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1、研究生英語精讀教程(第三版上)中國人民大學(xué)出版社 Unit OneYou Are What You Think 1. Text 2. Exercises 3. Supplementary ReadingYou Are What You ThinkAnd if you change your mindfrom pessimism to optimismyou can change your lifeClaipe SafranTranslationMenudoughnut n.炸面圈 clich n. idea or expression that has been too much used a
2、nd is now outdated; stereotyped phrase; trite expression 陳腔濫調(diào) scrutinize v.make a detailed examination of 細(xì)查,詳審;審視 Menu 1 Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichs are scientific questions, as researcher
3、s scrutinize the power of positive thinking. Translation 2 A fast-growing body of research104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 peopleis proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimismleads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is lin
4、ked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. optimism n. belief that in the end good will triumph over evil; tendency to look upon the bright side of things; confidence in success樂觀;樂觀主義 pessimism n. tendency to believe that the worst thing is most likely to happen, that everything is essentia
5、lly evil悲觀;悲觀主義 depression n. being sad; low spirit沮喪,抑郁 MenuIf we could teach people to think more positively, says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston,it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.psychologist n. 心理學(xué)家,研究心理學(xué)者 MenuTranslation 3 Your abilities c
6、ount, explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will. In part , thats because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.in part: to some
7、extent在某種程度上MenuTranslation 4 Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime re
8、presentatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.metropolitan adj. of or in a capital city大城市的,大都會的,首府的MenuTranslation 5 Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but ha
9、d scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10 percent more insurance than did the average representative. MenuTranslation 6 How did they do it? The secret to an optimists success, according to Seligman, is in his explanatory style. When things go wrong the pessimi
10、st tends to blame himself. Im no good at this, he says, I always fail. The optimist looks for loopholes. He blames the weather, the phone connection, even the other person. loophole n. way of escape from control, esp. one provided by careless and inexact wording of a rule(因措詞欠妥而造成的法規(guī)上的)漏洞connection
11、n. joining or being joined; point where two things 連接;連接點(diǎn);連接物MenuThat customer was in a bad mood, he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.credit n. honour, approval, good name or reputation榮譽(yù);贊許;好名聲fluke n. something resulting from a for
12、tunate accident; lucky stroke僥幸的結(jié)果;僥幸MenuTranslation 7 Craig Anderson had a group of students phone strangers and ask them to donate blood to the Red Cross . When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, I cant do this. Optimists told themselves, I need to try a different approach. 8 N
13、egative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. If people feel hopeless, says Anderson, they dont bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.donate v. give (eg money)to a charity, etc.; contribute捐贈;贈送prophecy n. power of telling what will happen in the future; statement that tells wh
14、at will happen預(yù)言能力;預(yù)言 MenuTranslation9 A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the litmus test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist
15、 feels like fates plaything and moves slowly. He doesnt seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done.litmus n. blue colouring-matter that is turned red by acid and then restored by alkali; material stained with litmus used as a test for acids and alkalis石蕊;試驗(yàn)酸和堿用的石蕊試紙plaything n. toy;(fig. ) so
16、mebody treated as a mere toy玩具;(喻)被玩弄取樂的人;玩物MenuTranslation 10 Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justifyand sometimes thats what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally opt
17、imistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levy found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.breast n. either of the milk-producing parts of a woman; chest; upper front part of the h
18、uman body乳房;胸膛;胸部recur v. come or happen again; be repeated再來;再發(fā)生;重復(fù) MenuTranslation 11 Optimism wont cure the incurable, but it may prevent illness. In a long term study, researchers examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, all of whom were in the top half of their class and i
19、n fine physical condition. Yet some were positive thinkers, and some negative. Twenty years later, there were more middle-age diseaseshypertension, diabetes, heart ailments among the pessimists than the optimists.hypertension n. high blood pressure高血壓diabetes n. disease of the pancreas in which suga
20、r and starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed糖尿病ailment n. illness疾病 MenuTranslation 12 Many studies suggest that the pessimists feeling of helplessness undermines the bodys natural defenses, the immune system. Dr. Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan has found that the pessimist doe
21、snt take good care of himself. undermine v. weaken at the base; weaken gradually使從基礎(chǔ)損壞;逐漸削弱或損壞immune adj. exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful; not susceptible to some specified disease because of the presence of the specific antibodies免除的;安全的;免疫的MenuFeeling passive and
22、 unable to dodge lifes blows, he expects ill health and other misfortunes, no matter what he does. He munches on junk food,avoids exercise, ignores the doctor, has another drink.dodge v. move quickly to one side, change position or direction, in order to escape or avoid something; avoid (duties, etc
23、. ) by cunning or trickery躲閃,躲避,逃避misfortune n. bad luck; unfortunate accident or happening不幸;災(zāi)禍;不幸事故munch v. chew with much movement of the jaw用力咀嚼;大聲咀嚼junk n. old, discarded things of little or no value 破爛物MenuTranslation 13 Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism, but are inclined in one
24、direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned “at your mothers knee”,says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones. Too many “donts” and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent, fearfuland pessimistic. caution
25、n. warning words; taking care; paying attention (to avoid danger or making mistakes) 警告;小心;謹(jǐn)慎MenuTranslation 14 As they grow, children experience small triumphs, such as learning to tie shoelaces. Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control, and that breeds optimism.triumph n. (joy
26、 or satisfaction at a) success or victory 成功;勝利;成功或勝利的喜悅shoelace n. cord for fastening the edges of a shoes uppers 鞋帶MenuTranslation 15 Pessimism is a hard habit to breakbut it can be done. In a series of landmark studies, Dr. Carol Dweck of the University of Illinois has been working with children
27、in the early grades of school. landmark n. object that marks the boundary of a piece of land; (fig. ) event, discovery, change, etc. that marks a stage or turning-point界標(biāo);(喻 )劃時代的大事、發(fā)現(xiàn)等;里程碑work with (someone) : spend time and effort trying to help (someone) in some way對 (某人 )做工作以幫助MenuAs she helps f
28、loundering students to change the explanations for their failuresfrom I must be dumb to I didnt study hard enough“their academic performance improves. flounder v. make violent and usually vain efforts (as when one is in deep water and unable to swim); (fig. ) hesitate, make mistakes, when trying to
29、do something掙扎;(喻 )躊躇或胡亂地做事dumb adj. unable to speak;(US colloquial) stupid; dull啞的; (美口 )笨的;愚蠢的MenuTranslation 16 Pittsburghs Dr. Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. In a pilot study, two groups of colon-cancer patients were given the same medical treatment,
30、 but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism. Results showed that this worked. Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological change can alter the course of the disease.colon n. lower and greater part of the large intestine結(jié)腸psychological adj. of the mind;
31、 mental心理的MenuTranslation 17 So, if youre a pessimist, theres reason for optimism. You can change. Heres how, says Steve Hollon, a psychologist at Vanderbilt University: 18 1. Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen. Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and u
32、ncensored. censor v. examine books, periodicals, films, etc. to cut out anything regarded as immoral or in other ways undesirable檢查并刪剪 (書刊、電影等 )被認(rèn)為不當(dāng)?shù)牟糠諱enuTranslation 19 2. Now try an experiment. Do something thats contrary to any negative reactions. Lets say something has gone wrong at work. Do yo
33、u think, I hate my job, but I could never get a better one? Act as if that werent so. Send out resums. Go to interviews. Look into training and check job leads. MenuTranslation 20 3. Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts right or wrong? If your thoughts are holding you back, change th
34、em, says Hollon. Its trial and error, no guarantees, but give yourself a chance.MenuTranslation 21 Positive thinking leads to positive action, and reaction. What you expect from the world, the evidence suggests, is what youre likely to get.MenuTranslationExercises . Comprehension . Vocabulary . Cloz
35、e . Translation (English to Chinese) . Translation (Chinese to English) . WritingMenu. ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A, B, C or D under each. You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.1.Those people who keep
36、 their eye upon the doughnut rather than on the hole _.are considered positive-thinkers by the author are likely to see their glass as half empty view their successes and failures more objectively A. have suddenly become the object of scientific research on clichs MenuAnswers. Comprehension2. An opt
37、imist _. is always in control of his own life often overestimates his abilities might live longer than a pessimist when suffering from certain illness such as cancer encounters different challenges and disappointments from a pessimist 3. The pessimist _. A. seldom succeeds in what he does B. attribu
38、tes his success to luck C. tries different approaches when his first attempt fails D. knows how to take good care of himself AnswersMenu4. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company hired 100 new employees because _. they failed the standard industry test their high scores on optimism impressed the com
39、pany they were not likely to be hired by other companies A. the company was impressed by the result of a study done by some psychologists. ComprehensionMenuAnswers5. The 100 new employees _. sold 37% more insurance than the average representatives sold 20% more insurance than the negative thinkers s
40、old 10% more insurance than longtime representatives A. proved that they could do better at selling insurance than the companys average sales representative . ComprehensionAnswersMenu6. According to Seligman, the secret to an optimists success can be found in “his explanatory style”, by which he mea
41、ns that the optimist _. is able to explain more clearly to the customers sounds more pleasant in his explanationtries to find faults with other factors other than in himself for his failure A. has more confidence in himself than in others. ComprehensionMenuAnswers7. It can be inferred from the artic
42、le that the author thinks that _. people will be able to prevent depression and painful shyness if they learn to think more positively business companies might make better judgment if they test the attitudes of the applicants instead of giving them the standard industry test before hiring them one i
43、s more likely to succeed the next time if one is able to lay blames on others when one has failed A. ones belief that one can succeed will guarantee his success . ComprehensionAnswersMenu8. Whether positive or negative, a persons attitude towards life is a thinking habit _. inherited from either of
44、his parents formed when he is very young acquired after he has gained considerable experience A. never to be got rid of . ComprehensionMenuAnswers9. Which of the following is true according to the passage? Most people cannot be conveniently put under the category of optimist or pessimist. There are
45、more positive thinkers among optimists than among pessimists. It is not sure yet whether psychological treatment will help cancer patients. A. By looking into training opportunities and checking job leads, a pessimist will become an optimist. . ComprehensionAnswersMenu10. Which of the following is n
46、ot one of the steps mentioned by the author in forming a more positive attitude towards life? A. Document your gloomy thoughts. B. Do something against your negative inclination. C. Record what happens. D. Find the causes for your failure more objectively. ComprehensionMenuAnswers. VocabularyA. Iden
47、tify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Those who believed their religious leaders prophecy that the end of the world would come soon went into a panic. announcementB. forecast C. prediction D. declaration 2. It became obvious when
48、the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to do his homework. meditated B. faltered C. contemplated D. staggered AnswersMenu. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.3.
49、The teacher told the students that they should avoid using clichs in their composition. A. popular proverbs B. well-known stories C. famous quotations D. trite expressions 4. After listening to the same old moral lesson all these years, the villagers became almost immune to it. A. insensitive to B.
50、fed up with C. familiar with D. accustomed to MenuAnswers. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.5. I cant claim credit for her English proficiency; after all, she only came to my class this semester. ask for moneyB.
51、 expect paymentC. say that I deserve praise D. declare that I am gratefulAnswersMenu. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.6. Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few
52、years ago. officially examined and bannedB. despised by the general publicC. sold out soon after its publicationD. condemned by the criticsMenuAnswers. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.7.The party leader regards
53、 the result of the election as a personal triumph.victoryB. celebrationC. satisfactionD. propaganda8.The immigration officer scrutinized his passport before he was allowed to leave.StampedB. examinedC. returnedD. issuedAnswersMenu. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which wo
54、uld keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.9.He suffered a long period of depression before his first suicide attempt.InoculationB. hypertensionC. ailmentsD. dejection10.He was never able to enjoy the metropolitan delights of cinemas and theatres.artisticB. modernC. urbanD. variousMenuAns
55、wers. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11.He quickly _ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.eludedB. evadedC. escaped D. dodged12.His dislike of the course may prove to be a _ barrier he cannot overcome.BiologicalB. ideologic
56、alC. spiritualD. psychologicalAnswersMenu. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.13.As the Cup Final was drawing closer, the injury of the best player was a _ for the whole team.misdemeanourB. mistrustC. misfortuneD. mischief14. The best solution to the problem can only
57、be found by a process of trial and _. error B. mistake C. success D. experiment MenuAnswers. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.15. He thought that he might be able to avoid paying some of his taxes by taking advantage of the _ in the law. A. circles B. loopholes C. e
58、xceptions D. misunderstanding16. When he lived in that remote place, radio was the only means he had to keep _ of current events in the country. account B. trace C. record D. track MenuAnswers. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.17. _ what is generally believed, the a
59、djustment to this kind of work is quite easy. Contrary to B. Contrast with C. Controversial of D. Contradictory to 18. The flashing red light served as a _ of danger ahead. predictor B. caution C. precaution D. prevention AnswersMenu. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correc
60、t.19. Their confidence in him was greatly _ by his prolonged hesitation before taking any action. appreciated B. confirmed C. undermined D. cherished 20. Your headache is likely to _ if its real cause is not identified and proper treatment administered accordingly. cure B. recover C. recur D. releas
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