英語(yǔ)考試GMATAWA模板

1、Argument時(shí)序性因果攻擊Firstly,theauthorisengagedinafterthis,therefore,becauseofthisreasoning.ThelineofreasoningisthatbecauseAhappenedbeforeB,theformercausedthelatter.However,thisreasoningisfallaciousunlessotherpossiblecausalfactorshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsC.Asaresult,anydecisionaimed

2、ataddressingtheproblemofBmustbebasedonamorethoroughinvestigationtogatherdatainordertonarrowdownandlocatetheactualcauseofB.同時(shí)性因果攻擊Secondly,theauthorssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAisthecauseofBjustbecauseAcoincidedwithB.However,amerepositionalcorrelationdoesnotnecessarilyproveacausalrelationship.In

3、addition,allotherprospectivecausesofB,suchasCandD,mustberuledout.WithoutdetailedanalysisoftherealsourceofB,itwouldbegroundlesstoattributeBtoA.錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)比攻擊Additionally,itishighlydoubtfulthatstrategiesdrawnfromAareapplicabletoB.However,differencesbetweenthesetwoclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thereforemaking

4、theanalogymuchlessvalid.Forexample,CandDallaffectAbutvirtuallyabsentinB.Accordingly,wecanseethatAandBaresodissimilarthatBisunlikelytoexperiencethesameconsequenceifitadoptsAsstrategies.4.止匕即彼攻擊Lastbutnotleast,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatareadermustmakeaeither-orchoice.However,theargumentfailstoruleou

5、tpossibilitythatadjustingAandBmightproducebetterresults.Moreover,iftheauthoriswrongintheassumptionthatAandBaretheonlycausesoftheproblem,thusthemosteffectivesolutionmightincludeacomplexofotherfactorssuchasCandD.Inanyevent,theauthorprovidesnojustificationforthemutuallyexclusivechoiceimposedonthereader

6、.必要性攻擊Inthefirstplace,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatBwasdeterminedsolelybyA.WhileAisaseeminglyimportantelementindeterminingB,itishardlytheonlyorevennecessarilyrequiredelement.ThisassumptionoverlooksothercrucialcriteriaindeterminingBsuchasC,D.Withoutaccountingforthesepotentialfactors,theauthorconcludes

7、toohastilythatisthebestwaytoachievegoals.充分性攻擊Inthesecondplace,_theauthorssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAissufficienttogivebirthtothedesiredgoals.However,ifitturnsoutthatBisduetoacombinationoffactors,someofwhichwillremainunchangedinthefuture,suchasCandD,onlyAmighthavenoimpactonB.選擇性樣本攻擊Athresholdp

8、roblemisthattheauthorprovidesnoevidencetoclaimthatthegeneralgroupasawholeisofthesamecharacteristic.Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveofthistrend,isinsufficienttowarrantthatthesampleisrepresentativeofthewholegroup.Forexample,Iquestionthat-Therefore,suchevidencewouldbeobviouslyunrepresentative.Infact,inf

9、aceofsuchlimitedevidence,itisfallaciousfortheauthortodrawanyconclusionatall.（與選擇性樣本攻擊”較類(lèi)似）樣本代表性攻擊Moreover,apossiblemethodologyproblemintheargumentisthatitisofbias.Thetermsomanyistoovaguetobestatisticallymeaningful.Itisverypossiblethatworkerswhoweremoreinterestedinthesurveymightbelikelytorespondtothe

10、questionnaire.Lackingintheinformationaboutthenumberofworkerssurveyedandthenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoassessthevalidityofthesurvey.Forinstance,if1000workersweresurveyedbutonly10responded,theresultshouldbehighlysuspect.Becausetheauthorfailstoaccountforotherinterpretations,thesurveywouldbeusel

11、essinconcludingthat.其他理由忽略他因攻擊Thirdly,theauthorhasfocusedonlyonA.Amoredetailedanalysiswouldrevealthatotherfactorsfaroutweighthefactoronwhichtheauthorfocuses.Forexample,C.Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthecauses,itispresumptuousfortheauthortoclaimthatAsolelydeterminedB.因果倒置攻擊Atlast,itispossibleth

12、attheauthorhasconfusedcausewitheffect.PerhapsAwasaresponsetoB.Sincetheauthorfailstoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthatiscompletelyunwarranted樣本數(shù)量攻擊Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthisargumentisthatthesurveycitedisbasedontoosmallasampletobereliable.Offeredinsupportoftheargument,theonly

13、evidenceisthatUnlessitcanbeshownthatthesampleistypicalofallgeneralgroup,thefactthatisgroundlesstoclaimthatLoadedquestion和誠(chéng)實(shí)性攻擊Whatsmore,themethodologyofthesurveyisproblematicfortworeasons.Foronething,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyprovidedonly3alternatives.Ifitdid,therespondents,whomightverywellpre

14、feranotherchoicenotprovidedinthesurvey,mightbeforcedtogiveuptheirpreferences.Foranotherthing,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyresponseswereanonymousorconfidential.Therespondentsmightsupplyresponsesfavoredbytheirsuperiorswhomightconductthesurvey.Botheventswouldleadthissurveyunreliable,letalonedrawthec

15、onclusionthat樣本時(shí)效性攻擊Lastbutnotleast,anotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentisthattheauthorneglectstoindicatehowrecentlythesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whenusedtogenerallyclaimaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughtosupportthegeneralization,inordertopreventhistoricalchangesfrominvali

16、datingthegeneralization.Allweknowisthatthesurveyisrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstodemonstratethat差異概念攻擊Tobeginwith,wemustestablishthemeaningofthevagueconceptA.IfthetermweresynonymouswithB,theevidencecitedwouldstronglysupporttheargument.However,Amaybedefinedi

17、nothertermssuchasCandD.Accordingly,theauthorhasdrawntheconclusiontoohastilyduetotheignoranceofotherdefinitionsofA.范圍內(nèi)推攻擊Whatsmore,themostegregiousreasoningerrorinthisargumentisthattheauthorusesevidencepertainingtoageneralgrouponthebasisofaparticularB.Evenifthereasoningmaybesoundingeneralsense,thepar

18、ticularsituationinwhichBisinvolvedmaynotberepresentativeoftheentiregeneralgroup.Itispossiblethat.Ifthisisthecase,theclaimthatisillfounded.不隨時(shí)變攻擊Moreover,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatAwillremainunchangedoverthenextdecades.However,amererecentone-yearAisinsufficienttoclaimthat.Statisticsfromsuchlimiteda

19、necdotalevidenceisnotagoodindicatorforthistrend.Inaddition,itispossiblethatinthefuture,thistrendwouldgreatlyfluctuateorevenreverse,thentheadoptionoftheauthorsproposalmightgivebirthtoB,however,itmightalsohaveanegativeimpactonC1and,inturns,C2.Admittedly,thisargumentwouldbeevenweakerandweakereachdayast

20、imegoesby.Issue把題目復(fù)述一下?Tosomeextent,Iagreewiththeauthorsgeneralassertionthatif*（即在作者的觀點(diǎn)上，加上一些條件，有保留地贊同）.However,theauthorunnecessarilyextendsthisbroadassertiontoanirreversibleextremewhileoverlooksothercompellingfactorsthatmayaffectthisissue.Onbalance,mypointsofagreementandcontentionwiththeauthorinvo

21、lvethefundamentalanddeepanalysisasdiscussedbelow.Ontheonehand,Iwouldliketoadmitthatthisstatement,althoughsuffersfromsomeobviousdrawbacks,hassomemeritsprimarilyinsomespecialcasesinwhichtheimplicitrationalebehinditaccordswithcommonsenseandourexperienceindailylife.Hence,itispartiallyindisputable.Aftera

22、ll,.Evenif,Inotherwords.Furthermore,.Alltheseevidencedemonstratesbeyondanydoubtthat.（以上兩段要找兩個(gè)理由，來(lái)說(shuō)明作者觀點(diǎn)如何對(duì)）Ontheotherhand,recognizingthatamoreapplicablechoicemustincorporatedifferentaspectsoftheissueassufficientaspossible,Ihavetopointoutthattheauthoroverstatesscomparativesignificance,andfailtotakein

23、toaccountotheressentialfactors.Inshort,thisassertionisproblematicintwoaspects.ThefirstargumenttheonethatIthinkthemostcompellingisthattheauthoroverlooked,thatistosay,.Thesecondargumentitmighthavebeennoticedbyothers-isthatinsomeoccasion,itisquitedifficultto.Accordingly,Itendtoconcedethatwhenitcomestos

24、omecertaincircumstancesitispartiallyappropriate（這里找兩個(gè)理由說(shuō)明在一些場(chǎng)合下，作者觀點(diǎn)還是不成立的，因?yàn)椴还苁裁凑擖c(diǎn)，成立還是會(huì)有條件的。此段模版字?jǐn)?shù)已經(jīng)很多，你只要列出不成立的觀點(diǎn)即可，言簡(jiǎn)意賅,因?yàn)橐话愕竭@個(gè)時(shí)候，時(shí)間也不多了，容不得你寫(xiě)例子了。）Inconclusion,issueofisacomplexone,requiringsubjectivejudgment,consequently,therearenoeasyorcertainanswers.Sodifferentarethepersonalexperiencesandemot

25、ionalconcernsamongpeoplewithdiverseculturethatthousandindividualsmightholdthousandopinions.Accordingtome,把你開(kāi)頭的觀點(diǎn)copy/paste上去.GMATReading1.4種文章類(lèi)型一、新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比（重點(diǎn)在后）先是老觀點(diǎn):many,most,common,frequently,usually,traditionally,once,old,recently,untilrecently再是新觀點(diǎn)：強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折（1段中/2段首）主題句：明確的新觀點(diǎn)。二、現(xiàn)象解釋型（重點(diǎn)在后）-為什么？先是現(xiàn)象：自然科

26、學(xué)：自然現(xiàn)象社會(huì)科學(xué)：史實(shí)再是解釋?zhuān)航忉屧?提出多個(gè)理論+強(qiáng)調(diào)主體+評(píng)價(jià)主題句：正確的解釋三、問(wèn)題解決型：（重點(diǎn)在后）-該怎么去做？問(wèn)題：疑問(wèn)question,puzzle任務(wù)difficulty,task,problem,challenge解決/回答：多個(gè)理論+提出主題+作者評(píng)價(jià)。主題句：正確的解決方案/答案四、結(jié)論解釋型（開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山）-有哪些內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)：判斷句-主題句恰恰是判斷句；解釋?zhuān)簝?nèi)容的詳細(xì)展開(kāi)2.主題題型一、對(duì)文章的中心思想、寫(xiě)作目的等提問(wèn)的題目1 .明確主題句TS2 .無(wú)TS-關(guān)鍵詞、細(xì)節(jié)、新內(nèi)容A.關(guān)鍵詞：主體動(dòng)詞Presentation：present,describe,exp

27、lain,illustrate,pointout,etc.Argumentation:evaluate,criticize,refute,challenge,counter,correct,etc.（非常實(shí)用）3 .含作者態(tài)度（少數(shù)服從多數(shù)）二、結(jié)構(gòu)套路1. organization:既問(wèn)文章/段落的結(jié)構(gòu)、套路，注意順序！2. 特別套路：專(zhuān)門(mén)評(píng)述某人理論、著作，多屬于結(jié)構(gòu)解釋型，少屬于現(xiàn)象解釋?zhuān)槭裁矗?. 注意：A. 先入為主型（從前不從后）：前面部分結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)很完整，但后面部分說(shuō)了一大段和前面無(wú)關(guān)的離題內(nèi)容，不能受后面影響B(tài). 少數(shù)服從多數(shù)（從大不從?。篢S提出正態(tài)度，卻在末尾作出轉(zhuǎn)折說(shuō)

28、一些缺點(diǎn)、毛病，只是為了避免極端而作出的暖和語(yǔ)氣。3. 態(tài)度題就作者對(duì)某事件、某理論的態(tài)度評(píng)價(jià)提問(wèn)的題目。一邊倒評(píng)價(jià)：正評(píng)價(jià)、負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)混合評(píng)價(jià)：大正小負(fù)、大負(fù)小正文中判斷評(píng)價(jià)的依據(jù)：判斷句系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、自由褒貶詞（adj，adv）1 、引號(hào)：負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)2、表示評(píng)價(jià)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：主要用于研究類(lèi)文章（1）負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)：fail（to）,ignore,overlook,neglect,忽略，忽視，前一個(gè)為主觀，后兩個(gè)為客觀overestimate,underestimate,高估，低估exaggerate,夸張，夸大misrepresent,misinterpret錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)，錯(cuò)誤表述，錯(cuò)誤解釋?zhuān)?）正評(píng)價(jià)：s

29、how,prove,demonstrate證明find,discover,發(fā)現(xiàn)determine,confirm，確信，確認(rèn)3、讓步語(yǔ)氣讓步語(yǔ)氣的三種寫(xiě)法：前半句（1）itistrue/itiscorrect/ofcourse（2）nodoubt/withoutdoubt/undoubtedly（3）do/may/seem/appear后半句：強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折以后半句為主要評(píng)價(jià)。4、從大不從小文章開(kāi)頭或主題句中的評(píng)價(jià)是大評(píng)價(jià)，其他是小評(píng)價(jià)。讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折除外。4. 細(xì)節(jié)題一、四種主要類(lèi)型1. 羅馬數(shù)字題2.inorderto題型3.強(qiáng)對(duì)比取非題4.其他二、幾種常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤方式三、細(xì)節(jié)定位（1）有定位的信息題：

30、of,about,concerning,regarding-關(guān)于同義變換（2）無(wú)定位的信息題：只能根據(jù)對(duì)全文的整體把握來(lái)逐個(gè)判斷選項(xiàng)。5. 類(lèi)比題典型問(wèn)法：whichofthefollowingismostsimilartothesituationinthesentence?Similarto,analogousto,parallel做法：抓住本質(zhì)特征客觀題做題要求：題型、定位、同義變換做題注意事項(xiàng)1、 4種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)：混、偏、反、無(wú)混：張冠李戴：A說(shuō)成B；偏：以偏蓋全；反：與原文相反；無(wú)：原文沒(méi)說(shuō)/無(wú)法判斷2、 慎重對(duì)待含有最高級(jí)、唯一性和比較句的選項(xiàng)3、 不要用非出題段落的內(nèi)容來(lái)解答這個(gè)題例

31、外：?jiǎn)柲扯谓Y(jié)尾，可用下段開(kāi)頭；問(wèn)某段開(kāi)頭，可用上段結(jié)尾。4、 長(zhǎng)選項(xiàng)豎讀法縱向比較所有選項(xiàng)，尤其是開(kāi)頭，找到其中相同的語(yǔ)言部分，如果某幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中相同的語(yǔ)言部分對(duì)這個(gè)題有用，那么先看這幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)或者這幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)的差異部分。5、文字定位基本操作：讀文章的時(shí)候找出主題詞和評(píng)價(jià)；文：主題題干：主題特殊情況：（1）如果題干主題在文中多處出現(xiàn)，一般定位在其首次出現(xiàn)之處。（2）如果題干主題與文章主題有關(guān)，定位在主題句。6. 邏輯題：（反對(duì)+支持題）（1）反對(duì)題：weaken,undermine,callintoquestion,castdoubton4種作法：A、反對(duì)原因B、反證法C、直接反對(duì)結(jié)論D、存在其他原因反對(duì)A-B時(shí)可說(shuō)A不成立。假設(shè)結(jié)論成立，推出矛盾、謬誤，與現(xiàn)實(shí)不符的情況。欲反對(duì)A-B，直接說(shuō)B不成立。欲反對(duì)A-B，可說(shuō)C-B。2）支持題：support,strengthen3種作法：A、補(bǔ)充所缺的條件。欲支持A-B,補(bǔ)上C,得C-A-B。B、把B再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)一遍。C、具體事例法：舉文中沒(méi)有講過(guò)的例子作為正面論據(jù)。（3）IFTRUE原則：不要懷疑5個(gè)選項(xiàng)的成立性，一切以他們的成立為前提。7. 出題點(diǎn)一、總結(jié)1. 主題：幾乎必考；2.混合評(píng)價(jià)；3.強(qiáng)對(duì)