中考英語閱讀理解及其解題技巧

1、中考英語閱讀理解及其解題技巧閱讀理解及其解題方法閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)是中學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù),也是中考的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。中考閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語篇閱讀能力、分析和判斷力。要求學(xué)生能較快地通過閱讀理解短文大意,獲取其中的主要信息,能做出正確判斷,然后根據(jù)試題的要求從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案或回答出所提問題等等。要求閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50個(gè)詞。閱讀理解的閱讀材料的選取一般遵循三個(gè)原則:1. 閱讀文章不少于三篇,閱讀量在1,000單詞左右;2. 題材廣泛,包括科普,社會(huì),文化,政治,經(jīng)濟(jì)等;3. 體裁多樣,包闊記敘文,說明文,應(yīng)用文等;一、中考閱讀理解考查的主要內(nèi)容1.

2、考查掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力。此類考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)針對(duì)段落(或短文的主題,主題思想,標(biāo)題或目的,其主要提問方式是:(1 Which is the best title of the passage?(2 Which of the following is this passageabout?(3 In this passage the writer tries to tell usthat_.(4 The passage tells us that_.(5 This passage mainly talksabout_.2. 考查把握文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。此類考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題

3、目大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的,其主要提問方式是:(1 Which of the following is right?(2 Which of the following is not mentioned?(3 Which of the following is Not True in thepassage?(4 Choose the right order of this passage.(5 From this passage we know _.3. 考查根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞的含義的能力。此類猜測詞義的題目要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問方式是:(1 The

4、wo rd “ ” in the passage probably means _.(2 The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _.(3 In this story the underlined word “ ” means _.(4 Here “it” means_.4. 考查對(duì)閱讀材料全篇的邏輯關(guān)系的理解,對(duì)文章各段,各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力。此類題目主要考查的是句與句之間,短語短之間的邏輯關(guān)系,其主要提問方式是:(1 Many visitors come to the writers city to _.(2 Air po

5、llution is the most serious kind of pollution because _.5. 考查依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判斷的能力。此類題目文章中沒有明確的答案,需要考生再理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問方式是:(1 We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _.(2 We can infer from the text that _.(3 From the story we can guess _.6. 考查推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能力。其主要提問方式是:(1 The writer writes

6、 this text to _.(2 The writer believes that _.(3 The writer suggests that _.二、閱讀理解題的方法和技巧1.如何獲取段落的主旨和大意?最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章(或一段文章通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開的。而這個(gè)中心意思往往由一個(gè)句子來概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此,理解一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。在一篇短文或一個(gè)段落中,大部分主題句的情況有三種:(1主題句在段首或篇首。主題句在段首或篇首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報(bào)道、說明文,議論文大都采用先總述,后分述的敘事方法。例

7、如:All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kin

8、d of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物鏈。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears59. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?A. AnimalsB. PlantsC. Food ChainsD. Living Things(2主題句在段末或篇末。用歸納法寫文章時(shí),往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前,概述性的句子在后,并以

9、此結(jié)尾。這種位于段末或篇末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié),歸納或結(jié)論。例如If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer.They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothescost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they alwaysfit better.

10、In other words, some less expensive clothes looks better than more expensive clothes.(3無主題句有時(shí),一篇文章里并沒有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該怎樣來確定文章的主題或中心意思呢?其實(shí)這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思,各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來展開的,或者說是來說明一個(gè)問題的。這個(gè)中心或這個(gè)問題就是這篇文章的主題或中心意思。例如Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make mo

11、re honey(蜂蜜. So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖 and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didnt want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outsid

12、e.Scientists could not control(控制 the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five y

13、ears.Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮 many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.Already several hun

14、dred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.在這篇短文的后面就出了一道這樣的閱讀理解題:59. The best title of the passage is _.A. How to make more honeyB. Killer beesC. A foolish scientistD. How to feed killer bees2.如何根據(jù)上下文猜

15、測詞義?猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞,只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context,正如英語辭典所解釋的,其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語或句子的意義。據(jù)此,我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義,即從已知推求未知,也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測詞義時(shí),我們可以從三個(gè)方面來考慮:1根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理。2運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)進(jìn)行語法分析。3依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷。(1根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理猜測義:例:As they go around town, the police

16、help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads wel

17、l.文章后面有這樣一道題:53. In the text, “put an end to” means “_”.A. stopB. cutC. killD. fly3.如何確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)?在閱讀理解題目中,有相當(dāng)一部分是考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。這類題目相對(duì)容易一些。這些題目有兩個(gè)共同特點(diǎn):(1凡屬針對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題,其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。這一部分可能是一個(gè)詞或短語,也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句子,但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。(2干擾項(xiàng)往往是主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜,正確答案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié)混雜,甚至真假混雜。因此,要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目,一要

18、在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn),二要排除干擾項(xiàng)。4.如何進(jìn)行推斷?所謂推斷,就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息,推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分,從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文。中考英語試題中的推斷題很多,包括的面也很大。其類型主要有以下幾種:(1事實(shí)推斷:這種推斷常常針對(duì)某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié),是比較簡單的推斷。進(jìn)行這種推斷,要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字,然后加以分析,尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。例如Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People don

19、t want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news.(2邏輯推斷這類題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景,人物的表情,動(dòng)作和語言來推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感覺。(3對(duì)作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷這一類考題大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷,如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì),還是猶豫不定,對(duì)記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠,還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來,而往往

20、隱含在字里行間。因此,進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí),我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辭,尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語。Lets have a tryThe undersea world is very beautiful. Now more and more people want to dive in the water to find the secrets there. Scuba diving is a new sport today. It can take you into a wonderful undersea world.You will find many stra

21、nge animals in the sea. Some are as large as a school bus. Many sea animals give out light in the dark and some have sharp teeth.During the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, you can catch them with your hands. When you have bottles

22、of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. However, you cant dive too deep. And you must be very careful when you dive in deep water.The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. Its cold, and its dark, too. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is. At about 3,000 feet, the

23、re is no light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have no eyes. Some have big eyes.A few have eyes on one side.Besides (除了 the cold and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger - other animals.Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some Animals eat m

24、eat.This means these sea animals have animals have two big jobs. They need to find animals as food, and they have to try not to become other animals meal.1. Why do people want to dive in the sea? Because_.A. they want to catch fishB. they want to find the secrets of the undersea worldC. the sea is deepD. there are all kinds of plants in the sea2. In the daytime