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1、分類號 密級 U D C 編號 華中師范大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）題目 英漢語言中的男性性別歧視 院 （系） 外國語學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 英 語 年 級 2001級 學(xué)生姓名 楊展云 學(xué) 號 20011075 指導(dǎo)教師 舒白梅 二OO五年四月1Anti-Male Bias in English and ChineseA thesis submitted to the faculty of CCNUIn partial fulfillment of the requirements for BA degree In English Language and Literatureby Yang Zhanyu

2、nSupervisor: Shu BaimeiAcademic Title: Professor Signature: April 2005ContentsAbstract in Chinese iAbstract in English .ii1. Introduction.2. Literature Review.2.1 Studies of linguistic sexism.2.2 Misconception of linguistic sexism and different approaches.3. Anti-Male Language.3.1 Gender-exclusive l

3、anguage . 3.1.1 Gender-exclusive language in English . 3.1.2 Gender-exclusive language in Chinese .3.2 Gender-restrictive language . 3.2.1 Gender-restrictive language in English . 3.2.2 Gender-restrictive language in Chinese.3.3 Masculinization of evil. 3.3.1 Masculinization of evil in English.3.3.1

4、.1Crime .3.3.1.2 Cruelty and violence.3.3.1.3 Libertine. 3.3.2 Masculinization of evil in Chinese 3.3.2.1 Crime.3.3.2.2 Cruelty and violence.3.3.2.3 Libertine.4. Conclusion.Bibliography.1112333577910101011121212131314166內(nèi)容摘要自20世紀60年代起，語言性別歧視研究隨著女性解放運動的展開而得到蓬勃發(fā)展。一般而言，語言性別歧視研究有四種不同的學(xué)術(shù)觀點，它們分別是：女性主義的觀點，

5、約定俗成的觀點，男性研究的觀點，以及社會語言學(xué)的觀點。其中，男性研究的觀點是20世紀80年代末出現(xiàn)的一種全新的理論。以往國內(nèi)外的語言學(xué)家大多從女性的角度出發(fā)研究語言性別歧視問題，極少有人從男性的角度出發(fā)對此進行探討。本文先總結(jié)了語言性別歧視研究的發(fā)展階段，并介紹了幾種不同的學(xué)術(shù)觀點。之后，文章試圖采用男性研究的觀點，從排除異性語言，性別有定語言和罪孽聯(lián)想男性化三個方面比較中英文中針對男性的語言性別歧視現(xiàn)象的共同點，旨在通過列舉大量實例證明男性同女性一樣可能成為語言性別歧視的犧牲品，引起人們對針對男性的語言性別歧視現(xiàn)象的關(guān)注。關(guān)鍵詞：語言性別歧視; 男性偏見; 共同點; 中文; 英文 iAbst

6、ractFrom the 1960s, the study of linguistic sexism has been developed vigorously as the womens liberation movement spread out. Generally, there are four approaches to the study of linguistic sexism: the feminist approach, the conventional approach, the approach from mens study, and the sociolinguist

7、ic approach. The approach from mens study is a completely new theory which appeared at the end of the 1980s. In the past, linguists home and abroad usually study the problem of linguistic sexism from the feminine perspective and few from the masculine perspective. This paper first of all summarizes

8、the development stages of linguistic sexism study, followed by an introduction of several different approaches. Later, the article employs the approach of mens study, attempting to compare the similarities of anti-male bias usage in English and in Chinese from three aspects, which are gender-exclusi

9、ve language, gender-restrictive language, and masculinization of evil. With abundant examples, the paper aims at proving that the male, like the female, can be preys of linguistic sexism, arousing peoples attention to anti-male bias in language.Key words: linguistic sexism; anti-male bias; similarit

10、y; English; Chineseii1. IntroductionFor decades, linguists have been studying the problem of linguistic sexism. Much effort has been put on anti-female language usage while little on anti-male bias in language. The end of the 1980s witnessed the birth of a new theory to the study of linguistic sexis

11、m, that is, the approach from mens study, which holds that both the male and the female can be preys of linguistic sexism (楊永林, 2004: 36). However, this newly emerging force is not powerful enough to place influence on the solid foundation of traditional approaches to the study of linguistic sexism,

12、 not to mention change average peoples concepts about linguistic sexism. Generally, people assume that only females are discriminated against in language. Therefore, this paper employs the approach from mens study to discuss the problem of anti-male bias in language and attempts to compare the simil

13、arities of anti-male language usage in English and Chinese. Through comparison, peoples misconception of linguistic sexism can be redressed. Meanwhile, attention can be drawn to anti-male bias in English and Chinese. Furthermore, similarities between English culture and Chinese culture can be reveal

14、ed so as to foster understanding between these two cultures.Primarily employing the techniques of classification, exemplification, and comparison, the author of this article is going to divide the whole dissertation into four chapters. Chapter one is a general introduction. Chapter two is a literatu

15、re review, which introduces the studies of linguistic sexism, misconception of linguistic sexism and different theories to the study of linguistic sexism. And chapter three, which is the most important part, compares the similarities of anti-male bias in English and Chinese from three aspects, which

16、 are gender-exclusive language, gender-restrictive language, and masculinization of evil. In the end comes a natural conclusion, that is, the male, like the female, can be victims of linguistic sexism. 2. Literature Review2.1 Studies of linguistic sexism Linguistic sexism refers to prejudicial attit

17、ude of either sex towards the other in the use of language (楊永林, 2004: 18) . The phenomenon of linguistic sexism exists in different cultures, including English and Chinese cultures.It was early in the 1920s that the well-known linguist, Jespersen, had noticed that there were quite a number of nouns

18、 applied to females alone in English. As the womens liberation movement vigorously developed from the 1960s, linguistic sexism study has roughly gone through four stages.From 1960s to mid 1970s is the first stage in which feminists and supporters of womens liberation movement were main participants.

19、 The study in this period is confined to political discussion from the perspective of feminism. Few achievements have been made in this period. The second stage, from the 1970s to mid 1980s, mainly discusses the issue of sexism in language from the angle of morphology and semantics. However, some vi

20、ewpoints and reform measures are not scientific enough so that they are not widely accepted by people. The mid 1980s sees the coming of the third phase. The academic circle researches on linguistic sexism with an attitude which is more sober, objective, discreet and scientific. From the 1990s, socia

21、l linguists combine the study of linguistic sexism with the study of language and culture, and the study of cognitive science, explaining the potential harm of sexist language to society in a theoretical height of linguistic relativity.2.2 Misconception of linguistic sexism and different approaches

22、From the definition of linguistic sexism given at the beginning of the paper, we can clearly see that linguistic sexism includes both anti-male language and anti-female language. However, most people assume that sexist language is only used for the female and that females alone are the victims of li

23、nguistic sexism. But according to a recent theory, both males and females can be preys of linguistic sexism and the difference between anti-male usage and anti-female usage merely lies in the extent of victimization (楊永林, 2004: 24).Generally speaking, there are four academic approaches to the study

24、of linguistic sexism: a feminist approach, a conventional approach, a sociolinguistic approach, and an approach from mens studies. The feminist approach is relatively radical, arguing that an egalitarian society should be created in order to get rid of linguistic sexism. The conventional approach, c

25、ompared with the feminist one, represents the conservatives, viewing language both as arbitrary and conventional. All-embracing is the sociolinguistic approach, which can accept the radicalism of feminism, viewpoints of mens study, and can take in the reasonable part of the conventional approach. An

26、d finally, the approach from mens study is a newly emerging force which rose at the end of the 1980s. This theory holds that under most circumstances, males and females are all preys of out-moded regulations and irrational practices in certain cultures, and males are often covert preys of implicit l

27、inguistic sexism (楊永林, 2004: 45).3. Anti-Male LanguageFor decades, linguists have been making researches on the problem of linguistic sexism. Much attention has been paid to anti-female bias but few people have noticed that males can also be preys of sexist language. Eugene August, professor of the

28、University of Dayton, is one among those who have noted anti-male bias. He argues that “anti-male bias in language is as possible as anti-female bias” (quoted in August, 2000: 70). According to him, there are in general three types of anti-male usage in modern English. The first type is language of

29、gender-exclusiveness which excludes males from certain kinds of saying. The second type is gender-restrictive language usage which tries to confine males to certain prescribed gender roles. And the last one is negative stereotypes about males which usually imply insult, cruelty and potential danger

30、(quoted in August, 2000: 72).Similar to English, Chinese also has anti-male language usage to some extent. Some terms used on males alone are really insulting. In the following parts, the phenomenon of anti-male bias in language will be analyzed and a host of examples will be provided to support the

31、 view that the male also can be victims of linguistic sexism.3.1 Gender-exclusive language3.1.1 Gender-exclusive language in EnglishAlthough gender-exclusive language usage which excludes females in English has often been discussed, little heed has been paid to usage that omits males. Example after

32、example can be cited to prove the existence of anti-female language usage. For instance, American linguist Nilsen gives a typical example in the book Sexism and Language:Let me show you the restrictions that would be placed on my daughter. . . . Among the peculiar restrictions placed on her would be

33、 that could never really participate in the brotherhood of mankind. And regardless of what her forefathers were, she couldnt have been an Irishman, a Frenchman, or a Dutchman. . . . At school she would have to learn early that she could serve on committees but never be the spokesman or chairman. She

34、 could participate in sports, but she could not practice sportsmanship. In baseball she could be a pitcher or a catcher but not the ballboy or the first baseman. . . . Even if she rose to real power in the world and became a queen, she couldnt rule because there are only kingdomsno queendoms. . . .

35、But if by some happenstance, she did succeed in gaining power in government, the real tragedy is that she could never be a statesmanonly a politician. (quoted in 潘建, 2004: 15)However, few people have discovered that Alma Mater which means nourishing mother is a gender-restrictive term used to refer

36、to the university or school at which one studies. The same is mammal which is a term used to categorize animals according to the females ability to feed the young through her breasts. Obviously, mammal excludes the male of the species. 4. ConclusionIn conclusion, males, just like females, can be vic

37、tims of linguistic sexism both in English and in Chinese. In fact, there exist many similarities of anti-male usage between these two languages.Both languages ignore the males role of being parent and exclude them as victim, which actually is unfair to the male. Whenever parent is mentioned, mother

38、would be put in the first place, while father is considered as a “second-rate parent” as August puts it. Many expressions in Chinese and in English have shown the existence of gender-exclusive usage excluding the male. At the same time, most people hold that males would never be victimized at any ti

39、me but it is not the case actually.No matter the man lives in English-speaking societies or in China, he cannot avoid being confined to certain prescribed gender roles. He is supposed to behave like a real man all his life, or else he will possibly be a coward or a sissy one day, and despised by oth

40、ers. Society requires him to work hard as a “breadwinner”, and to make accomplishments in his career, otherwise, he would be granted with such titles as neer-do-well which is rather insulting.Men, both Chinese and English, are confronted with a large number of stereotypes against them in many aspects. They are considered as primary law-breakers, and they are port