地質(zhì)工程專業(yè)常用英文詞匯

1、闡述expound(explain),state引入introduceinto相應(yīng)的corresponding概念conception概論overview概率probability概念化conceptualize宏觀的macroscopic補(bǔ)充complement規(guī)劃plan證明demonstrate,certify,attest證實(shí)confirmation補(bǔ)償compensate,makeup,imburse算法algorithm判別式discriminant后限兀方法finiteelementmethod(FEM)樣本單元法sampleelementmethod(SEM)赤平投影法ster

2、eographicprojectionmethod(SPM)赤平投影stereographicprojection干擾位移法interferencedisplacementmethod(IDM)干擾能量法interferenceenergymethod(IEM)條分法methodofslices極限平衡法limitequilibriummethod界囿兀法boundaryelementmethod模擬simulate計(jì)算程序computerprogram數(shù)值分析numericalanalysis計(jì)算工作量calculationload解的唯一性u(píng)niquenessofsolution多層結(jié)構(gòu)模

3、型laminatedmodel非線性nonlinear橫觀各向同性lateralisotropy各向同性isotropy各向異性anisotropy非均質(zhì)性heterogeneity邊界條件boundarycondition本構(gòu)方程constitutiveequation初始條件initialcondition初始狀態(tài)restcondition巖土工程geotechnicalengineering,土木工程civilengineering基礎(chǔ)工程foundationengineering最不利滑面themostdangerousslipsurface交替alternate控制論cybernet

4、ics大量現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查massfieldsurveys組合式combinedtype相互作用interaction穩(wěn)定性評(píng)價(jià)stabilityevaluation均質(zhì)性homogeneity介質(zhì)medium層layer,stratum組構(gòu)fabric1地形地貌geographicandgeomorphic工程地質(zhì)條件engineeringgeologicalconditions地形地貌條件geographicandgeomorphicconditions地形landform地貌geomorphology,relief微地貌microrelief地貌單元landformunit,geomorphic

5、unit坡度grade地形圖reliefmap河谷rivervalley原貌灘平洲道扇扇裙嶺地洞道床溝漫地積角河積積積水地溶洞水洞河河沖河階沖三古沖洪坡分盆巖溶落土2地層巖性地層巖性巖體x-JUt=j石層x-JUt=j石層母巖相變硬質(zhì)巖軟質(zhì)巖硬質(zhì)的軟質(zhì)的叁石巖組交錯(cuò)層理層面片理層理板理（葉理）波痕泥痕雨痕造巖礦物粘土礦物成土石石母母石石石石組質(zhì)質(zhì)巖嶺脫利母云云英石長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)石閃解造構(gòu)構(gòu)物晶晶狀成高蒙伊云白黑石長(zhǎng)正斜輝角方構(gòu)結(jié)組礦結(jié)非產(chǎn)火rivercourseriverbed(channel)gully,gulley,erosiongully,stream(brook)floodplain(valle

6、yflat)terracealluvialplaindeltafossilrivercourse,fossilstreamchannelalluvialfandiluvialfantalusaprondividebasinkarstlandfeature,karstlandformsolutioncave,karstcavesinkholeKarsticearthcavegeostrome(stratum,strata)lithologiccharacter,rockpropertyrockmassbedstratumlayer,rockstratummatrix,parentrockfaci

7、eschangestrongrock,filmweakrockcompetentincompetentbedrockpetrofabricoverburdencrossbeddingbeddingplaneschistositybeddingfoliationripple-markmudcrackraindropimprintsrock-formingmineralsclaymineralkaolinitemontmorilloniteillitemicamuscovitebiotitequartzfeldsparorthoclaseplagioclasepyroxene,picritehor

8、nblendecalcitestructuretexturefabric(tissue)mineralcompositioncrystallineamorphousattitudeigneous巖火火侵噴深淺酸中基超巖巖巖巖巖巖巖巖巖花斑粉流正粗閃安輝玄細(xì)偉煌輝橄黑浮火火凝沉碎粘粉化生礫角砂石粉鈣泥頁(yè)鹽石白泥泥泥砂泥硅有漿山山入出成成性性性基基脈株流蓋盆墻床脈崗巖巖紋長(zhǎng)面長(zhǎng)山長(zhǎng)武晶晶斑綠欖曜巖山山灰積屑土礫塊角集巖巖巖巖巖巖砂學(xué)物巖礫巖英砂質(zhì)巖巖巖灰云灰鈣砂質(zhì)質(zhì)質(zhì)機(jī)質(zhì)巖巖巖砂巖粉巖JL粘的質(zhì)magmaticrocklavavolcanointrusive(invade)rockeffusive

9、rockplutonicrockpypabysalrockacidrockinter-mediaterockbasicrockultrabasicrockrockbase(batholith)dikerockstockrockflowrocklaccolith(laccolite)rocklopolithrockdikerocksillveindykegraniteporphyryporphyriterhyolitesyenitetrachytedioriteandesitegabbrobasaltaplitepegmatitelamprophyrediabaseduniteobsidianp

10、umicevulcanicbrecciavolcanicagglomeratetuffsedimentaryrockclasticrockclayrocksiltyclaystonechemicalrockbiolithconglomeratebrecciasandstonequartzsandstonesiltstonecalcareoussiltstonemudstoneshalesalinelimestonedolomitemarlargillo-calcareousargillo-arenaceousarenaceousargillaceoussiliceousorganicmatte

11、r粗粒coarsegrain中粒medium-grained沉積物sediment(deposit)漂七1、頑七1boulder卵石cobble礫石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒claygrain砂質(zhì)粘土sandyclay粘質(zhì)砂土clayeysand壤土、亞粘土loam砂壤土、亞砂土輕亞粘土sandyloam浮土、表土regolith(topsoil)黃土loess紅土laterite泥灰peat軟泥ooze淤泥mire,oozedmud,sludge,warpclay沖積物（層）alluvion沖積的alluvial洪積物（層）proluvium,diluvium,dil

12、uvion洪積的diluvial坡積物（層）deluvium殘積物（層）eluvium殘積的eluvial風(fēng)積物（層）eoliandeposits湖積物（層）lakedeposits海積物（層）marinedeposits冰川沉積物(層)glacier(drift)deposits朋積物（層）colluvialdeposits,colluvium殘積粘土residualclay變質(zhì)巖metamorphicrock板巖slate千枚巖phylliteschistrjk4.gneiss片腓石石英巖quartzite大理巖marble糜棱巖mylonite混合巖migmatite碎裂巖catacla

13、site3地質(zhì)構(gòu)造地質(zhì)構(gòu)造結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造大地構(gòu)造構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)造山運(yùn)動(dòng)升降運(yùn)動(dòng)水平運(yùn)動(dòng)完整性起伏度尺、效應(yīng)圍壓效應(yīng)rH-tgeologicstructurestructuraltexturegeotectonictectogenesisorogenyverticalmovementhorizontalmovementperfection(integrity)wavinesssizeeffectconfiningpressureeffectelementsofattitude）認(rèn)要系產(chǎn)狀attitude,orientation走向strike傾向dip傾角dipangle,angleofdip褶皺fold褶

14、曲fold單斜monocline向斜背斜穹隆擠壓上盤平移斷層層理微層理地塹地壘斷層泥擦痕斷裂破碎帶節(jié)理節(jié)理組裂隙微裂隙劈理原生裂隙次生裂隙張裂隙剪裂隙卸荷裂隙裂隙率結(jié)構(gòu)類型巖體結(jié)構(gòu)巖塊結(jié)構(gòu)體塊度結(jié)構(gòu)面軟弱結(jié)構(gòu)面臨空面碎裂結(jié)構(gòu)板狀結(jié)構(gòu)薄層狀的軟弱夾層夾層夾泥層clayeyintercalation夾泥inter-clay連通性connectivity切層insequent影口幃a(chǎn)ffectingzone完整性integrityn.Integratev.&a.degreeofintegrality破碎crumble膠結(jié)cement泥化argillization尖滅taper-out錯(cuò)動(dòng)diastr

15、ophism錯(cuò)動(dòng)層向faultedbeddingplane斷續(xù)的intermittentintercalatedbed,interlayer,intermediatelayer共透石高緩物鏡節(jié)狀理的片后屑膜理角傾傾層伸度角起波伏犬造的起伏的構(gòu)匕男層切的錯(cuò)動(dòng)面切斷方7E構(gòu)殘的層解曲造余角石山物、脈后排應(yīng)應(yīng)列力力4水文地質(zhì)條件水文循環(huán)大氣圈水圈巖石圈地表徑流地下徑流流域流域面積匯水面積地下水地表水大氣水氣態(tài)水液態(tài)水固態(tài)水上層滯水潛水承壓水吸著水介質(zhì)空隙孔隙水壓力滲透壓力揚(yáng)壓力靜水壓力外靜水壓力動(dòng)水壓力synclineanticlinedomesqueezeuppersectionbottomwal

16、l,footwall,lowerwallseparationintersectfaultnormalfaultreversedfaultparallelfaultbedding,stratificationlightstratificationgrabenhorst,faultridgegouge,pug,selvage,faultgougestria,striationfracturefracturezonejointjointsetfissure,crackfinefissure,microscopicfissurecleavageoriginaljointepigeneticjointt

17、ensionjointshearjointreliefcrackfractureporositystructuralpatternrockmassstructureblockmassstructuralelementblocknessstructuralplaneweakplanefreefacecataclastictextureplatystructurelamelloselumpy,massivelaminatedgiantthick-laminatedfinelylaminatedweakintercalatedlayerinterbedding,crumbleconjugatedjo

18、intlooselens-shapeda.cragcuttings,debrismembrane,filmstratificationhighdipanglelowdipangleanti-dipinterbedv.Interbeddingn.unplanarundulate,undulatingparticlesizetectonospherecompressionhomogeneousshearfaulted,beddingzonedissectiondissectedclose,compacttectonitemylonitefaultbrecciacalciteveinclasticr

19、ockbrecciarockpowderdebris,debryconsolidationorientedspreadtectonicstressresidualstresshydrogeologicalconditionshydrologiccycleatmospherehydrospheregeospheresurfacerunoffsubsurfacerunoffvalley,drainagebasindrainagearea,riverbasinareacatchmentareagroundwater,subsurfacewatersurfacewateratmosphericwate

20、raqueous(vapour)waterliquidwatersolidwaterperchedwaterphreaticwaterconfinedwaterhygroscopic(adsorptive)watermediumvoidporewaterpressureosmoticpressure,seepageforceupliftpressurehydrostaticpressureexternalhydrostaticpressurehydrodynamicpressure滲透力seepagepressure安全系數(shù)factorofsafety外水壓力externalwaterpres

21、sure埋深embedmentdepth內(nèi)水壓力internalwaterpressure試件coupons水力聯(lián)系hydraulicinterrelation撓度deflection水力折減系數(shù)hydraulicreductioncoefficient里氏震級(jí)Richterscale水頭損失waterheadloss設(shè)計(jì)烈度designintensity滲透途徑filtrationpath,seepagepath基本烈度basicintensity滲透系數(shù)penetrationcoefficient場(chǎng)地烈度siteintensity潛水位watertablelevel地震烈度seismici

22、ntensity,intensityscale水位waterlevel,stagelevel卓越周期predominantperiod水頭waterhead持力層sustainedyield含水層aquifer超載surcharge弱含水層（弱透水層）aquitard圍巖壓力surroundingrockstress滯水層aquiclude附加壓力superimposedstress透水層permeablelayer,perviouslayer應(yīng)力松弛stressrelaxation不透水層(隔水層)aquifuge,imperviouslayer,應(yīng)力路逕stresspathimpermea

23、blelayer,aquiclude卸荷unload潛水含水層phreaticaquifer滲透率specificpermeability承壓含水層confinedaquifer,artesianaquifer飽和度degreeofsaturation承壓面bearingsurface含水量moisturecontent潛水面phreaticsurface,watertable平均粒徑meandiameter浸潤(rùn)線phreaticcurve顆粒grain,granule,particle不透水邊界imperviousboundary顆粒級(jí)配distributionofgrain-size,地下

24、分水嶺groundwaterridgegraincomposition,sizedistribution粘滯性viscosity級(jí)配graduation,富水性abundancegrain-sizedistribution,gradation,grading透水性（滲透性）permeability粒度coarsenessgrainsize,granularity,lump淋濾（溶濾作用）lixiviation,leaching不均勻系數(shù)coefficientofnon-uniformity,反濾層invertedgravelfiltervariationcoefficient,variatio

25、nfactor水銹incrustation顆粒分級(jí)gradation,sizegrading滲滴seep孔隙水porewater飽和saturation,saturated孔隙比voidratio(ration)潛水位變化帶zoneofvariablephreaticlevel空隙率airvoids氣象因素meteorologicalfactor孔隙率porosity飽水帶zoneofsaturation裂隙率crackity包氣帶aerationzone,zoneofaeration溶隙率karstity包氣帶水a(chǎn)erationzonewater密度density上層滯水perchedwat

26、er重度unitweight,bulkweight孔隙水porewater浮重度buoyantunitweight裂隙水fissurewater折減系數(shù)reductionfactor巖溶水karsticwater壓力消散dissipationofpressure結(jié)合水boundwater,combinedwater抗力系數(shù)coefficientofresistance吸著水hydroscopicwater軟化系數(shù)softeningcoefficient薄膜水pellicularwater含水量watercontent毛細(xì)水capillarywater稠度consistency重力水gravit

27、ationalwater塑限plasticlimit凝結(jié)水condensationwater液限liquidlimit地下水埋藏條件conditionofgroundwateroccurrence塑性指數(shù)plasticityindex地下水埋藏深度depthofgroundwateroccurrence液性指數(shù)liquidityindex壓水試驗(yàn)packerpermeabilitytest流變r(jià)heological抽水試驗(yàn)pumpingtest蠕變creep塑性plastic5物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)脆性brittleness(fragility)物理力學(xué)physicalmechanicsn.粘性stic

28、knessPhysico-mechanicala.剛性rigidity屈服準(zhǔn)則yieldcriteria彈性的elastic米賽斯屈服準(zhǔn)則VonMisesyieldcriteria粘彈性viso-elasticity朗肯土壓力理論Rankingsearthpressuretheory彈塑性elasto-plasticity劍橋模型Cambridgemodel,Cam-model壓縮性compressibility鄧肯-張模型Duncan-changmodel均質(zhì)性homogeneity本構(gòu)方程constitutiveequation非均質(zhì)性nonhomogeneity(heterogeneit

29、y)局部剪切破壞localshearfailure各向同性isotropy整體剪切破壞generalshearfailure各向異性anisotropy巖體完整性指數(shù)intactnessindexofrockmass總應(yīng)力totalstress后效應(yīng)力effectivestress超孔隙水壓力excessporepressure孔隙水壓力porewaterpressure抗壓強(qiáng)度compressivestrength抗拉強(qiáng)度tensilestrength抗剪強(qiáng)度shearstrength不排水抗剪強(qiáng)度undrainedshearstrenght峰值抗剪強(qiáng)度peaksharestrength長(zhǎng)期

30、抗剪強(qiáng)度long-termshearstrength殘余抗剪強(qiáng)度residualshearstrength負(fù)摩擦力negativeskinfriction,dragdown摩擦角angleoffriction內(nèi)摩擦角angleofinternalfriction外摩擦角angleofexternalfriction內(nèi)聚力cohesion粘聚力cohesion假凝聚力pseudo-cohesion粘著力adhesion摩爾圓Mohrscircle包絡(luò)線envelope休止角angleofrepose,angleoffriction(repose,rest),reposeangle峰值peak模量

31、modulus彈性模量modulusofelasticity,Youngsmodulus,elasticmodulus壓縮模量modulusofcompressibility變形模量modulusofdeformation卸荷模量unloadingmodulus切線模量tangentmodulus剪切模量shearmodulus割線模量secantmodulus旁壓模量pressurmetermodulus泊松比poissonsration固結(jié)consolidation固結(jié)系數(shù)coefficientofconsolidation固結(jié)度degreeofconsolidation超固結(jié)比overc

32、onsolidationration應(yīng)變strain壓縮比compressibilityratio壓縮系數(shù)coefficientofcompressibility壓縮指數(shù)compressionindex初始曲線virgincurve正常固結(jié)土normallyconsolidatedsoil欠固結(jié)土under-consolidatedsoil超固結(jié)土over-consolidatedsoil被動(dòng)土壓力passiveearthpressure主動(dòng)土壓力activeearthpressure靜止土壓力earthpressureatrest覆蓋壓力overburdenpressure初始應(yīng)力initi

33、alstress地應(yīng)力場(chǎng)ground(geostatic)stressfield后效應(yīng)力effectivestress動(dòng)應(yīng)力dynamicstress動(dòng)何載dynamicload偏心他載eccentricloads循環(huán)布載inclinedloads地應(yīng)力groundstress,geostaticstress初始應(yīng)力initialstress應(yīng)力場(chǎng)stressfield縱波longitudinalwave液化勢(shì)liquefactionpotential液化指數(shù)liquefactionindex巖石抗力系數(shù)coefficientofrockresistance容許承載力allowablebear

34、ingcapacity臨塑壓力criticalpressure接觸壓力contactpressure6工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題工程地質(zhì)問(wèn)題engineeringgeologicalproblem定性評(píng)價(jià)qualitativeestimate定量評(píng)價(jià)quantitativeestimate極限平衡法limitequilibriummethod不良地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象unfavorablegeologicalcondition風(fēng)化weathering變形deformation位移displacement不均勻位移differentialmovement相對(duì)位移relativedisplacement沉陷settlemen

35、t山崩avalanche,toppling崩塌toppling,topplingcollapse滑坡、地滑creep,slide切層滑坡insequentlandslide深層滑坡deepslide淺層滑坡shallowslide順層滑坡滑動(dòng)面consequentlandslide坡坡帶體坡心心動(dòng)床坡滑移引涌漏砂流化滑滑滑百推牽管滲流滲液surface,slidingplane,slipsurfaceslidingzoneslidebedslide(sliding)massfossillandslideslumpingslideretrogressiveslidepiping,internal

36、erosionleakagequicksandseepageliquefaction7工程勘祭engineeringinvestigation工程地質(zhì)勘察engineeringgeologyinvestigation巖土工程勘察geotechnicalinvestigation工程地質(zhì)條件engineeringgeologicalcondition工程地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)engineeringgeologicalevaluation勘測(cè)survey巖芯采取率corerecovery,coreextraction巖芯獲得率RQD(巖石質(zhì)量指標(biāo))rockqualitydesignation程序(步驟)proc

37、edure勘察階段investigationalstage選點(diǎn)踏勘reconnaissance初步設(shè)計(jì)初步規(guī)劃初步勘探初步踏勘可行性研究階段初步設(shè)計(jì)階段施工階段踏勘地質(zhì)測(cè)繪工程地質(zhì)測(cè)繪鉆探物探洞探釬探primarydesignpreliminaryschemepreliminaryprospectinggroundreconnaissancefeasibilitystagepreliminarystageconstructionsagereconnaissance,inspectiongeologicalsurveyengineeringgeologicalmappingboreholeope

38、ration,boringgeophysicalexplorationexploratoryaditsrodsoundingexploringminingtrenching構(gòu)造地質(zhì)圖geologicalstructuremap第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)圖quarternarygeologicalmap地質(zhì)詳圖detailmapofgeology地質(zhì)柱狀圖geologiccolumnarsection,geologiclog鉆孔柱狀圖logsofborehole縱剖囿圖longitudinalsection橫剖囿圖crosssection展小圖revealdetailmap節(jié)理玫瑰圖roseofjoints丕后

39、等同或bedrockcontour層底等高線contourofstratumbottom巖層界線strataboundary巖卸局程elevationofbedrocksurface坐標(biāo)coordinate分層bedseparation地質(zhì)點(diǎn)geologicalobservationpoint勘探點(diǎn)exploratorypoint(spot)勘探線exploratoryline勘探孔explorationhole平洞adit豎井riser,shaft,verticalshaft探槽exploratorytrench探井exploratorypit鉆孔borehole,drillhole機(jī)鉆孔o(hù)

40、rdinarydrillhole套鉆孔sleevedrillhole管鉆孔pipedrillhole巖芯core巖芯鉆探coredrilling回轉(zhuǎn)鉆探（進(jìn)）rotarydrilling沖擊鉆探churndrilling,percussiondrilling鋼砂鉆探shotdrilling鐵砂鉆進(jìn)ironshotdrilling跟管鉆進(jìn)follow-downdrilling振動(dòng)鉆進(jìn)vibro-boring,vibro-drilling泥漿鉆探mudflushdrilling金剛石鉆進(jìn)diamonddrilling單動(dòng)式singleacting雙層doublelayer空氣鉆探airflushd

41、rilling鉆機(jī)drillingrig鉆頭drillbit,drillingbit螺旋鉆頭auger勺鉆spoonbit沖擊鉆頭percussionbit,choppingbit桶式鉆頭bucketauger鉆桿drillrod實(shí)測(cè)地質(zhì)剖面圖field-acquiredgeologicalprofile(section)石心官?zèng)_洗掖正循環(huán)沖洗反循環(huán)沖洗掃孔鉆進(jìn)平胴區(qū)井在探9巖土體加固掌子面挖面混開斷料料拱拱室挖鉆挖落骨骨頂?shù)锥闯L(fēng)開塌細(xì)細(xì)坑探槽探天然建材調(diào)查naturalmaterialssurveying(examination)巖土工程勘察報(bào)告geotechnicalinvestigat

42、ionreport鑒定identification,appraisal鑒定書expertisereport鑒定人identifier,surveyor校核verification總監(jiān)chiefinspector比例proportion地形圖geographicmap地貌圖geomorphologicalmap地質(zhì)圖geologicalmap工程地質(zhì)圖engineeringgeologicalmapcasingcorebarrelflushfluiddirectcirculationreversecirculationmud,slurrymudcakedadoseal,watersealclea

43、ningbottomofholedrillingaditshaftdrillingboring8工程地質(zhì)試驗(yàn)擊實(shí)試驗(yàn)compactiontest壓縮試驗(yàn)compressiontest固結(jié)試驗(yàn)consolidationtest單軸試驗(yàn)uniaxialcompressiontest現(xiàn)場(chǎng)剪切試驗(yàn)in-situsheartest單剪試驗(yàn)simplesheartest直剪試驗(yàn)directsheartest慢剪試驗(yàn)slowtest單剪試驗(yàn)simplesheartest快剪試驗(yàn)quicktest三軸剪切試驗(yàn)triaxialsheartest三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)triaxialcompressiontest動(dòng)三軸試驗(yàn)

44、dynamictriaxialtest不固結(jié)不排水剪試驗(yàn)unconsolidatedundrainedtest(quicktest)固結(jié)不排水剪試驗(yàn)consolidatedundrainedtest(consolidatedquicktest)固結(jié)排水試驗(yàn)consolidateddrainedtest(slowtest)原位測(cè)試in-situtest現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)硬Uon-site(in-site)monitoring現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢硬Uon-site(in-site)inspection觀測(cè)孔o(hù)bservationborehole靜力觸探試驗(yàn)conepenetrationtest,staticpenetrat

45、iontest,staticconetest標(biāo)貫試驗(yàn)standardpenetrationtest十字板剪切試驗(yàn)vanesheartest,vanetest檢層法up-holemethod,boreholemethod旁壓試驗(yàn)pressuremetertest動(dòng)力觸探試驗(yàn)dynamicpenetrationtest,dynamicsounding點(diǎn)荷載試驗(yàn)pointloadtest巖石試驗(yàn)rocktest應(yīng)力解除法stressreliefmethod應(yīng)力恢復(fù)法stressrecoverymethod套孔法over-coringmethodbreast,drivingface,headingfa

46、ce,tunnelfacevaultinvertexcavationoverbreakpneumaticdrillexcavatedsectionslumpconcretemadewithfineaggregatefineaggregate,fineadjustment間叫比度熱場(chǎng)料渣能結(jié)格凝凝凝合落化料土礦性凝合初初終配塌水破比灰狀網(wǎng)端場(chǎng)婀法灰煤花射注筋固桿索緊樁石挖基挖破面裂水粉梅噴澆鋼加錨錨錨錨采開清明爆光預(yù)結(jié)載砌堰凍超襯圍堤stockgroundearthmaterialcinder,mineralwaterresidue,scoria,slagfunction,performance

47、,property,naturecoagulate,congeal,congealment,coagulationqualified,ontest,uptostandardinitialsetinitialsettingtimefinalsetmixproportionslumpheatofhydration,hydrationheat,settingheatwater-cementratioflyashquincuncialpatternshotcretepouringcoiremeshreinforceanchoredbar,rockboltanchoredcableanchorstati

48、onanchoredpegrockquarryexcavationcleanupfoundationopen-cutexplosionsmoothblastingpresplitting近壩岸坡abutments施工（收縮）縫constructionjoint心墻core截水墻cutoffwall防滲墻diaphragmwall排水井drainagewells排水幕drainagecurtain減壓井reliefwells反濾層filterzone灌漿材料grout水力劈裂hydraulicfracturing帷幔線curtainline上游圍堰upstreamcofferdam混凝土防滲墻c

49、oncretecutoffwall截流interimcompletion導(dǎo)水墻channeltrainingwall正常溢洪道渠首工程servicespillway消力塘linedplungepool隔墻dividerwalls混凝土護(hù)坦concreteapron副廠房auxiliarypowerhouse閘門室gatechamber中閘室midgatechamber開關(guān)站switchyard電梯井elevatorshaft尾水渠tailrace非常溢洪道emergencyspillwayfreezingmethodoverbreakliningcofferdamdike10水工概論壩址toe

50、ofdam壩踵heel壩段monolith壩頂crest壩肩shoulders左壩肩leftdamabutment副壩saddledam三壩址thethirddamsite標(biāo)(Wjheightmark上游水位headwater正常庫(kù)水位normalreservoirlevel地下洞室undergroundopening(tunnel)壓力隧洞pressuretunnel無(wú)壓隧洞gravitytunnel交通洞accesstunnel灌漿洞groutingtunnel明流洞free-flowtunnel孔板洞orificetunnel排砂洞sedimenttunnel尾水洞tailracetunnel排水洞drainagetunnel導(dǎo)流洞diversiontunnel隧道tunnel圍巖surroundingrock,ambientrock圍巖應(yīng)力secondarystressstatic應(yīng)力集中stressconcentrate覆蓋層overburden冒頂cavein,rooffall底鼓bottomheave回彈rebound巖爆rockburst11橋梁及基礎(chǔ)工程江陰大橋JiangyinBridge懸索橋suspensionbridge錨碇anchorage重力式嵌巖錨gravitysocketedanchorage北錨碇前(后)錨面front(bac