翻譯(關(guān)于教育法)

1、摘要：受教育權(quán)作為公民的一項基本權(quán)利已得到各個國家的普遍認同，受教育權(quán)在很大程度上是公民生存與發(fā)展權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)，而目前中國大量女童受教育權(quán)受損，面臨失學的處境。本文將以失學女童受教育權(quán)為視角，分析消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約在我國實施面臨的問題，并對解決的措施進行初步的探索。關(guān)鍵詞：婦女歧視 失學女童 受教育權(quán)Abstract:The right to education as a fundamental right of citizen has been commonly agreed in each country.And to a great extent ,it is the foundat

2、ion of the citizens' survival right and development right.However,in China,a large number of girlsthe right to education has been damaged,so they are facing the situation of dropping out of school.In this article,I will analyze the problems when our country implements the CEADWThe Convention on

3、the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and preliminarily explore the measures in the perspective of out-of-school girls right to education.Index term: discrimination against women out-of-school girls  the right to education受教育權(quán)既是世界人權(quán)宣言、消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約等國際法文件確認和保障的一項重要的公民

4、權(quán)利,也是包括我國在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)國家確認的憲法權(quán)利。· The right to education is both an important civil right that is confirmed and protected by some documents of international law such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights and CEADW and a constitutional right which is confirmed by most countr

5、ies including China.· 女童易遭受由于其性別差異產(chǎn)生的歧視，在男女平等的前提下，其受教育權(quán)更應(yīng)當?shù)玫街匾?。Girls are vulnerable to discrimination because of their gender differences, on the premise of gender equality , the right to education of girls should be attentioned more.· 到目前為止,我國法學界對這方面尚缺乏較為系統(tǒng)深入的理論研究,司法實務(wù)界也未建立一套完善而有效的救濟機制。At

6、 present,in China,our jurisprudential circle is still lack of a systematic and deep theoretical research about this aspect.And judicial practice also has not been established a set of perfect and effective relief mechanism.· 理論研究的相對滯后和救濟機制的不完善導致實踐中在女童受教育權(quán)的認識上存在一定的誤區(qū),女童受教育權(quán)受到侵害時也得不到有效的保護和救濟

7、。Imperfection of theoretical researchs relative lag and relief mechanism causes some mistakes on the understanding of the girl's right to education and unvalid protection and relief of the girl's right to education. 一、法律概念分析The Analysis of Law Concepts.我國憲法規(guī)定了男女平等，但對于什么是性

8、別歧視并未做出明確規(guī)定。In China,our constitution prescribed gender equality.But for what is gender discrimination ,it did not make a specific provision.美國著名社會學家波普諾認為“歧視是指由于某些人是某一群體或類屬之成員而對他們施以不公平或不平等的待遇。Famous American sociologist David Popenoe thought that discrimination refered to unfair or unequal treatment

9、 to someone who were members of one group or category.歧視是一種行動或行為。Discrimination is a kind of action or behavior.美國著名學者夏普認為:“歧視指相同的人(事)被不平等地對待或者不同的人(事)受到同等的對待。”Famous American scholar Sharp said,”Discrimination refers to the same people (things) are treated unequally, or different people (things) are

10、 treated equally.”這些解釋有利于我們理解歧視，但不是為法律概念，不夠作為司法判案的依據(jù)。These explanations is conducive to us to understand discrimination, but not for the legal concept, not as the basis of judicial judgment.性別歧視客觀上表現(xiàn)為直接歧視和間接歧視, Gender discrimination objectively is divided into direct discrimination and indirect disc

11、rimination.直接歧視又稱差別待遇歧視, 是最早的反歧視法涉及的一種歧視形式, 也是最常見的歧視形式之一。Direct discrimination is also called disparate treatment discrimination which is a form of discrimination in the earliest anti-discrimination law and is one of the most common form of discrimination.其立法基礎(chǔ)是形式平等, 即相同情況同樣對待。The legislation is bas

12、ed on formal equality that is being treated equally in same cases.直接性別歧視通過明確宣布基于立法所保護的性別特征而對個人做出區(qū)別對待是專斷的、不能接受的,基于性別而產(chǎn)生的對女童受教育權(quán)的不平等待遇，即是直接歧視的一種。Direct sex discrimination declars taht it is arbitrary and unacceptable to make a distinction between individuals based on  sex characteristics whi

13、ch are protected by law.That based on gender produces the unfair treatment of girls the right to education,which is a kind of direct discrimination.女童作為法律保護對象中的弱勢群體，在現(xiàn)實中存在著大量權(quán)利受侵害的現(xiàn)象。 As vulnerable groups of legal protection,girls rights are violated largely in reality. 婦女，目前我國法律未對“婦女

14、”有明確的定義。Women,In China ,at present,our law hasnt have a clear definition. 根據(jù)平白解釋，婦女，即女性，然而對于婦女年齡的限制從未在法律中有所規(guī)定。According to the explanation,women that is femininity,however,women age limit has never been prescribed in the law.僅有中華人民共和國刑法中有關(guān)強奸罪的加重情節(jié)出現(xiàn)“14周歲以下幼女”規(guī)定，部分學者贊同14周歲以上為婦女的觀點。The legal prov

15、ision,“under 14 years old girl”,about the deterioration of the rape, only appears in the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.Some scholars agree with the view that no less than 14 years old femals are women.消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約中也未出現(xiàn)對婦女的解釋說明。The CEADW also has no explanation about women.此外，聯(lián)合

16、國兒童權(quán)利公約將兒童的年齡限制為18周歲以下。In addition,the CRCConvention on the Rights of the Child limits the age of the child is under the age of 18.結(jié)合上述觀念，本文所指女童即為14-18周歲的女性。In conclusion，in this artical,girls that are femal who are 14 -18 years old.教育，既是公民個人人格形成和發(fā)展的一個必不可少的手段，也是培育作為民主政治具體承擔者的健全的公民的重要途徑。Educatio

17、n is not only a necessary means for civil personality to form and develop,but also an important way to cultivate sound citizens as specific undertaker of democracy.我國現(xiàn)行憲法第46條規(guī)定：“中華人民共和國公民有受教育的權(quán)利和義務(wù)”。In China our current constitution prescribed in paragraph 1 of

18、0;article 46: "citizens of the People's Republic of China the rights and obligations of education"這種受教育權(quán)利義務(wù)一體化的立法模式，引起了學者們認識上的分歧。Such legislation model of integrating the right and obligation to be educated has

19、caused scholars cognitional differences.有學者認為，我國憲法把受教育權(quán)既規(guī)定為公民的權(quán)利，又規(guī)定為公民的義務(wù)，實際上是不妥的，混淆了權(quán)利主體與義務(wù)主體的關(guān)系。Some scholars believe that our constitution prescribes the right to education is civil right as well as civil obligation,which is improper,because it confuses the relation between the subject of rights

20、 and the subject of obligation.有學者認為，公民的受教育權(quán)體現(xiàn)的是一種權(quán)利義務(wù)觀。如“受教育權(quán)具有雙重性，即受教育權(quán)既是公民的一項權(quán)利，也是公民的一項義務(wù)?！盨ome scholars believe that the right to education embodies a concept of rights and obligation.For example, the right to education has the duality, namely it is both a civil right and civil obligation.“

21、受教育是公民的基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)，體現(xiàn)人的個體性與社會性的統(tǒng)一?！薄笆芙逃巧鐣c個人的共同要求，在法律上應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為權(quán)利與義務(wù)的統(tǒng)一。”筆者贊成后種觀點，認為受教育權(quán)是公民的權(quán)利與義務(wù)?！癟o be educated is citizensbasic rights and obligation.And it  reflects the unity of individuality and sociality.”“To be educated is the common demand of society and individual.In the law,it should be char

22、acterized by the unity of the rights and obligations?！盜 approve the latter opinion that the right to education is a civil rights and obligations.（1） 具體內(nèi)容 (a) The Specific Content受教育權(quán)的體系就是對組成受教育權(quán)的各項內(nèi)容進行分類,而由劃分出的各種權(quán)利組成的有機聯(lián)系的統(tǒng)一整體。根據(jù)受教育權(quán)產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展的時間順序, 可以將其分為學習機會權(quán)、學習成功權(quán)。Educational system is an unified whol

23、e that is intergrated with various rights which are divided from the contents of the right to education.According to the time order, it can be divided into the right of learning opportunities and the right to learning success. 1.學習機會權(quán) The right of learning opportunities

24、學習機會權(quán)是指受教育者有權(quán)通過學習獲得生存與發(fā)展能力的可能性, 是接受任何等級教育的起點、資格和身份。學習機會權(quán)又可以派生出入學升學機會權(quán)和學生身份權(quán)。Right of learning opportunities refers to the educatees shall have the right to get the possibility of survival and development ability by learning.It is the starting point,qualification and status to accept a

25、ny level education .It can also derive the right of enrollment and entrance opportunity and the right of student.(1) 入學升學機會權(quán)The Right Of Enrollment And Entrance Opportunity這類權(quán)利因國家在保障義務(wù)教育和非義務(wù)教育中的不同義務(wù)和Such right is different because of the different obligations and responsibilities in ensuring compuls

26、ory and non- compulsory education.責任而有所不同,其主要區(qū)別是所有權(quán)利主體接受義務(wù)教育的學習機會權(quán)實質(zhì)平等,而接受非義務(wù)教育的學習機會權(quán)只是憑個人能力、在競爭選拔基礎(chǔ)上的形式平等。The main difference is that all rights of owners have the substantive equality in receiving the right of learning opportunities of compulsory education rather than having the formal equality in

27、 receiving the right of learning opportunities of non-compulsory education just by individual ability or on the basis of competitive selection.(2) 義務(wù)教育階段的入學升學機會權(quán)是指適齡兒童進入小學,小學畢業(yè)后可升入初中學習的權(quán)利。The right of enrollment and entrance opportunity of compulsory education is that  school age chil

28、dren can enter elementary school and after graduation enter  junior high school . 非義務(wù)教育階段的入學升學機會權(quán)包括義務(wù)教育以下和義務(wù)教育以上階段的權(quán)利。The right of enrollment and entrance opportunity of non-compulsory education includes rights of the compulsory education stage. 我國在非義務(wù)教育階段,特別是在義務(wù)教育以上階段,由法律確認的形式上的機會平等權(quán)還沒有完全

29、的制度保障。In China,in the stage of compulsory education, especially in the above stage of compulsory education ,formal opportunity equality which has been confirmed by law still has no complete protection system.當前高中及高中以上階段招生制度方面存在許多爭議較大的問題,例如高考錄取線和招生比例的問題一直是爭議焦點。At present,admission system of high scho

30、ol and above high school has a lot of controversial problems.For example,the problem of the university entrance exam score and the percentage of admission has always been a controversial focus.除了個別試點省市外,全國統(tǒng)一命題、統(tǒng)一閱卷、統(tǒng)一評分標準,卻沒有統(tǒng)一的錄取分數(shù)線。Except few pilot provinces and cities,nation unifies proposition,m

31、arking and scoring but admission scores.筆者認為,雖然任何公平都是相對的, 各地教育發(fā)展水平差異較大,要求全國高考錄取線一刀切也不盡合理, 但目前的高考錄取線不統(tǒng)一,已遠遠超出了合理限度。類似的一些不公平實際上就影響到公民的入學升學機會權(quán)。I think that although any fair is relative and it is unrational to unify the national college entrance examination score because of big difference in local 

32、;education development level ,the disparity of local college entrance examination score has already gone far beyond reasonable limit.Such inequity actually influences citizensthe right of enrollment and entrance opportunity.(3) 學生身份權(quán)(學籍權(quán)) the right of student學籍權(quán)是指作為受教育者的學生在其所在教育機構(gòu)擁有學生身份并利用

33、其條件學習的權(quán)利。 The right of student is the right that the students as educatees in their education institutions own student identity and use their conditions to learn.任何人一旦有權(quán)進入某一教育機構(gòu)學習, 經(jīng)登記注冊后就成為該教育機構(gòu)的學生, 也就獲得了相應(yīng)的學生身份, 而一旦喪失學生身份權(quán), 其他形式的受教育權(quán)也一同喪失, 由于學生身份權(quán)對受教育權(quán)的行使至關(guān)重要, 因而剝奪學生身份權(quán)是嚴重的侵權(quán), 法律對其保障也極為嚴密。Any

34、one once has the right to enter an education institutions to study,after the registration,he can be one of this education institutions students and obtain the corresponding the right of student.However, once he loss the right of student,other forms of the right to education also are lost.Because the

35、 right of student is very important to the right to education, depriving the right of student is a serious infringement.The law guarantees it extremely seriously.在義務(wù)教育階段, 學生身份權(quán)無論何種理由都不得剝奪;即使是非義務(wù)教育階段, 非由法定理由并經(jīng)法定程序, 學生身份權(quán)也不得被剝奪。In compulsory education stage,the right of student cant   be dep

36、rived no matter what the reason is.Even in non-compulsory education stage, not by the legal reasons and legal procedures,the right of student cant   be deprived,too.并且, 對于學生身份權(quán)的剝奪, 法律賦予學生包括訴訟途徑在內(nèi)的各種救濟手段。And ,for the dispivation of the right of student , the law empowers students various means, including means of litigation2.學習成功權(quán) the right of learning success學習成功權(quán)是教育過程結(jié)束時的結(jié)果權(quán)利。The right of learning success is the right of final result upon the end of education.學業(yè)完成后,能否獲得用以資證明學習成功的