合同法第二次重述中英

1、RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS合同法第二次重述Chapter 1MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同條款的含義1. CONTRACT DEFINEDA contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.1.合同指的是一個(gè)允諾或一組允諾，如果違反此允諾，則法律給與救濟(jì)；如果 其履行了允諾

2、，則法律以某種方式將其視為一項(xiàng)義務(wù)。2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE.(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.(3) The person t

3、o whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.2. 允諾；允諾人；受允諾人（1）允諾就是以特定方式實(shí)施或禁止實(shí)施某種行為的意思表示，這種意思表示 使受允諾人正當(dāng)?shù)卣J(rèn)為一個(gè)允諾已經(jīng)作出。 （2）作出該意思表示的人是允諾人1 / 337（3）該意思表示所指向的人為受允諾人。（4）如果該允諾的履行使除受允諾人之外的他人獲利，則該人為受益人。2 /

4、3373. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINEDAn agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.3. 協(xié)議的定義；交易磋商約定的定義 一個(gè)協(xié)議就是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人一致的意思表示。一個(gè)交易磋商約定是為允諾與允諾

5、之間的交換，或?yàn)樵手Z與義務(wù)履行的交換，或?yàn)榱x務(wù)履行之間的交換而達(dá)成的協(xié)議。 4. How a Promise May Be Made4. 允諾如何作出A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.一個(gè)允諾可以用口頭言詞或書面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地從行為中推斷 而得。5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract(1) A term of promise or agreement is

6、 that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those

7、relations.5. 允諾，協(xié)議或合同的條件（1）允諾或協(xié)議的條件就是當(dāng)事人就特定的事項(xiàng)表示了部分的締約意圖或?qū)?約的贊同。（2）合同的條件就是由于當(dāng)事人就特定事項(xiàng)作出了一個(gè)或一系列的允諾，由此 引起他們之間部分法律關(guān)系的存在，不管當(dāng)事人是否作出意思表示要建立這些 法律關(guān)系。6. Formal ContractsThe following types of contracts are subject in some respects to 3 / 337special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ

8、 from those governing contracts in general:4 / 337(1) Contracts under seal, (2) Recognizances,(3) Negotiable instruments and documents, (4) Letters of credit.6. 要式合同下列類型的合同根據(jù)其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同規(guī)則的法 律規(guī)則的調(diào)整：（1） 蓋印合同（2）保證書（3）可流通票據(jù)和單據(jù)（4）信用證7. Voidable contractsA voidable contract is one where one or m

9、ore parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.7.可撤消的合同 如果合同的一方或多方當(dāng)事人有權(quán)通過意思表示，或通過訂立一個(gè)取消撤消權(quán)的合同，撤消該合同已經(jīng)建立的法律關(guān)系，則該合同為可撤消的合同。8. Unenforceable Contracts5 / 3

10、37An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.8. 不能強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的合同 不可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的合同是指這樣一種合同，即違反該合同導(dǎo)致?lián)p害賠償

11、救濟(jì)和強(qiáng)6 / 337制履行救濟(jì)均不可適用，但是卻被認(rèn)為是以其他方式創(chuàng)設(shè)了并沒有獲得認(rèn)可的 履行義務(wù)。Chapter 2FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章 合同的訂立當(dāng)事人及其締約能力9. Parties RequiredThere must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.9. 合同當(dāng)事人 合同必須至少有兩個(gè)當(dāng)事人，即允諾人和受允諾人，但是也可以有兩個(gè)以上更多的當(dāng)

12、事人。10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.(2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a

13、 promise may be made to some or all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of them.10. 針對(duì)同一項(xiàng)履行的多個(gè)允諾人和受允諾人（1）如果一個(gè)合同中有多個(gè)允諾人，則部分或全部的允諾人可以就同一項(xiàng)履行 作出允諾，不管他們是否就個(gè)別的義務(wù)履行作出允諾。（2）如果一個(gè)合同中不只有一個(gè)允諾，則部分或全部的允諾人可以一個(gè)單位作 出允諾，不管相同或另外的履行義務(wù)是否被單獨(dú)地對(duì)一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的允諾人

14、 允諾。11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee7 / 337A contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other persons.8 / 33711. 何時(shí)允諾人和受允諾人可以同為一人在由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人共同代表的一個(gè)單位和這些人中的一個(gè)或部分多數(shù)之 間可以締結(jié)合同，這些

15、人可以單獨(dú)地或者同他人一起行事。12. Capacity to Contract(1) No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon oth

16、er circumstances.(2) A natural person who manifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is(a) under guardianship,or(b) an infant, or(c) mentally ill or defective, or(d) intoxicated.12. 締約能力(1) 沒有法律行為能力的締約人所締結(jié)的合同所產(chǎn)生的義務(wù)是可撤消的，該合 同對(duì)締約人并沒有約束力。是否享有

17、部分締約能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有 締約能力取決于該交易的本質(zhì)或者其他一些情況。 (2) 一個(gè)自然人如果就某項(xiàng) 交易作出同意的意思表示，則該自然人享有完全合法的創(chuàng)設(shè)合同義務(wù)的締約能 力，除非該自然人是(a) 處于監(jiān)護(hù)之中，或(b) 為成年人，或(c) 有精神疾病或精神缺陷者，或9 / 337(d) 醉酒者。13. Persons Affected by GuardianshipA person has no capacity to incur contractual duties if his property is under guardianship by reason of an a

18、djudication of mental illness or defect.10 / 33713. 受監(jiān)護(hù)的人 如果一個(gè)人由于被判決存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其財(cái)產(chǎn)處 于監(jiān)管之中，則該人沒有創(chuàng)設(shè)合同義務(wù)的行為能力。14. InfantsUnless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual duties until the beginning of the day before the persons eighteenth birthda

19、y.14. 未成年人除非法令另有規(guī)定，自然人在 18 歲生日之前只具有創(chuàng)設(shè)可撤消合同義務(wù)的行為 能力。15. Mental Illness or Defect(1) A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transact

20、ion, or(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.(2) Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection

21、(1) terminates to the extent that the contract has been so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires.15. 有精神病或精神缺陷的人(1) 在下列情況下，一個(gè)存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在從事交易活動(dòng)時(shí)所 創(chuàng)設(shè)的合同義務(wù)是可以撤消的：(a) 他不能以正常方式理解此

22、項(xiàng)交易的性質(zhì)以及會(huì)產(chǎn)生的后果，或者(b) 他不能像正常人那樣從事此項(xiàng)交易，并且交易的相對(duì)方有合理的理由知道11 / 337這一事實(shí)。(2) 如果合同的締結(jié)是基于公平的條款，并且他方當(dāng)事人不知道該締約人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，如果該合同已經(jīng)被全部或部分地履行或者情12 / 337勢變更，以至撤消該合同有失公平，則在(1)小節(jié)中所規(guī)定的撤消權(quán)不再適用。 在這種情況下，法院可以依公平正義之需判決給與當(dāng)事人救濟(jì)。16. Intoxicate PersonsA person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a

23、transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxication(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction,16. 醉酒的人 如果締約他方當(dāng)事人有合理的理由知道一方當(dāng)事人由于醉酒存在下

24、列情況，則該當(dāng)事人在從事交易活動(dòng)時(shí)所創(chuàng)設(shè)的合同義務(wù)是可以撤消的。(a) 他不能以正常方式理解此項(xiàng)交易的性質(zhì)以及會(huì)產(chǎn)生的后果，或者(b) 他不能像正常人那樣從事此項(xiàng)交易。Chapter 3FORMATION OF CONTRACTS-MUTUAL ASSENT第三章 合同的訂立意思表示一致TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL主題一 一般規(guī)定17. Requirement of a Bargain(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which ther

25、e is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an d a consideration.13 / 337(2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in 82-94.17. 交易磋商的條件(1) 除(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，合同的訂立要求當(dāng)事人就允諾與允諾、允諾與義務(wù)履行、14 / 337以及義務(wù)履行之間的

26、交換和約因意思表示一致。(2) 合同可以依據(jù)適用于正式合同中的特殊規(guī)則或依據(jù)82-94 中的規(guī)則訂立， 不管有沒有交易磋商。TOPIC 2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL18. Manifestation of Mutual AssentManifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance.主題二 意思表示的一般條款18. 意思表示一致 對(duì)一個(gè)交換作出一致的意思表示要求各

27、方當(dāng)事人作出允諾或開始或?qū)嵤┮豁?xiàng)義務(wù)履行。19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent(1) The manifestation of assent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.(2) The conduct of a party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the con

28、duct and knows or has reason to know that the other party may infer from his conduct that he assents.(3) The conduct of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other invalidation cause.19. 依意

29、思表示實(shí)施的行為(1) 意思表示可以完全或部分地通過書面或口頭、或其他作為或不作為作出。(2) 一方當(dāng)事人以行為作出的意思表示是無效的，除非他有意實(shí)施這一行為， 并且知道或有理由知道他方當(dāng)事人可以從他的行為中推斷出他有此締約意思。(3) 一方當(dāng)事人的行為可以作為意思表示，雖然事實(shí)上他并沒有此締約意思。15 / 337在 這種情況下所締結(jié)的合同可以基于欺詐、錯(cuò)誤或其他無效的理由被撤消。20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING16 / 337(1) There is no manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if the

30、parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and(a) neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other; or(b) each party knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other.(2) The manifestations of the parties are operative in ac

31、cordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if(a) that party does not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or(b) that party has no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the

32、other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.20. 誤解的效力(1) 如果當(dāng)事人就他們的意思表示賦予了實(shí)質(zhì)上不同的理解，并且有如下情況 存在時(shí)，則表明他們就磋商的交換沒有達(dá)成一致：(a) 雙方當(dāng)事人任一方都不知道或沒有理由知道對(duì)方的意思表示所賦予的含義； 或(b) 任一當(dāng)事方知道或有理由知道對(duì)方的意思表示所賦予的含義。(2)一方當(dāng)事人可以依據(jù)該意思表示所指的含義執(zhí)行該意思表示，如果(a) 該當(dāng)事人不知道另一方當(dāng)事人所指的不同含義，而另一方當(dāng)事人知道第一方 當(dāng)事人所指的含義。 (b) 該當(dāng)事人沒有理由知道另一方

33、當(dāng)事人所指的不同含義， 而另一方當(dāng)事人有理由知道第一方當(dāng)事人所指的含義。21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUNDNeither real nor apparent intention that a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise shall not affect legal relations may prevent the formation of a cont

34、ract.17 / 33721. 具有法律拘束力的意圖18 / 337當(dāng)事人有關(guān)允諾具有法律拘束力的意圖無論是真實(shí)的還是表面的，對(duì)于合同的 締結(jié)并不重要，但是如果當(dāng)事人作出允諾并不影響當(dāng)事人法律關(guān)系的意思表示， 則當(dāng)事人之間的合同并不成立。22. Mode of Assent: Offer and Acceptance(1) The manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange ordinarily takes the form of an offer or proposal by one party followed by an acceptan

35、ce by the other party or parties.(2) A manifestation of mutual assent may be made even though neither offer nor acceptance can be identified and even though the moment of formation cannot be determined.22. 合意的模式： 要約與承諾(1) 雙方當(dāng)事人就交換達(dá)成合意的意思表示通常是由一方當(dāng)事人提出要約或提議，然后由另一方當(dāng)事人或另一方多數(shù)當(dāng)事人作出承諾。(2) 即使要約和承諾都無法被識(shí)別，并且合

36、同成立的時(shí)間也無法確定，雙方當(dāng) 事人也可以作出合意的意思表示。23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each OtherIt is essential to a bargain that each party manifest assent with reference to the manifestation of the other.23. 作出意思表示應(yīng)相互參考的必要性任何當(dāng)事人作出意思表示都應(yīng)參考對(duì)方的意思表示，這一點(diǎn)對(duì)交易磋商很重要。TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFERS主題三 要約的發(fā)出24. Offer

37、DefinedAn offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a s to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is i nvited and will conclude it.19 / 33724. 要約的定義 要約就是以交易磋商為目的而為意思表示，使得他人合理地認(rèn)為該意思表示被20 / 337邀請(qǐng)并且該交易將要進(jìn)行。25. Option ContractsAn option c

38、ontract is a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisors power to revoke an offer.25. 選擇權(quán)合同 如果一個(gè)允諾符合了訂立合同的條件，并且限制允諾人撤回要約，則該允諾即構(gòu)成選擇權(quán)合同。26. Preliminary NegotiationsA manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the person to

39、whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person making it does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further manifestation of assent.26. 訂約前之商議 如果意思表示所指向的人知道或有理由知道作出意思表示的當(dāng)事人在作出進(jìn)一步的意思表示之前并沒有意圖達(dá)成交易，則該以締結(jié)合同為目的的意思表示并不屬于要約。 27.Existence of Contract Where Memorial is contem

40、platedManifestations of assent that are in themselves sufficient to conclude a contract will not be prevented from so operating by the fact that the parties also manifest an intention to prepare an adopt a written thereof; but the circumstances may show that the agreements are preliminary negotiatio

41、ns.27. 在意圖制作記錄情況下合同的存在 雙方當(dāng)事人作出意思表示要采用書面 方式締結(jié)合同這一事實(shí)，并不影響當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)作出的足以導(dǎo)致合同締結(jié)的意思 表示的執(zhí)行；但是這種情況表明這些合意仍然屬于訂約前之商議。28.Auctions(1) At an auction, unless a contrary intention is manifested,21 / 337(a) the auctioneer invites offers from successive bidders which he may accept or reject;(b) when goods are put up wi

42、thout reserve, the auctioneer makes an offer to sell at any price bid by the highest bidder, and after the auctioneer calls for id the goods cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable22 / 337time;(c) whether or not the auction is without reserve, a bidder may withdraw his bid unti

43、l the auctioneers announcement of completion of the sale, but a bidders retraction does not revieve any previous bid.(2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, bids at an auction embody terms made known by advertisement, posting or other publication of which bidders are or should be aware, as mo

44、dified by announcement made by the auctioneer when the goods are put up.28. 拍賣(1) 在拍賣時(shí)，除非有相反的意思表示，(a) 拍賣人向所有連續(xù)的出價(jià)人發(fā)出要約邀請(qǐng)，出價(jià)人可以承諾或拒絕；(b) 如果拍賣標(biāo)的實(shí)行無保留低價(jià)拍賣，則拍賣人應(yīng)發(fā)出要約，將拍賣標(biāo)的以 任何價(jià)格賣給出價(jià)最高者，在拍賣人將標(biāo)的拍賣后，拍賣人不得撤回其無保留 低價(jià)之拍賣標(biāo)的，除非在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)無人競買；(c) 不管該拍賣是否是無保留低價(jià)之拍賣，競買人可以在拍賣人宣布成交之前可 以撤回競價(jià)，但是競買人撤回競價(jià)的行為不得使先前的出價(jià)生效。(2) 除非有

45、相反的意思表示，在拍賣標(biāo)的時(shí)，競買人的出價(jià)包含了競買人知道 或應(yīng)該知道的廣告、海報(bào)或其他出版物所公布的條款，拍賣人在拍賣標(biāo)的時(shí)可以 通過公告的方式對(duì)這些條款加以修改。 29. To Whom an Offer is Addressed(1) The manifested intention of the offeror determines the person or persons in whom is created a power of acceptance.(2) An offer may create a power of acceptance in a specified pers

46、on or in one or more of a specified group or class of persons, acting separately or together, or in anyone or every one who makes a specified promise or renders a specified performance.29. 要約所指向的對(duì)象(1) 要約人的意思表示決定了有權(quán)作出承諾的人。23 / 337(2) 要約可以在一個(gè)明確的人或一個(gè)或多個(gè)明確的、單獨(dú)或集體行動(dòng)的群體或團(tuán) 體之中，或者也可以在作出明確允諾或?qū)嵤┟鞔_義務(wù)的任何人之中創(chuàng)設(shè)一種

47、承 諾的權(quán)利。24 / 33730. FORM OF ACCEPTANCE INVITED(1) An offer may invite or require acceptance to be made by an affirmative answer in words, or by performing or refraining from performing a specified act, or may empower the offeree to make a selection of terms in his acceptance.(2) Unless otherwise indi

48、cated by the language or the circumstances, an offer invites acceptance in any manner and by any medium reasonable in the circumstances.30.承諾的形式(1) 要約人可以要求承諾人通過給出書面的確定性答復(fù)、或者作為或不作為某一 特定的行為來作出承諾，或者要約人可以授權(quán)受約人作出選擇性的承諾。(2) 除非語言或情勢有相反的表示，要約人可以要求承諾人以任何方式，采用 特定情況下合理的媒介作出承諾。31. Offer Proposing a Single Contr

49、act or a Number of ContractsAn offer may propose the formation of a single contract by a single acceptance or the formation of a number of contracts by successive acceptances from time to time.31. 提議締結(jié)一個(gè)或幾個(gè)合同的要約 一個(gè)要約可以通過一個(gè)承諾締結(jié)一個(gè)合同，或者也可以通過不時(shí)地、連續(xù)性的承諾締結(jié)幾個(gè)合同。32. Invitation of Promise or PerformanceIn ca

50、se of doubt an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses.32. 允諾或義務(wù)履行邀請(qǐng)?jiān)诖嬖趹岩傻那闆r下，要約應(yīng)被解釋為邀請(qǐng)受約人選擇或者通過允諾履行要約 所要求的義務(wù)、或者履行該義務(wù)。25 / 33733. Certainty26 / 337(1) Even though a manifesta

51、tion of intention is intended to be understood as an offer, it cannot be accepted so as to form a contract unless the terms of the contract are reasonably certain.(2) The terms of a contract are reasonably certain if they provide a basis for determining the existence of a breach and for giving an ap

52、propriate remedy.(3) The fact that one or more terms of a proposed bargain are left open or uncertain may show that a manifestation of intention is not intended to be understood as an offer or as an acceptance.33. 確定性(1) 雖然意思表示作為一個(gè)要約意在使相對(duì)方理解，但是該意思表示不能被承諾以形成一個(gè)合同，除非合同的條款相當(dāng)確定。(2) 如果合同就違約和適當(dāng)救濟(jì)作出基本的規(guī)定，則該

53、合同的條款則是相當(dāng)確定的。(3) 如果一個(gè)被提議交易的一個(gè)或多個(gè)條款懸而未決、或者是不確定的，則表明作為要約或承諾的意思表示并不意在使相對(duì)方理解。34. Certainty and Choice of Terms; Effect of Performance or Reliance(1) The terms of a contract may be reasonably certain even though it empowers one or both parties to make a selection of terms in the course of performance.(2)

54、 Part performance under an agreement may remove uncertainty and establish that a contract enforceable as a bargain has been formed.(3) Action in reliance on an agreement may make a contractual remedy appropriate even though uncertainty is not removed.34. 條款的選擇與確定性；義務(wù)履行或信賴的效力(1) 合同當(dāng)事人在履行義務(wù)過程中，雖然可以就合同

55、的條款作出選擇，但是合 同的條款應(yīng)是具有相當(dāng)確定性的。27 / 337(2) 部分履行的合同具有確定性，并且表明作為交易的可執(zhí)行合同已經(jīng)成立。(3) 雖然合同的條款并不確定，但是基于對(duì)合同的信賴而實(shí)施的行為可以獲得 適當(dāng)?shù)暮贤葷?jì)。28 / 337TOPIC 4. DURATION OF THE OFFEREES POWER OF ACCEPTANCE主題四 受要約人承諾能力的期間35. The Offerees Power of Acceptance(1) An offer gives to the offeree a continuing power to complete the manif