；引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，還可替代整個(gè)句子的句意。狀語從句（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、讓步、條件、方式、目的、結(jié)果、比較）比方讓木（目）條原地開花結(jié)果實(shí)（時(shí)）基本不考（一） 比較狀語從句 “三要”：AS之間要原形, （“asas”結(jié)構(gòu)，中間加adj./adv.原形） 比較對(duì)象要對(duì)立， eg. YY likes dogs more than I (do).eg. ZZ sings better than anyone else in our department.Anyon

30、e elseAny other + n.(單) The other + n.(pl.)The others THAN后主賓要分清 （二） 方式狀語從句 As正如，像似乎，好像 As if As though（三） 讓步狀語從句1. Though /All though /Even if /Even though /While 后面不加“but”,“however” ;可以出現(xiàn)yet, still, nevertheless2. Whatever =No matter what, 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)不可替換，引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)可以替換。3. Adj.+ as /though +S + FAdv.Art

31、icle +n.VerbEg37. Ugly as I am, I am tender.（四） 目的狀語從句 In order that So that Sothat（五） 條件狀語從句(條件狀語從句中不能用將來時(shí))1. if 主將從現(xiàn)2. unless = ifnot 除非3. as long as 只要在條件下provided thatproviding thaton condition that（六） 原因狀語從句 Seeing that Considering that In that 因?yàn)椋ㄒ龑?dǎo)原因狀語從句）（七） 地點(diǎn)狀語從句 Wherever, Where, Anywhere,

32、Everywhere Eg38. People dont lack strength they lack will.（八） 結(jié)果狀語從句1. so +adj./adv. + thatso many /few /much /little +n. +thatso +adj. +a /an +n. +that2. such +n. + thatsuch + a lot of +n. +thatsuch a /an +adj. +n.+ that（九） 時(shí)間狀語從句1. When, While, As突然 然而 伴隨2. before & after3. as soon as 可用在任何時(shí)態(tài)=

33、hardly had done when did=scarcely had done when did=no sooner had done when didEg39. The students had hardly seen me when they ran off. Hardly had the students seen me when they ran off.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完全情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can / could, may / might, will / would, hall / should, must, ought to半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞: need, doneEg27. Can <1&g

34、t;本義：能夠；<2>推測(cè)：可能 Cant <1>本義：不能；<2>推測(cè)：不可能虛擬語氣通常提出一種不可能存在的假設(shè)或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)& 對(duì)現(xiàn)在:If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do& 對(duì)將來：<一> If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do <二>If+were to do / should do, S+would / should / could / might+do& 對(duì)過去：If+had done, S+ w

35、ould / should / could / might+have done虛擬語氣中的被動(dòng)此一律用Was情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專題基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（一）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義    情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。（二）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)1）有一定詞義；2）不受主語人稱和數(shù)的變化影響；3）與主要?jiǎng)釉~的原形（或稱不帶to的不定式）一起構(gòu)成謂語（除ought to作固定詞組看待）。（三）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法1. can (could)1）表示能力，could主要指過去時(shí)間。Two eyes can see more than one.   兩只眼比一只眼看得清

36、。Could the girl read before she went to school?   這女孩上學(xué)前能識(shí)字嗎？2）表示可能（理論上或是邏輯判斷上）。The temperature can fall to 60, that is 60 below freezing.   氣溫可降至60，也就是零下60。He cant (couldnt) have enough money for a new car.   他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。You mustnt smoke while youre walking around in

37、the wood. You could start a fire.   在林子里走時(shí)勿吸煙，那樣可能會(huì)引起火災(zāi)。3）表示允許。Can I have a look at your new pen?   我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎？He asked whether he could take the book out of the readingroom.他問他可不可以把書帶出閱覽室。4）表驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。Where can (could) they have gone to?   他們會(huì)去哪兒了

38、呢？He cant (couldnt) be over sixty.   他不可能超過六十歲。How can you be so careless?   你怎么這么粗心？5）比較委婉客氣地提出問題或陳述看法。Can (Could) you lend me a hand?   幫我一把好嗎？Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today.   恐怕我們今天不能給你答復(fù)。- 2. may (might)1）表允許，might可以指過去時(shí)間，也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，語氣更委婉

39、。You may take whatever you like.   你喜歡什么就拿什么。He told me that I might smoke in the room.   他告訴我可以在房間里抽煙。May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby?   我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎？在回答以may引起的問句時(shí)，多避免用這個(gè)詞，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please dont ./ Youd better not. / No, you mustnt.

40、等，以免顯得太嚴(yán)峻或不客氣。2）表可能（事實(shí)上）?？梢灾高^去時(shí)間，也可以指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，但語氣更加不肯定。He may be at home.   他可能在家。She may not know about it.   她可能不知道這件事。He was afraid they might not agree with him.   他擔(dān)心他們可能不同意他的意見。They might be having a meeting, but Im not sure.   他們有可能在開會(huì)，不過我不肯定。-3. must1）表示義務(wù)

41、。意為“必須”（主觀意志）。We must do everything step by step.   我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。You mustnt talk to her like that.   你不可能那樣對(duì)她說話。-Must we hand in our exercisebooks now?   我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習(xí)本嗎？-No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to.   不必。（這種情況下，一般不用mustnt）2）表示揣測(cè)。意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。H

42、e must be ill. He looks so pale.   他準(zhǔn)是病了。他的臉色蒼白。Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.   她戴著鉆石項(xiàng)鏈，一定很有錢。-4. shall1）表征詢意見，用于第一、第三人稱疑問句。Shall I get you some tea?   我給你點(diǎn)茶好嗎？Shall the boy wait outside?  讓那男孩在外面等嗎？What shall we do this evenin

43、g?   我們今晚做什么？2）表說話人的意愿，有“命令、允諾、警告、決心”等意思，用于第二、第三人稱陳述句。You shall do as I say.   按我說的做。（命令）You shall have my answer tomorrow.   你明天可以得到我的答復(fù)。（允諾）He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.   有一天他會(huì)后悔的，我告訴你。（警告）Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.

44、60; 什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。（決心）-5. will1）表意愿，用于各種人稱陳述句。I will do anything for you.   我愿為你做任何事。None is so blind as those who wont see.   不愿看的人眼最瞎。If you will read the book, Ill lend it to you.  如果你愿意讀這本書，我會(huì)把它借給你。2）表請(qǐng)求，用于疑問句。Will you close the window? Its a bit cold. &

45、#160; 請(qǐng)你把窗戶關(guān)上好嗎？有點(diǎn)冷。Wont you drink some more coffee?   再來一點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎？3）表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。Fish will die out of water.   魚離開水就不能活。The door wont open.   這門打不開。The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.   那男孩常常坐在那里好幾個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)，看著車輛行人通過。-6. should1）表義務(wù)。意為“

46、應(yīng)該”（某件事宜于做），用于各種人稱。You should be polite to your teachers.   你對(duì)老師應(yīng)該有禮貌。You shouldnt waste any time.   你不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。2）表推測(cè)，意為“想必一定、照說應(yīng)該、估計(jì)”等。The film should be very good as it is starring firstclass actors.   這部新電影是一流演員主演的，估計(jì)拍得很好。They should be home by now.   照說他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)

47、當(dāng)已經(jīng)到家了。-7.would1）表意愿。They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.   他們不讓他進(jìn)去因?yàn)樗轮婆f。I said I would do anything for you.   我說過我愿意為你做任何事。2）表委婉地提出請(qǐng)求、建議或看法。Would you like another glass of beer?   再來杯啤酒好嗎？Would you mind cleaning the window?   請(qǐng)把窗戶擦一下好嗎？T

48、hey wouldnt have anything against it.   他們不會(huì)有什么反對(duì)意見。3）表過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過去的一種傾向。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.   她每遇到麻煩都會(huì)向她求助。-8. ought to 1）表義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”（因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等該做），口氣比should稍重。You are his father. You ought to take care of him.   你是他父親，應(yīng)當(dāng)管他。You ough

49、tnt to smoke so much.   你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。2）表推測(cè)，暗含很大的可能，語氣較弱。Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.   韓梅該知道他的電話號(hào)碼。Theres a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.  今天有晚霞，明天應(yīng)該是個(gè)好天。-9. used to 表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在不復(fù)發(fā)生或存在。疑問式和否定式有兩種。He used to live in the countryside, but

50、 now he lives in the city.他過去住在鄉(xiāng)下，現(xiàn)在住在城里。There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.   街道拐角處過去有座樓房，現(xiàn)在拆了。I usednt (didnt use) to smoke.   我過去不抽煙。Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot?   你過去常步行去學(xué)校嗎？ -虛擬語氣是一種表達(dá)方式，當(dāng)我們要表達(dá)自己或某人的主觀愿望

51、的時(shí)候，就用到虛擬語氣了。虛擬語氣 （高二內(nèi)容，但虛擬語氣在高考的選擇題中已多年未出現(xiàn)，主要放在閱讀理解中）Verb可以決定1pattern句型2 mood語氣（1）陳述（2）祈使（3）虛擬1if一般含蓄2語氣should句3原型4其他簡(jiǎn)單的說虛擬語氣可以分4類（1，2，4考的比較多）1if條件句（一般）if條件句主句現(xiàn)在if+主語+were/v-ed,主語+would(shouldcouldmight)+do過去if+主語+had+v-ed,主語+would(shouldcouldmight)+have+v-ed將來if+主語+v-ed/wereto/should,主語+would(shouldcouldmight)+do$省略if的用法1去掉if2should/had/were提前$錯(cuò)綜主句和從句發(fā)生的時(shí)間不同,（有些會(huì)給你時(shí)間狀語）ifIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenthatposition.從句現(xiàn)在主句過去ifhehadlistenedtome,hewouldnotbeinsuchabigtroublenow.（now）從句過去主句現(xiàn)在（含蓄）沒有if在條件句中