《遺傳學(xué)英文詞匯》word版

1、.Genetics GlossariesWeek 1Heredity 遺傳Variation 變異Preformation 先成論Epigenesist 后生說(shuō)Mendels law 孟德?tīng)柖蒐aw of segregation 分離定律Law of independent assortment 自由組合定律Inheritance 遺傳特征Trait 特征Full/Constrict 飽滿/收縮Pod 莢Axial/Terminal 軸生/頂生Stem 莖Monohybrid cross 單基因雜交Postulate 假說(shuō)Dominance/Recessiveness 顯性/隱形Gamete

2、 配子Likelihood 可能性Punnett square 旁那特方格/棋盤(pán)法Genetype 基因型Allele 等位基因Homozygote/ Heterozygous 純合子/雜合子Phenotype 表現(xiàn)型Test cross 測(cè)交Dihybrid cross 雙因子雜交Chi-square test 卡方測(cè)驗(yàn)Week 2Pedigree 系譜Huntington disease 亨廷頓舞蹈癥Cystic fibrosis 囊性纖維化（胰腺病）Vertical inheritance 垂直遺傳特性Horizontal inheritance 水平遺傳特性Incomplete dom

3、inance 不完全顯性Semidominance 半顯性Codominance 共顯性Multiple alleles 復(fù)等位基因Self-incompatibility 自交不親和Pleiotropy 基因多效性Lethal gene 致死基因Cytogenetics 細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)Chromatin 染色質(zhì)Chromosome 染色體Haploid 單倍體Diploid 二倍體Karyotype 核型Sex chromosome/Autosome 性/常染色體Moths 蛾Alligator 短吻鱷Parental 親本的Maternal 母系的Subsequent 隨后的Meiosis 減

4、數(shù)分裂Drosophila 果蠅Drosophila melanogaster 黑腹果蠅Fruit fly 果蠅Prolific 多產(chǎn)的Nomenclature 命名法Hemizygous 半合子的Color-blindnenss 色盲Descendant 后代Hormone 荷爾蒙Pattern baldness 模型斑禿Week 3Mitosis 有絲分裂Complement 互補(bǔ)Cytokinesis 胞質(zhì)分裂Ongoing 持續(xù)的Synthesis 合成Telophase 末期Anaphase 后期Aligned 對(duì)齊的Metaphase 中期Prophase 前期Duplicated

5、 復(fù)制的Duplication 復(fù)制Centrosome 中心體Meiosis I/II 減數(shù)分裂I/II期Nondisjunction 不分離Red-green colorblindness 紅綠色盲Sex-linked 伴性的Hemophilia 血友病Hypophosphatemia 低磷血癥Deoxyribonucleic acid 脫氧核糖核酸（DNA）Nuclei 核Principle 組分Ultracentrifugation 超速離心法Predominance 優(yōu)勢(shì)Phage 噬菌體Host cell well 宿主細(xì)胞壁Double helix 雙螺旋Complementar

6、y pairing 互補(bǔ)配對(duì)Central dogma 中心法則Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物Week 4Nucleotide 核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸鹽Quagga 斑驢Skull 顱骨Neanderthal 穴居人的Uracil 尿嘧啶Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Adenine 腺嘌呤Guanine 鳥(niǎo)嘌呤Cytosine 胞嘧啶Ribonucleotide 核糖核苷酸Tobacco mosaic virus 煙草花葉病毒（TMV）Semiconservative 半保留的Methylate 使甲基化Splicing 剪接Alternative splicin

7、g 選擇性剪接Reverse transcription 反轉(zhuǎn)錄Retrovirus 逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒Immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷Matrix 基質(zhì)Bilipid outer layer 雙脂質(zhì)外層Viral particle 病毒顆粒Disintegrate 破裂Week 5Correlation 相關(guān)性Polarity 極性Nonoverlapping 不重疊的Degenerate 簡(jiǎn)并的Incorporation 編入Nickel hydride 鎳氫Wobble rule 擺動(dòng)法則Peptidyl 肽基Aminoacyl 氨?；鵓olyribosome 多核糖體Elongati

8、on 延長(zhǎng)Termination 終止Multimeric protein 多亞基蛋白質(zhì)Posttranslational 翻譯后Prion 阮病毒Spongiform encephalopathy 海綿狀腦病Spongy 海綿似的Proteinaceous 蛋白質(zhì)的Deposit 沉淀物Incubation 潛伏期Progressive 漸進(jìn)的Neurodegeneration 神經(jīng)性退行性病變Infectious 傳染的Forward/reverse mutation 正向/反向突變Rearrangement 重排Spontaneous mutation 自發(fā)突變Haploid 單倍體Su

9、sceptibility 敏感性Mutagen 誘變劑Bactericide 殺菌劑Fluctuation 波動(dòng)Polymerase 聚合酶Proofreading 校對(duì)Crossing-over 互換Transposon 轉(zhuǎn)座子Base analog 堿基類似物Intercalator 插入劑Alkyltransferase 烷基Homology-dependent 同源依賴Excision 切除Methyl 甲基Mismatch 錯(cuò)配Error-prone 易錯(cuò)的Nonhomologous end-joining 非同源末端接合Xeroderma pigmentosum 著色性干皮病Alk

10、aptonuria 尿黑酸癥Hypothesis 假說(shuō)Neurospora 脈胞菌Mold 霉菌Nutritional mutant 營(yíng)養(yǎng)突變體Auxotroph 營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺陷型Prototroph 原養(yǎng)型Modulate 調(diào)節(jié)Perception 感覺(jué)Week 6-7Transgenic 轉(zhuǎn)基因Recombinant 重組的Donor 供體Restriction enzyme 限制性內(nèi)切酶Fragment 碎片Vector 載體Transformation 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)Amplification 擴(kuò)增Endonuclease 核酸內(nèi)切酶Cornerstone 基礎(chǔ)Degrade 降解Palindrome

11、 回文Overhang 懸突體Isoschizomer 同切酶Isocaudarner 同尾酶Gel electrophoresis 凝膠電泳Partial digestion 部分消化Infer 推斷Selectable marker 可選標(biāo)記Drug resistance 抗藥性Ligation 連接反應(yīng)Ligase 連接酶Sticky end 粘性末端Blunt end 平整末端Cosmid 粘性質(zhì)粒YAC 酵母人工染色體（yeast artificial chromosome）Autonomous 自主的Subcloning 亞克隆化-galactosidase 半乳糖苷酶Gal 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

12、編號(hào)Blue dye 藍(lán)色染料Plaque 噬菌斑Shuttle vector 穿梭載體Intron 內(nèi)含子Probing 探測(cè)Southern blotting DNA印跡Reverse genetics 反向遺傳學(xué)Transgenic 轉(zhuǎn)基因的Metabolity 代謝物Gene knockout 基因敲除Ectopic expression 異位表達(dá)Week 8Embryo 胚胎Genetic linkage 遺傳連鎖Chiasmata 復(fù)交叉Chromosome breakage 染色體斷裂Cytological 細(xì)胞學(xué)的Abnormality 異常Keep track of 與保持聯(lián)

13、系Genetic marker 遺傳標(biāo)記Progeny 子代Discontinuity 不連續(xù)的Parental class 親本Assort 分配Tracing 追蹤C(jī)orrection 修正Chromosomal interference 染色體干擾Orient 定向Homologous chromosome 同源染色體Coefficient of coincidence 并發(fā)系數(shù)Linkage group 連鎖群Interchangeable 相互可交換Week 9HGP (Human Genome Project) 人類基因組計(jì)劃Proposed 被提議Draft 草稿Skeptici

14、sm 懷疑論Computational biology 計(jì)算生物學(xué)Ethics 倫理學(xué)Legislation 法律Arabidopsis thaliana 擬南芥Facilitate 促進(jìn)Manipulation 操作-omics 各種組學(xué)Transcriptomics 轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)Proteomics 蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)Phenomics 表型組學(xué)Accuracy 精確性Polymorphism 多態(tài)性Heterochromatic DNA 異染色DNAHybridization 雜種Identifying 標(biāo)記Estimating error 估計(jì)誤差SNP (Single Nucleotide Po

15、lymorphism) 單核苷酸多態(tài)性SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) 簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)序列Microsatellite 微衛(wèi)星Genomewide 全基因組Constellation 構(gòu)象Span 跨度Counterpart 副本Bottom-up approach 自下而上模式STS (Sequence Tagged Site) 標(biāo)志序列位點(diǎn)Top-down approach自上而下模式Fluorescent 熒光的In situ hybridization 原位雜交Loci (locus復(fù)數(shù)) 位點(diǎn)Resolution 分辨率Hierarchical shotgun ap

16、proach 分層散彈槍策略Shearing 剪切Throughput 吞吐量/生產(chǎn)量Distinct 不同的Lateral transfer 橫向遷移Complexity 復(fù)雜性Shuffling 慢慢移動(dòng)Module 模塊Paralogs 種內(nèi)同源基因Pseudogene 假基因Duplication 重復(fù)Telomere 端粒Orthologous gene 種間/直系同源基因Paralogous gene 種內(nèi)/旁系同源基因Week 10Organelle 細(xì)胞器Saccharomyces cerevisiae 釀酒酵母Preserve 保護(hù)Integrity 完整性Shortenin

17、g 縮短Fusion 融合Degradation 降解Germ-line cell 生殖細(xì)胞Somatic cell 體細(xì)胞Histone 組蛋白Heterogeneous 不均勻的，多樣的Uneven 不均勻Supercoiling 超螺旋Radial loop 橈箕/反箕Scaffold 支架結(jié)構(gòu)Heterochromatin 異染色質(zhì)Staining 著色Transcription 轉(zhuǎn)錄Inactive 失活Constitutive 組成性的Facultative 兼性的Euchromatin 常染色質(zhì)Condense 濃縮Dosage compensation 劑量補(bǔ)償Barr bod

18、y 巴氏小體/X染色質(zhì)Deletion 刪除Inversion 倒位Translocation 易位Transposition 轉(zhuǎn)置Polytene 多線型Giant chromosome 巨染色體Salivary gland cell 唾液腺細(xì)胞Inversion loop 倒位環(huán)Chromatid 染色單體Centromere 著絲點(diǎn)Suppressor 抑制物/抑制基因Disruption 分裂Speciation 物種形成Transposable element 轉(zhuǎn)位因子Retroposon 反轉(zhuǎn)錄子LINE （Long interspersed element） 長(zhǎng)散在序列SINE

19、（short interspersed element） 短散在序列Relocate 遷移Euploid 整倍體Aneuploid 非整倍體Monosomy 單倍體Trisomy 三倍體Tetrasomy 四倍體Polyploidy 多倍體Colchicines 秋水仙堿Down's syndrome 唐氏綜合征Inactivation 失活Mosaic 嵌合體Diploid 二倍體Vigor 活力Sterile 不育的Odd-number 奇數(shù)Allopolyploid 異源多倍體Raphanobrassica 蘿卜屬Week 11Prokaryotic 原核的Proliferati

20、ng 增生的ORF (open reading frame) 閱讀框架Operon 操縱子Spontaneous 自發(fā)的Transformation 轉(zhuǎn)化Conjugation 結(jié)合Transduction 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)Recipient 接受者Hfr 高頻重組Integrate 融入Excision 切除Reverting 回復(fù)Non-Mendelian 非孟德?tīng)柺紽our-o-clock 紫茉莉Mitochondria 線粒體Polypeptide-encoding 多肽編碼Compact 壓縮Intron 內(nèi)含子Liverwort 地錢Protozoan 原生動(dòng)物Parasite 寄生蟲(chóng)Appa

21、ratus 組織/器官Exception 例外mtDNA 線粒體DNAChloroplast 葉綠體cpDNA 胞質(zhì)DNAResponsive 回應(yīng)的Heteroplasmic 異質(zhì)的Homoplasmic 同質(zhì)的Bioreactor 生物反應(yīng)器Week 12Developmental genetics 發(fā)育遺傳學(xué)Manipulation 操縱Species-specific 特種異性的Cell formation 細(xì)胞形成Mutant 突變體Loss-of-function 功能性缺失Null 失效的Hypomorphic 亞效等位基因Dominant-negative 顯性失活的Gain-

22、of-function 功能性獲得Overexpression 超量表達(dá)Ectopic expression 異位表達(dá)Null mutation 無(wú)效突變Leaky 有漏洞的Permissive temp 允許溫度Restrictive temp 限制溫度Haploinsufficiency 單倍劑量不足Subcellular localization 亞細(xì)胞定位Epistasis 上位/異位顯性Sepal 萼片Petal 花瓣Stamen 雄蕊Carpel 心皮EMS (Ethylmethane Sulphonate) 乙基甲磺酸Irradiation 放射T-DNA 轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)DNAsiRNA

23、小干擾RNAmiRNA = microRNA 微小RNAFunctional genomics 功能基因組學(xué)Adenosine deaminase 腺苷脫氨酶Embryonic 胚胎的Totipotent （細(xì)胞）全能的Pluripotent 多能性的Blastocyst 胚泡Multipotent 多能干細(xì)胞Hematopoietic 造血的Bone marrow 骨髓Week 13Anterior-posterior 后前位的Syncytium 多核體Cortex 皮層Pole cell 極細(xì)胞Blastoderm 胎盤(pán)Fertilization 受精Segmentation gene 分

24、節(jié)基因Homeotic gene 同源框基因Cellularization 細(xì)胞化Gastrulation 原腸胚形成Germ layer 胚層Mesoderm 中胚葉Endoderm 內(nèi)胚層Ectoderm 外胚層Maternal gene 母體基因Gap gene 裂隙基因Pair-rule gene 成對(duì)規(guī)則基因Segment-polarity 體節(jié)極性基因Maternal-effect 母體影響bicoid (bcd) 果蠅中控制頭胸發(fā)育的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵母體基因Morphogen 成形素Repressor 阻遏物Zygotic gene 合子基因Hierarchy 層次結(jié)構(gòu)Promoter

25、啟動(dòng)子Affinity 親和力Regulating 調(diào)節(jié)Subdivide 細(xì)分Mirror-image 鏡像Intra-segmental 節(jié)內(nèi)的Patterning 圖樣Ligand 配合體Transcription factor 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Regulatory cascade 級(jí)聯(lián)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)Gene cluster 基因群Biothorax complexHomeodomain 同源域Penetrance 外顯率Expressivity 表現(xiàn)度Imprinting 印跡Insulin-like 胰島素樣Epigenetic 表觀遺傳的Methylation 甲基化作用Prader-Willi syndrome 普拉德-威利綜合征Angelman syndro