高中化學方程式及離子方程式總結(jié)(最新)

1、高中化學方程式總結(jié)目錄第一部分金屬一堿金屬鈉 (1鉀 (2鋰 (3二常見金屬鎂 (3鋁 (3鐵 (3三其他金屬錳 (4銅 (4鈣 (5鋇 (5鉛 (5鋅 (5鈹 (5汞 (5第二部分鹵族元素、氮族元素一鹵族元素氟 (5氯 (6溴 (6碘 (6二氮族元素氮 (6磷 (7砷 (8第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一碳族元素碳 (8硅 (8二氧族元素氧 (8硫 (9第四部分有機反應一烴甲烷 (10乙烯 (11乙炔 (11苯 (11甲苯 (12二烴的衍生物溴乙烷 (12乙醇 (12苯酚 (13乙醛 (13乙酸 (14乙酸乙酯 (15三糖類、油脂、蛋白質(zhì)葡萄糖 (15蔗糖、麥芽糖 (15淀粉、纖維素 (15油脂

2、 (16氨基酸 (16第五部分離子反應 (17第六部分電極反應方程式 (20第七部分熱反應方程式 (22第一部分金屬一、堿金屬Na4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na+O2點燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na點燃2NaCl2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融=4NaCl+Ti Na2ONa2O+H2O=2NaOH2Na2O+O22O2Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反應用于制備Na2O2Na2O2+2H2O

3、=4NaOH+O2(此反應分兩步Na2O2+2H2O =2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2。H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應 2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀=Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2O=NaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(過量+CO2=Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(過量=NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃 2NaOH+Al2

4、O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量=NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量=Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl NaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO3 3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H

5、2SO4(濃4+HClH2SO4(濃+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(濃=NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(濃=NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2高溫Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl 3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl 3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe

6、(OH3+3CO2NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32+O2H2SO4(濃+NaNO34+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaClNa2

7、S、NaHSNa2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O 3Na2S+Al2(SO43+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2SNa2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O 2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O=2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3K

8、K+O2KO22K+2H2O=2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O=2KOHK2O+CO2=K2CO32K2O2+2CO2=K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O=4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2=K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2=KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl=2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3=Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HCl=KCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2OKI2KI+Cl2=2K

9、Cl+I2KI+AgNO3=AgI+KNO3KAl(SO422KAl(SO42+6NaOH=K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH32KAl(SO42+3Ba(OH2=K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH3KAl(SO42+2Ba(OH2=KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3=Fe(SCN3+3KClKHKH+H2O=KOH+H2Li+O22O2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2=Li2CO3Li2O+H2O=2LiOH LiOH 2LiOH+CO2=Li2CO3+H2O LiOH+CO2=LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl=2LiCl+

10、CO2+H2O LiHCO3LiHCO3+HCl=LiCl+CO2+H2O 2LiHCO32CO3+CO2+H2O二、常見金屬Mg2Mg+O2點燃2MgOMg+2H2O=2Mg(OH2+H2Mg+Cl2點燃MgCl22Mg+CO2點燃2MgO+CMg+S=MgSMg+Br2=MgBr2Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融=MgCl2+2Rb MgOMgO+2HCl=MgCl2+H2OMgO+H2O=Mg(OH2Mg(OH2Mg(OH2+2HCl=MgCl2+2H2O MgCO3MgCO3+2HCl=

11、2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2O Mg(OH2+CO2MgCO3CO2+MgOMg(HCO32Mg(HCO32+2HCl=MgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO32Mg(OH2+CO2+H2OMgSO4AlAl+3O2點燃2Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO2高溫2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3高溫Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3高溫Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃Al2(SO43+3SO2+6

12、H2OAl+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、濃的H2SO4、HNO3中鈍化2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2O(Al2O3是兩性氧化物Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+6H2OAl(OH3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2O鋁鹽AlCl3+3NaOH=Al(OH3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2O=Al(OH3+3NH4Cl2AlCl

13、3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3=Al(OH3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O=4Al(OH3Al2(SO43+3Na2S+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O=4Al(OH3+3CH4Fe2Fe+3Cl2點燃2FeCl33Fe+2O2點燃Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+S3Fe+4H2O(g高溫Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2S=FeS+H22Fe+6H

14、2SO4(濃=Fe2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O Fe+H2SO4(稀=FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O 10Fe+36HNO3=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O 8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2O Fe+(CH3COO2Cu=Cu+(CH3COO2Fe FeO3FeO+2Al Al2O3+3Fe6FeO+O23O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O Fe2O3Fe2O3+2Al高溫Al2O3+2

15、FeFe2O3+3CO 2Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉 Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(濃FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH2、Fe(OH34Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH32Fe(OH3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻銅線路版2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn=2

16、FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl FeCl3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O=2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KClFeSFeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H

17、2FeO4+2H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH3+3NaClO+4NaOH=2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2O Fe2O3+3Na2O2=2Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(較難反應三、其他金屬KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O MnO2MnO2+4HCl(濃MnCl2+Cl2+2H2OCu2Cu+O22

18、CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl23CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2OCu(OH2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2O Cu(OH2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2S=CuS+2HClCuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH2+2NaClCuSO4+H2S=CuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH2=Cu(OH2+BaSO4CaCaO+H2O=Ca(OH2CaO+SiO2高溫CaSiO32Ca(OH2+2Cl2=CaCl2

19、+Ca(ClO2+2H2OCa(OH2+SO3=CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等還原性氣體 CaCO3+SiO2高溫CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(濃=CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO42+3H2SO4(濃=3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO42+2H2SO4(濃=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42Ca3(PO42+4H3PO4=3Ca(H2PO42(重鈣CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H2BaBa(OH2+CO2=BaCO3+H2OBa(OH2+2CO2(過量=Ba(HCO3

20、2Ba(OH2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH2+2H3PO3=Ba3(PO42+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3=Ba(NO32+CO2+H2OPb、PbO2Pb+2HCl=PbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(濃PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O鉛鹽Pb(NO32+H2S=PbS+2HNO3(CH3COO2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOHZnZn+SZnSZn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOH=Na2

21、ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl3=2FeCl2+ZnCl2ZnOZnO+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH2Zn(OH2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH34(OH2+4H2O Zn(OH2ZnO+H2OBeBe+2HCl=BaCl2+H2Be+2NaOH=Na2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOH=Be(OH2+2H2OBe(OH2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H2OBe(OH2+2NaOH=Na2BO2+2H2OHg3Hg+8HNO3(稀=3Hg(NO32+2NO

22、2+4H2O Hg+4HNO3(濃=Hg(NO32+2NO2+2H2O第二部分鹵族元素、氮族元素一、鹵族元素F2F2+H2=2HF 2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 HF4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2OCl 2Cl 2+H 2=2HCl(光照或點燃 Cl 2+2Na 2NaCl 3Cl 2+2P 2PCl 3 Cl 2+PCl 3PCl 5 3Cl 2 +2Fe 2FeCl 3 Cl 2+CuCuCl 2Cl 2+2FeCl 2=2FeCl 3 2Cl 2+2NaBr =2NaCl+Br 2 Cl 2+2KI =2KCl+I 25Cl 2+I 2+6H 2O =2HIO 3+10HCl Cl

23、 2+Na 2S =2NaCl+S Cl 2+H 2S =2HCl+S Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl Cl 2+H 2SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl Cl 2+H 2O =HCl+HClO Cl 2+H 2O 2=2HCl+O 2Cl 2+2NaOH =NaCl+NaClO+H 2O2Cl 2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl 2+Ca(ClO2+2H 2O 3Cl 2+6KOH(熱、濃=5KCl+KClO 3+3H 2O HCl6HCl+2Al =2AlCl 3+3H 2 2HCl+Fe =FeCl 2+H 2 4HCl(濃+MnO 2MnCl 2+Cl

24、 2+2H 2O4HCl(g+O 2 2Cl 2+2H 2O 16HCl+2KMnO 4=2KCl+2MnCl 2+5Cl 2+8H 2O 14HCl+K 2Cr 2O 7=2KCl+2CrCl 3+3Cl 2+7H 2O HCl+NH 3=NH 4Cl(白煙 2HCl+FeO =FeCl 2+3H 2O 6HCl+Fe 2O 3=2FeCl 3+3H 2O 8HCl(濃+Fe 3O 4 FeCl 2+2FeCl 3+4H 2OHCl+Na 3PO 4=Na 2HPO 4+NaCl HCl+Na 2HPO 4=NaH 2PO 4+NaCl HCl+NaH 2PO 4=H 3PO 4+NaCl

25、HCl+Na 2CO 3=NaHCO 3+NaCl HCl+NaHCO 3=NaCl+H 2O+CO 2 HClOHClO=HCl+O2Br 2Br 2+H 2 Br 2+Fe =FeBr 3 Br 2+2FeBr 2=2FeBr 3 Br 2+NaI =NaBr+I 2 Br 2+HI =HBr+I 2 Br 2+H 2O =HBr+HBrOBr 2+NaOH =NaBr+NaBrO+H 2O Br 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HBrBr 2+H 2S =S +2HBr2Br 2+3Na 2CO 3+H 2O =2NaHCO 3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO 2 HBrH

26、Br+NaOH =NaBr+H 2O 2HBr+Cl 2=2HCl+Br 2I 2 I 2+H 22HII 2+Fe FeI 2I 2+2NaOH =NaI+NaIO+H 2O HI 2HIH 2+I 22HI+Cl 2=2HCl+I 2 HI+NaOH =NaI+H 2ON 2 N 2+3H 2催化劑 高溫高壓2NH 3N 2+O 22NON 2+3Mg點燃Mg 3N 2N 2+6Na =2Na 3NNO 、NO 2、N 2O 5 2NO+O 2=2NO 2NO+NO 2+2NaOH =2NaNO 2(用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO 和NO 26NO+4NH 3 催化劑 5N 2+6H 2

27、ONO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO24NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2=SO3+NO3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(濃+C CO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO26HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O

28、30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀=3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2O(見光或受熱分解NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白煙(用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S、HI、HBr、(SO23Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O5HNO3(濃+P=H3PO4+5N

29、O2+H2OP4+20HNO3(濃=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(濃=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀=3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(濃=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2ONH32NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(純氧點燃2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2催化劑4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO催化劑5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO NH3+HCl=NH4Cl(白煙NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白煙2NH3+H2SO4=(NH42SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O

30、+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制堿法 2NH3+SO2+H2O=(NH42SO3NH3H2ONH3+H2ONH3+H2O NH3H2O NH4+OH-NH4HCO3、(NH42CO3NH4HCO3=NH3+H2O+CO2(NH42CO3=2NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH4Cl=NH3+HCl2NH4Cl+Ca(OH2CaCl2+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOH=NaCl+NH3H2ONH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(

31、NH42SO3、(NH42SO4(NH42SO3+SO2+H2O=2NH4HSO3(NH42SO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH42SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2OP2P+3Cl2點燃2PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H234P+5O2點燃P4O10(常寫成P2O5P4+20HNO3(濃=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2=H3PO4P2O3、P2O5P2O5+H2O(冷=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(熱=2H3PO4(P2O5極易吸水、可作氣體干燥劑P2O5+

32、3H2SO4(濃=2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5+2NaOH=2NaPO3+H2OP2O5+6NaOH=2Na3PO3+3H2OH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO42=3Ca(H2PO42(重鈣H3PO4(濃+NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBrAs As2O3+6Zn+12HCl=2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2O3As2S3+28HNO3(稀+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(濃=2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2O第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素CC+2F2=CF4C+2Cl2=CCl42C+O2(少量點燃2COC+O2(足量點燃

33、CO2C+CO2C+H2O高溫CO+H2(生成水煤氣2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅C+Si SiC(金剛砂C+2S CS23C+CaO 電爐CaC2+CO3C+SiO2電爐C+2H2SO4(濃CO2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(濃CO2+4NO2+2H2OCO2CO+O2點燃2CO2CO+CuO 23CO+Fe2O32CO+H2O催化劑CO2+H2CO2CO2+2Mg點燃2MgO+CCO2+H2O=H2CO3CO2+2NaOH(過量=Na2CO3+H2O CO2(過量+NaOH=NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH2(過量=CaCO3+H2O 2CO2(過量+Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO3

34、2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2O=Na2CO32CO2+2Na2O2=2Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2O=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制堿法 H2CO3H2CO3=CO2+H2OSiSi(粗+2Cl24SiCl4+2H2Si(純+4HClSi(粉+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金剛砂Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅3C+SiO2電爐SiC+2CO2Mg+SiO2點燃2MgO+Si4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2

35、OSiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2MgSiO2+CaO高溫CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃 SiO2+Na2CO3高溫Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3高溫CaSiO3+CO22NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O二、氧族元素O2O2+2H2點燃2H2OO2+K KO22O2+3Fe點燃Fe3O4O2+S點燃SO2O2+N 22NO3O22O34P+5O 2點燃2P 2O 5C+O 2(足量點燃CO 2 Si+O 2SiO 24Na+O 2=2Na 2O 2Na 2O+O 22O 2 2Na+O 2=Na 2O 22Mg+

36、O 2 點燃2MgO4Al+3O 2 點燃2Al 2O 3 4NH 3+5O 2 催化劑 4NO+6H 2O2SO 2+O 22SO 3 2CO+O 2點燃2CO 26FeO+O 2 3O 4 2H 2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 44Fe(OH2+O 2+2H 2O =4Fe(OH3 2Na 2SO 3+O 2=2Na 2SO 4 O 32O 3=3O 2O 3+2HI =I 2+O 2+H 2O H 2O2F 2+2H 2O =4HF+O 2 Cl 2+H 2O =HCl+HClO 2Na+2H 2O =2NaOH+H 2 Mg+2H 2O =Mg(OH2+H 23Fe+4H 2O(g

37、高溫Fe 3O 4+4H 2 2H 2O 電解 2H 2+O 2 SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3 SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4 3NO 2+H 2O =2HNO 3+NO N 2O 5+H 2O =2HNO 3 P 2O 5+H 2O(冷=2HPO 3 P 2O 5+3H 2O(熱=2H 3PO 4 CO 2+H 2O =H 2CO 3 H 2O 22H 2O 2=2H 2O+O 2 H 2O 2+Cl 2=2HCl+O 25H 2O 2+2KMnO 4+6HCl =2MnCl 2+2KCl+5O 2+8H 2OSS+H 2H 2S 2S+C CS 2S+FeFeS S+2CuC

38、u 2S 3S+2AlAl 2S 3S+Zn ZnSS+O 2 點燃SO 2S+6HNO 3(濃=H 2SO 4+6NO 2+2H 2O 3S+4HNO 3(稀=3SO 2+4NO +2H 2O 3S+6NaOH 2Na 2S+Na 2SO 3+3H 2O S+2Na =Na 2S(爆炸 S+Mg =MgSS+Fe FeSS+2H 2SO 4(濃=3SO 2+2H 2O SO 2SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H 2O 2SO 2+O 2 2SO 32SO 2+O 2+2H 2O =2H 2SO 4 SO 2+Cl 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 2+Br 2+2H 2O =

39、H 2SO 4+2HBr SO 2+I 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HI SO 2+NO 2=SO 3+NO SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H 2O SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3SO 2+2NH 3+H 2O =(NH 42SO 3 SO 2+(NH 42SO 3+H 2O =2NH 4HSO 3 SO 2+Ca(OH2=CaSO 3+H 2O(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO 2和CO 2.可用品紅鑒別 2NaOH+SO 2(少量=Na 2SO 3+H 2O NaOH+SO 2(足量=NaHSO 3 Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 3SO 3+H

40、2O =H 2SO 4 SO 3+MgO =MgSO 4 SO 3+Ca(OH2=CaSO 4+H 2O SO 3+Na 2O =Na 2SO 4 SO 3+2KI =K 2SO 3+I 2 H 2SH 2S+Cl 2=2HCl+S H 2S+Mg =MgS+H 22H 2S+3O 2(足量=2SO 2+2H 2O 2H 2S+O 2(少量=2S+2H 2O 2H 2S+SO 2=3S+2H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(濃=S +SO 2+2H 2O H 2S 2+S3H 2S+2HNO 3(稀=3S +2NO+4H 2O5H 2S+2KMnO 4+3H 2SO 4=2MnSO 4+K 2S

41、O 4+5S+8H 2O 3H 2S+K 2Cr 2O 7+4H 2SO 4=Cr 2(SO 43+K 2SO 4+3S+7H 2O H 2S+4Na 2O 2+2H 2O =Na 2SO 4+6NaOH H 2S+Fe =FeS+H 2 H 2S+CuCl 2=CuS +2HCl H 2S+2AgNO 3=Ag 2S +2HNO 3 H 2S+HgCl 2=HgS +2HCl H 2S+Pb(NO 32=PbS +2HNO 3 H 2S+4NO 2=4NO+SO 3+H 2O H 2SO 3H 2SO 3+X 2+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HX(X 表示Cl 2、Br 2、I 2 2H

42、2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 4 H 2SO 3+H 2O 2=H 2SO 4+H 2O5H 2SO 3+2KMnO 4=2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+2H 2SO 4+3H 2O H 2SO 3+2FeCl 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2FeCl 2+2HCl H 2SO 3=H 2O+SO 2 2H 2SO 3+2H 2S =3S +2H 2O H 2SO 4Zn+H 2SO 4=ZnSO 4+H 2 Fe+H 2SO 4=FeSO 4+H 2Mg+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 22Al+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 22Al+6H 2SO 4(濃 Al 2(

43、SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O 2NH 3+H 2SO 4=(NH 42SO 4 2Al+6H 2SO 4(濃Al 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(濃=S +SO 2+2H 2O P 2O 5+3H 2SO 4(濃=2H 3PO 4+3SO 3 BaO 2+H 2SO 4(稀=BaSO 4+H 2O 2 Na 2O 2+H 2SO 4(冷、稀=Na 2SO 4+H 2O 2 MgO+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 2O Al 2O 3+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 2O 2H 2SO 4(濃+CCO 2+2SO 2+2H 2O2H 2SO

44、4(濃+S =3SO 2+2H 2O6H 2SO 4(濃+2Fe =Fe 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O 2H 2SO 4(濃+Cu4+SO 2+2H 2O H 2SO 4(濃+2HBr SO 2+Br 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(濃+2HISO 2+I 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(濃+CaF 2=CaSO 4+2HF H 2SO 4(濃+NaCl4+HCl H 2SO 4(濃+2NaCl Na 2SO 4+2HClH 2SO 4(濃+NaNO 3NaHSO 4+HNO 33H 2SO 4(濃+Ca 3(PO 42=3CaSO 4+2H 3PO 4 2H 2SO 4(濃+Ca 3(

45、PO 42=2CaSO 4+C a (H 2PO 42第四部分 有機反應甲烷的制取:CH 3COONa+NaOH Na 2CO 3+CH 4烷烴通式:C n H 2n -2(1氧化反應 甲烷的燃燒:CH 4+2O 2 CO 2+2H 2O 甲烷不可使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液及溴水褪色。 (2取代反應一氯甲烷:CH 4+Cl 2 CH 3Cl+HCl二氯甲烷:CH 3Cl+Cl 2 CH 2Cl 2+HCl三氯甲烷:CH 2Cl 2+Cl 2 CHCl 3+HCl (CHCl 3又叫氯仿四氯化碳:CHCl 3+Cl 2 CCl 4+HCl(3分解反應甲烷分解:CH 4 C+2H 2CaO點燃光光光光高溫

46、 圖1 乙烯的制取乙烯的制取:CH 3CH 2OH H 2C=CH 2+H 2O 烯烴通式:C n H 2n (1氧化反應乙烯的燃燒:H 2C=CH 2+3O 2 2CO 2+2H 2O 乙烯可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色,發(fā)生氧化反應。 (2加成反應與溴水加成:H 2C=CH 2+Br 2 CH 2Br CH 2Br與氫氣加成:H 2C=CH 2+H 2 CH 3CH 3與氯化氫加成:H 2C=CH 2+HCl CH 3CH 2Cl與水加成:H 2C=CH 2+H 2O CH 3CH 2OH(3聚合反應乙烯加聚,生成聚乙烯:n H 2C=CH n 乙炔的制取:CaC 2+2H 2O HC CH

47、+Ca(OH2 炔烴的通式:C n H 2n-2 (1氧化反應乙炔的燃燒:HC CH+5O 2 4CO 2+2H 2O乙炔可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色,發(fā)生氧化反應。 (2加成反應與溴水加成:HC CH+Br 2HC=CHCHBr=CHBr+Br 2 CHBr 2CHBr 2與氫氣加成:HC CH+H 2 H 2C=CH 2與氯化氫加成:HC CH+HCl CH 2=CHCl(3聚合反應氯乙烯加聚,得到聚氯乙烯:n CHn乙炔加聚,得到聚乙炔:n HC n苯的同系物通式:C n H 2n-6(1氧化反應苯的燃燒:2C 6H 6+15O 2 12CO 2+6H 2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪

48、色。 (2取代反應 苯與溴反應(溴苯 硝化反應+HO NO +H 2O (硝基苯苯硝化反應生成硝基苯,它是一種帶有苦杏仁味、無色油狀液體,有毒。 磺化反應濃硫酸170 高溫催化劑 2-CH 2點燃圖2 乙炔的制取催化劑Br 2CHClCH=CH點燃+Br +HBr Br NO 2注意:制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集;乙烯、乙炔的加成反應一般都需要催化劑(溴除外。+HO SO 3H +H 2O(苯磺酸 (3加成反應 (環(huán)己烷 苯還可以和氯氣在紫外光.照射下發(fā)生加成反應,生成C 6H 6Cl 6(劇毒農(nóng)藥。(1氧化反應甲苯的燃燒:C 7H 8+9O 2 7CO 2+4H 2O甲苯不能使溴水褪色,但可

49、以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色。 (2取代反應甲苯硝化反應生成2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,簡稱三硝基甲苯,又叫梯恩梯(TNT , 是一種淡黃色晶體,不溶于水。它是一種烈性炸藥,廣泛用于國防、開礦等。注意:甲苯在光照條件下發(fā)生側(cè)鏈的取代,而在催化劑條件下發(fā)生苯環(huán)上的取代。(3加成反應 (甲基環(huán)己烷純凈的溴乙烷是無色液體,沸點38.4,密度比水大。 (1取代反應溴乙烷的水解:C 2H 5Br+H 2O C 2H 5OH+HBr(2消去反應溴乙烷與NaOH 溶液反應:CH 3CH 2Br+NaOH CH 2=CH 2+NaBr+H 2O注意:檢驗鹵代烴中的鹵原子時,需取水解液滴入HNO 3酸化,再滴加AgNO

50、 3 溶液。一是中和多余的NaOH ,二則檢驗沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。(1與鈉反應乙醇與鈉反應:2CH 3CH 2OH+2Na 2CH 3CH 2ONa+H 2(乙醇鈉(2氧化反應乙醇的燃燒:CH 3CH 2OH+3O 2 2CO 2+3H 2O乙醇的催化氧化:2CH 3CH 2OH+O 2 2CH 3CHO+2H 2O (乙醛點燃+3H 2 催化劑 CH 3| +3HNO 3 濃硫酸O 2N CH 3 | NO 2 | NO 2+3H 2O CH 3 | |SO 3H CH 3 | +3H 2SO 4HO 3S SO 3H +3H 2O +3H 2 催化劑CH 3 |CH 3NaOH醇催化劑注意

51、:甲醇、乙醇為可再生能源,甲醇有毒;乙二醇和丙三醇無色、粘稠、有甜味、與水和酒精以任意比互溶,丙三醇(甘油還有護膚作用。2CH 3CH CH 3+O2 2CH 3C CH 3+2H 2O(丙酮 (3消去反應乙醇在濃硫酸作催化劑的條件下,加熱到170生成乙烯。注意:該反應加熱到140時,乙醇進行另一種脫水方式,生成乙醚。2C 2H 5OH C 2H 5O C 2H 5+H 2O (乙醚(4取代反應乙醇與鹵化氫取代:CH 3CH 2OH+HBr CH 3CH 2Br+H 2O注意:乙醇不可以和鹵素單質(zhì)發(fā)生取代反應。 (5酯化反應乙醇與羧酸可以發(fā)生酯化反應,生成酯。苯酚是無色晶體,露置在空氣中會因氧

52、化顯粉紅色。苯酚具有特殊的氣味,熔點43,水中溶解度不大,易溶于有機溶劑。苯酚有毒,是一種重要的化工原料。 (1苯酚的酸性 (苯酚鈉 苯酚(俗稱石炭酸的電離:+H 2O +H 3O +苯酚鈉與CO 2反應: +CO 2+H 2 +NaHCO 3注意:該反應只能生成NaHCO 3,因為3HCO -酸性弱于苯酚。(2取代反應+3Br 2 +3HBr(三溴苯酚(3顯色反應苯酚能和FeCl 3溶液反應,使溶液呈紫色。乙醛是無色,具有刺激性氣味的液體,沸點20.8,密度比水小,易揮發(fā)。 (1加成反應乙醛與氫氣反應:CH 3C H+H 2 CH 3CH 2OH(2氧化反應乙醛的燃燒:2CH 3CHO+5O 2 4CO 2+4H 2O乙醛的催化氧化:2CH 3C H+O 2 2CH 3COOH (乙酸乙醛的銀鏡反應: OH O - 濃硫酸140OH +H 2O ONa ONa OH OHBrBr OH| Br | O | 催化劑O | 催化劑H +注意:凡是含有羥基的有機物,一般均可與鈉反應。 溴水與酚類易取代,不易加成,且易在苯