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1、高三語法專題:句子成分分析句子成分的分類:從句法功能的角度講,句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語(賓補(bǔ)&主補(bǔ))和同位語。請(qǐng)看下面句子成分的分析,并注意這些句子成分在句子中的位置。Mr Smith , an English teache,r told me that he would help me to learn English if he was free this evening.史密斯先生,一位英語老師,告訴我說,如果他今晚有空,他會(huì)幫我學(xué)習(xí)英語。主要成分分析:Mr Smith, .told.次要成分分析:Mr Smith, a
2、n English teache,r told me that he.help me to learn English if he was free this evening.句子成分的用法在了解了句子成分的定義和分類之后,下面結(jié)合具體的例子,詳細(xì)講解有關(guān)句子成分的用法要點(diǎn)。一、主語 句子的主體主語是句子的主體,是句子所要說明的人或事物,表示句子描述的是誰或什么。更確切地說,主語是說明謂語所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的執(zhí)行者。主語通常由名詞(短語)、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)、動(dòng)名詞(短語 )或從句等充當(dāng)。( 1)名詞:A tree has fallen across the road.( 2)代詞
3、:He told a joke but it fell flat.( 3)數(shù)詞:Three is enough.( 4)動(dòng)名詞:Smoking is bad for you.( 5)不定式:To find your way can be a problem.( 6) it 形式主語:It is certain that he will win the match.( 7) 從句: That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.鏈接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的主語 (2017浙江高考)
4、Up till now, 3 boys and 4 girls have joined the team. (2016江蘇高考) Internet voting is quite popular nowadays.2 . 從句子成分分析角度完成下面語法填空: (2017 全國卷語法填空) Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,is not good for the health. 分析 空格處所填詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句并在從句中充當(dāng)(句子成分),且指代前面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容,故應(yīng)填。 (2015安徽高考改編) (ignore)
5、 the difference between thetwo research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. 分析 句意:忽視這兩個(gè)研究結(jié)果的不同將會(huì)是你犯的最嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤之一。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,句中謂語為,設(shè)空處在句中充當(dāng)(句子成分) ,故用。二謂語主語的行為謂語 (Predicate) 或謂語動(dòng)詞(predicate verb)是對(duì)主語加以陳述,表示主語的行為或狀態(tài),其位置一般在主語之后。謂語是句子的靈魂,謂語的變化可以反映:時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致等,這些也是高中語法重要的內(nèi)容。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(短語)可以單獨(dú)作謂語,有
6、時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化;系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語,系表結(jié)構(gòu)才可以作謂語;助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語, “助動(dòng)詞 /情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”才可作謂語。( 1)實(shí)義的動(dòng)詞(短語): He worked hard all day today.The plane took off at ten o clock.( 2)系表結(jié)構(gòu):He was free this evening.( 3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞:The work should have been finished yesterday.鏈接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的謂語 (2017 全 國 卷 ) In the exhibition, yo
7、u will enjoy many special kinds ofpaper-cuttings. (2016全國卷 ) I should be available any time after school next week.2 .從句子成分分析角度完成下面語法填空: (2017?全國卷 )Later, engineers (manage) to construct railways in asystem of deep tunnels 隧道(), which became known as the Tube.分析 空格處在句中充當(dāng)主句的(句子成分),根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語later和定語從句的謂語
8、動(dòng)詞became可知此處應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的(時(shí)態(tài)) , 且 engineers與manage之間為(主動(dòng) /被動(dòng))關(guān)系,故填。 (2017全國卷語法填空)Fast food (be) full of fat and salt; by eatingmore fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. 分析 本句是由分號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)并列分句,其中空格處所在的第一分句為結(jié)構(gòu);主語是,為(可數(shù)/不可數(shù))名詞短語,所以系動(dòng)詞應(yīng)填be的第三人稱單數(shù)形式,且此處敘述的是客觀事實(shí),故填。三賓語 動(dòng)作的對(duì)象賓語(obj
9、ect)在句中主要充當(dāng)動(dòng)作、行為、活動(dòng)的對(duì)象、接受者或受影響者。一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞的后面。1.賓語表現(xiàn)形式:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和從句等。( 1)名詞:Do you fancy a drink?( 2)代詞:They won t hurt us.( 3)數(shù)詞:If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.( 4)不定式:Does she really want to leave home?( 5)動(dòng)名詞:We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen.( 6)從句(即賓語從句): Do you understand
10、what I mean?( 7) it 形式賓語:I find it difficult to learn English well.2. 賓語的種類( 1) 按是否直接跟動(dòng)詞后面:直接賓語(Direct Object); 間接賓語 ( Indirect Object)直接賓語:動(dòng)作的直接承受者或結(jié)果(一般是物sth.)間接賓語:動(dòng)作對(duì)誰或者為誰而做的(一般是人sb.)My auntgivemea toy car.Heshowhis passportto the officer.主 謂 間賓 直賓主 謂 直賓間賓( 2)介詞后面的賓語,構(gòu)成“介賓結(jié)構(gòu) ”I am interested in c
11、omputer studies.介詞賓語(英語中除了動(dòng)詞賓語外,介詞也有賓語,構(gòu)成“介賓結(jié)構(gòu) ”) 鏈接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的賓語 (2017北京高考) My classmates and I decided to do something. (2016全國卷) I know you take good pictures and youve always wanted to do6something for environmental protection.2 .從句子成分分析角度完成下面語法填空: (2017 全卷 )But Sarah, who has taken part in s
12、hows along with top models, wants (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.分析 根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處應(yīng)該使用作動(dòng)詞 want的語(句子成分)。 (2017 江蘇高考)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to$20, half of it used to charge. 分析 句意:我們選擇這家賓館,因?yàn)檫@里一晚的價(jià)格降到了20 美元,這是他們以前要價(jià)的一半。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處既引導(dǎo)從句,又在從句中作charge
13、的,故應(yīng)填。四表語 主語的特征表語與前面的系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(系表結(jié)構(gòu)),用來說明主語的特征、類屬、狀態(tài)、身份等??梢杂米鞅碚Z的有:名詞(短語)、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式(短語)、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語和從句等。( 1)名詞:The wedding was that Sunday.( 2)代詞:Seventy-four? You don t look it.( 3)數(shù)詞:We are seven.( 4)形容詞:Are you busy?( 5)副詞:I am here.( 6)不定式:All I could do was to wait.( 7)動(dòng)名詞:Seeing is bel
14、ieving.( 8)過去分詞:I m very pleased with what he has done.( 9)介詞短語:She is in good health.( 10)從句:That is why I was angry.常見的 6 類系動(dòng)詞:1. 狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞: be (am、 is、 are) 是2. 感官系動(dòng)詞: feel(摸起來 );look; sound; taste; smell3. 動(dòng)態(tài)系動(dòng)詞: become;turn; get; go; grow; fall (進(jìn)入,陷入某種狀態(tài))54. 靜態(tài)系動(dòng)詞: keep; remain(依然是); stay(保持)鏈接高考:
15、1 .找出下列句子中的表語 (2017全國卷 )You know we Chinese have a lot of traditional art forms, of whichpaper-cutting is one of the most popular. (2016全國卷 )I will be very grateful if you can help me.2 .從句子成分分析角度完成下面練習(xí): (2017全國卷 )However, be(care) not to go to extremes. 分析 句意:小心不要走極端。系動(dòng)詞be 后應(yīng)用(詞性) , care 的形容詞形式是作語(
16、句子成分)。 (2014全國卷短文改錯(cuò))The teachers here are kind and helpfully. 分析 :該句是“ ”結(jié)構(gòu),其中連詞 and 連接并列的語(句子成分) ,故后者需要用詞(詞性)。五定語名詞的修飾語定語是用來描述名詞的品質(zhì)與特征的修飾語,它常和名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語??梢杂米鞫ㄕZ的有:形容詞、 名詞、 代詞、 數(shù)詞、 副詞、 不定式、 動(dòng)名詞、 分詞、介詞短語和從句等。( 1)形容詞:She is a natural musician.( 2)名詞:A baby girl is crying.( 3)代詞:Your hair needs cutting(物主代
17、詞).Everybody s business is nobody s(不定代詞所有格) business.( 4)數(shù)詞:Do it now, you may not get a second chance.(序數(shù)詞前置定語)( 5)副詞:The room above is my sister (副詞作定語后置) s.( 6)不定式:Her promise to write was forgotten(不定式作定語后置).7)動(dòng)名詞:Learning methods vary from person to person.8)分詞:The broken window has been repla
18、ced by a new on(過去分詞) e.The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun現(xiàn)在分詞) .(9)介詞短語:This is a map of China.10)從句(定語從句): The car that is parked outside is mine.鏈接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的定語 (2017全國卷書面表達(dá))Therefore, before class, you can read some booksrelated to the history of the Tang Dynasty to better apprecia
19、te the poems. (2016北京高考書面表達(dá))All were very happy with those unexpected gifts,especially little kids and elderly people.2 .從句子成分分析角度完成下面練習(xí): (2017浙江高考語法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a(shine) object. 分析 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處在句中作(句子成分)修飾名詞object, 故應(yīng)用詞形式 (詞性) 。 “發(fā)光的; “發(fā)光的, 發(fā)亮的”或 (2017全國卷短文
20、改錯(cuò)) It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in themiddle of the road.分析 本句為 and連接的并列分句,stop在第二分句中作( 句子成分),為詞(詞性),修飾名詞應(yīng)用。六、狀語動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的修飾語狀語是用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子的一種成分。可以用作狀語的有:副詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和從句等。狀語的分類:狀語按用途來分,可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、 方式、 原因、 結(jié)果、 目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等。( 1)時(shí)間狀語:多位于句末和句首,有時(shí)亦
21、可置于句中Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? ( 2)地點(diǎn)狀語:多置于句末,有時(shí)也位于句首和句中。There are plenty of fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform月臺(tái)().( 3)原因狀語:包括表理由的狀語,多置于句末,有時(shí)亦可置于句首。Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them.( 4)結(jié)果狀語:多由不定式、分詞和從句表示,常位于句末。She woke su
22、ddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.She spoke so softly that I couldn t hear what she said.( 5)目的狀語:多由不定式、介詞短語和從句等表示常位于句末強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放句首。In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.( 6)條件狀語:多由短語和從句表示,常置于句末和句首。We ll be lucky to get there before dark.If he were to come, what should
23、we say to him?( 7)讓步狀語:由短語和從句表示,常置于句末和句首。He helped me although he didn t know me.( 8)程度狀語:常由副詞、介詞短語及從句等表示。The lecture is very interesting.( 9)伴隨狀語:常由短語和獨(dú)立主格等表示。He stood there, pipe in mouth.鏈接高考:1 .找出下列句子中的狀語 (2017浙江高考 ) However, they still approached to the wolf bravely. (2016四川高考 )Among the four s
24、easons in a year, summer is my favorite.2 .從句子成分分析角度完成下面練習(xí) (2017全國卷 語法填空)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it musthave been(fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. 分析 unpleasant是詞形式 (詞性) , 故用 fair 的形式 (詞性)12作(句子成分)。 (2017全國卷 語法填空)It is (certain) fun but the
25、 lifestyle is a littleunreal. 分析 此處應(yīng)該使用詞形式(詞性)作語(句子成分),修飾形容詞fun。七補(bǔ)足語賓語或主語的補(bǔ)充說明補(bǔ)足語是用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語或主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的一種句子成分。補(bǔ)充說明主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補(bǔ)足語;補(bǔ)充說明賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補(bǔ)足語。They paint the house green. He died young.主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ)主 謂 主補(bǔ)賓語補(bǔ)足語較常見也是經(jīng)常考查的內(nèi)容,賓補(bǔ)在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中將變成主語補(bǔ)足語??梢杂米餮a(bǔ)足語的有:名詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、和等。( 1)名詞(短語): They named the
26、child Jimmy. (名詞)My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister(名詞短語).( 2)形容詞(短語): He boiled the egg hard(形容詞).I found the book very interesting.(形容詞短語)( 3)介詞短語:We found the old lady in good health.( 4)不定式:The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.( 5)分詞:I heard Jean singing this mo
27、rning(現(xiàn)在分詞) .He had his wallet stolen yesterday.(過去分詞)鏈接高考: (2017全國 書面表達(dá))So I invite you to attend an exhibition of it.(2016上海翻譯 ) Although I was then too young to understand the meaning of thefilm, I remember my family were moved to tears.2.從句子成分分析角度完成下面練習(xí) (2017全國卷 短文改錯(cuò))When summer comes, they will
28、 invite their students pickthe fresh vegetables! 分析 本句為含時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句,主句謂語動(dòng)詞為, “ theirstudents是賓語, ”“ pick the fresh vegetable是s” 語 (句子成分), 根據(jù) invite的固定用法“ invite sb. to do sth可知,此處應(yīng)在.” pick 前加。(2015浙江高考)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it(perform) live is quite another. 分析 在家聽音
29、樂是一回事,去現(xiàn)場(chǎng)聽正在被演奏的音樂完全是另一回事??崭裉帪閔ear的語 (句子成分), 賓語 it 與 perform 之間為( 主/被動(dòng))關(guān)系,故填。八同位語同等重要的修飾語對(duì)句子中的某一成分作進(jìn)一步解釋、說明, 與前面的成分在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位語。可以用作同位語的有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和從句等。( 1) 名詞: We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.( 2)代詞:They all wanted to
30、see him. He himself doesn t know why.( 3)數(shù)詞:Are you two ready?你們倆準(zhǔn)備好了嗎 ?( 4) 不定式: Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.( 5)動(dòng)名詞:The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.( 6) of 短語: The city of Rome is a attractive place.( 7) 從句 (同位語從句): T
31、he news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.鏈接高考:1.找出下列句子中的同位語15 (2017全國卷 書面表達(dá))Im Li Hua, one of your students in your cultural class. His ambition, conquering the whole world, was never fulfilled.2.從句子成分分析角度完成下面練習(xí)(2017全國卷 短文改錯(cuò))Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. 分析 改法 1: all 在句
32、中充當(dāng)主語Mr.and Mrs. Zhang 的語(句子成分) ,因?yàn)橹髡Z是兩個(gè)人,故同位語應(yīng)用而非。改法2:。(2018濟(jì)寧一模短文改錯(cuò) )Mr. Johnson cares for us student very much.解析:名詞student在句中作us的語(句子成分),故根據(jù)us的意義可知,student需要用(單數(shù)/復(fù)數(shù))形式。綜合練習(xí)1.Recently I have carried out a survey among the students in our class.2.One day some of my students were talking about what we would like to be in the future3.Music can ma
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