大學(xué)園林專業(yè)英語

1、 成員與分工：成員與分工：卷首語：卷首語： 對于中國古典園林，我們經(jīng)過對于中國古典園林，我們經(jīng)過上學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)有了初步的了解，上學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)有了初步的了解，如今，就讓我們踏上探尋美國園林如今，就讓我們踏上探尋美國園林的發(fā)展歷程吧的發(fā)展歷程吧1紐約中央公園紐約中央公園23 Landscape Architecture in Landscape Architecture in America-European Influence on America-European Influence on American Landscape American Landscape Architecture

2、 and Colonial Architecture and Colonial gardens.gardens. 美國園林美國園林歐洲對美國園歐洲對美國園林的影響和殖民地園林林的影響和殖民地園林Unit 3Unit 34In studying the progress of garden art and In studying the progress of garden art and landscape architecture in America,especially landscape architecture in America,especially whenever any c

3、omparison with Europe is whenever any comparison with Europe is implied,one fundamental difference should implied,one fundamental difference should always be taken into account.By comparison always be taken into account.By comparison with Europe,America has never had a large with Europe,America has

4、never had a large number of great private garden estates.number of great private garden estates.在研究美國園林藝術(shù)和園林學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程中，在研究美國園林藝術(shù)和園林學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程中，特別是無論何時(shí)與歐洲做任何比較，應(yīng)該重特別是無論何時(shí)與歐洲做任何比較，應(yīng)該重視一個(gè)根本差別，即和歐洲相比，美國從沒視一個(gè)根本差別，即和歐洲相比，美國從沒有出現(xiàn)過大量著名的私人花園。有出現(xiàn)過大量著名的私人花園。1、5A certain number were indeed created,but A certain number

5、 were indeed created,but many of them have already been many of them have already been abandoned,and none has ever had a abandoned,and none has ever had a permanent leadership or influence.At most permanent leadership or influence.At most they represent a transitory phase of they represent a transit

6、ory phase of American culture.American culture.一定數(shù)量的私人花園的確存在過，但是一定數(shù)量的私人花園的確存在過，但是它們中的大多數(shù)已經(jīng)被廢棄，沒有一個(gè)它們中的大多數(shù)已經(jīng)被廢棄，沒有一個(gè)有過持久的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和影響力。他們最多有過持久的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和影響力。他們最多只能代表美國文化的一個(gè)短暫階段。只能代表美國文化的一個(gè)短暫階段。6On the other hand the American taste in On the other hand the American taste in small home grounds represents somethin

7、g small home grounds represents something permanent,general and significant;and permanent,general and significant;and this may be said to be a natural this may be said to be a natural corollary of the earliest tradition. corollary of the earliest tradition. 另一方面，美國人對小型庭院的偏另一方面，美國人對小型庭院的偏好代表著某種永久的、普遍

8、的和重好代表著某種永久的、普遍的和重大的意義，這也可能是由于其早期大的意義，這也可能是由于其早期的傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)格所導(dǎo)致的必然結(jié)果。的傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)格所導(dǎo)致的必然結(jié)果。72、Civilization in America began,as it Civilization in America began,as it were,full-fledged,The early colonists were,full-fledged,The early colonists came direct from the settled came direct from the settled civilization of

9、 Europe,particularly civilization of Europe,particularly from England. Many of them were from England. Many of them were persons of education and persons of education and refinement;some were men of substance.refinement;some were men of substance.美洲文明可以說很早就已經(jīng)成熟了。因美洲文明可以說很早就已經(jīng)成熟了。因?yàn)樵缙诘闹趁裾咧苯觼碜愿叨任拿鞯臍W為早

10、期的殖民者直接來自高度文明的歐洲，特別是英國。他們中的很多人都受洲，特別是英國。他們中的很多人都受過良好的教育，舉止文雅，其中不乏富過良好的教育，舉止文雅，其中不乏富人。人。8Under such circumstance one might Under such circumstance one might expect that evidences of culture, expect that evidences of culture, including the making of gardens in including the making of gardens in Americ

11、a,would be shown very early,and America,would be shown very early,and that some of the slow and painful that some of the slow and painful stages of progress as witnessed in stages of progress as witnessed in the Old World might be altogether the Old World might be altogether elided. elided. 在這種情況下，有

12、人認(rèn)為包括造園藝術(shù)在這種情況下，有人認(rèn)為包括造園藝術(shù)在內(nèi)的文明進(jìn)程很早就在美國出現(xiàn)，而在內(nèi)的文明進(jìn)程很早就在美國出現(xiàn)，而且跳過了舊大陸出現(xiàn)的漫長而痛苦的摸且跳過了舊大陸出現(xiàn)的漫長而痛苦的摸索過程。索過程。9This is in fact what happened.Other This is in fact what happened.Other circumstances contributed to the circumstances contributed to the popularity of gardening in popularity of gardening in Ameri

13、ca.Every colony was compelled America.Every colony was compelled under threat of imminent starvation to under threat of imminent starvation to gain an immediate living from the soil. gain an immediate living from the soil. Practical gardening and simple Practical gardening and simple agriculture beg

14、an at once and in great agriculture began at once and in great earnestness.earnestness.事實(shí)上也正是這樣。其他情況也影響著美國造園事實(shí)上也正是這樣。其他情況也影響著美國造園的風(fēng)格。所有殖民地居民在饑餓的威脅下都不得的風(fēng)格。所有殖民地居民在饑餓的威脅下都不得不依靠土地獲得暫時(shí)的生存。實(shí)用性的造園和簡不依靠土地獲得暫時(shí)的生存。實(shí)用性的造園和簡單的農(nóng)業(yè)馬上開始并顯示出其重要性。單的農(nóng)業(yè)馬上開始并顯示出其重要性。10The American colonists were forced to The American

15、colonists were forced to strain every never,not alone to make strain every never,not alone to make a living,but to make homes and a living,but to make homes and gardens.These they conceived gardens.These they conceived inevitable in English terms-a house inevitable in English terms-a house surrounde

16、d by a garden,and in the surrounded by a garden,and in the garden always plants both for food garden always plants both for food and for delight.There were flowers and for delight.There were flowers for colour and for perfume. for colour and for perfume. 美國殖民地居民被迫竭盡全力謀生，還要造屋造美國殖民地居民被迫竭盡全力謀生，還要造屋造園。他

17、們必然是用英國式的思維：一個(gè)花園包圍園。他們必然是用英國式的思維：一個(gè)花園包圍著的房子，花園中的植物總是食用和觀賞并存，著的房子，花園中的植物總是食用和觀賞并存，花卉既鮮艷又芳香?；ɑ芗弱r艷又芳香。113、 Even the first-comers brought seeds Even the first-comers brought seeds and cuttings and with these began at and cuttings and with these began at once the experiment of growing the once the experi

18、ment of growing the English favourites English favourites ：applies,plums,cherries;beetroot,turniapplies,plums,cherries;beetroot,turnips and carrots;catnip,marjoram and ps and carrots;catnip,marjoram and thyme ;gillyflower,poppies and roses,thyme ;gillyflower,poppies and roses,甚至最初的殖民者帶來的種子和插條后，他們就甚至

19、最初的殖民者帶來的種子和插條后，他們就立刻開始種英國人喜歡的植物，有蘋果、李、櫻立刻開始種英國人喜歡的植物，有蘋果、李、櫻桃、甜菜、蕪菁、胡蘿卜、假荊芥、香花薄荷、桃、甜菜、蕪菁、胡蘿卜、假荊芥、香花薄荷、百里香、紫羅蘭、虞美人和玫瑰。百里香、紫羅蘭、虞美人和玫瑰。12While some of these failed,other While some of these failed,other happily succeeded.then there were happily succeeded.then there were the native plants of the New th

20、e native plants of the New World,which were not to be World,which were not to be neglected .Here were fruits and neglected .Here were fruits and shrubs and flowers ready to be shrubs and flowers ready to be pressed into cultivation.pressed into cultivation.其中一些未存活而有一些幸運(yùn)地存活。除此其中一些未存活而有一些幸運(yùn)地存活。除此之外還有許

21、多新大陸當(dāng)?shù)氐闹参锟梢允褂?，之外還有許多新大陸當(dāng)?shù)氐闹参锟梢允褂?，包括?dāng)?shù)毓麡洌嗄疽约盎ɑ艿?。包括?dāng)?shù)毓麡?，灌木以及花卉等?3Their enlistment moved more slowly Their enlistment moved more slowly than one might have expected,but it than one might have expected,but it went on.There is to be considered the went on.There is to be considered the further fact that

22、 the first colonies further fact that the first colonies were planted in regions of propitions were planted in regions of propitions soil and climate.soil and climate.雖然馴化栽培進(jìn)展比我們想象中緩慢的多，雖然馴化栽培進(jìn)展比我們想象中緩慢的多，但是他們?nèi)匀槐粷u漸地利用起來。還有一個(gè)需但是他們?nèi)匀槐粷u漸地利用起來。還有一個(gè)需要考慮的更深層次的事實(shí)，最初的殖民地都安要考慮的更深層次的事實(shí)，最初的殖民地都安置在土壤和氣候條件適宜的地區(qū)。

23、置在土壤和氣候條件適宜的地區(qū)。144、The first American colonists were The first American colonists were practically all English. They came practically all English. They came from a country of gardens. They had from a country of gardens. They had been bred in the tradition of gardens been bred in the tradition of gar

24、dens and some of them were skilled in and some of them were skilled in garden practice.garden practice.美國最初的殖民者基本上是英國人，他們美國最初的殖民者基本上是英國人，他們來自花園之國，他們在花園的傳統(tǒng)中長大，來自花園之國，他們在花園的傳統(tǒng)中長大，其中一些人對園藝工作很熟練。其中一些人對園藝工作很熟練。15And the great preponderance of And the great preponderance of English blood and of English cu

25、lture, English blood and of English culture, so marked in the beginning ,has so marked in the beginning ,has continued to rule American life even continued to rule American life even to the present day, in no realm-not to the present day, in no realm-not excepting even literature and common exceptin

26、g even literature and common law-more strongly than in gardening.law-more strongly than in gardening.英國血統(tǒng)和英國文化的巨大優(yōu)勢，從一開始就英國血統(tǒng)和英國文化的巨大優(yōu)勢，從一開始就打上烙印，持續(xù)影響著美國人的生活，直到今打上烙印，持續(xù)影響著美國人的生活，直到今天，沒有哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域，文學(xué)和普通法律也不例外，天，沒有哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域，文學(xué)和普通法律也不例外，比造園的影響更加深刻。比造園的影響更加深刻。16In later years American received In later years Ameri

27、can received large levies of immigrants from other large levies of immigrants from other nations, notably from Germany and the nations, notably from Germany and the Scandinavian countries,and quite Scandinavian countries,and quite recently from Italy,Greece and their recently from Italy,Greece and t

28、heir neighbours.These neighbours.These immigrants,especially the Germans and immigrants,especially the Germans and the Scandinavians,contributed science the Scandinavians,contributed science and technology,for example-but not and technology,for example-but not appreciably to gardening.appreciably to

29、 gardening.后來美國吸收了其他國家的大量移民，特別是后來美國吸收了其他國家的大量移民，特別是德國和北歐國家，近來是意大利、希臘及其鄰德國和北歐國家，近來是意大利、希臘及其鄰國。這些移民，尤其是德國人和北歐人，對美國。這些移民，尤其是德國人和北歐人，對美國的一些思想和文化產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)性影響，如教育、國的一些思想和文化產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)性影響，如教育、科技方面，但是在造園方面影響不大?？萍挤矫?，但是在造園方面影響不大。17To conclude in a sentence this very To conclude in a sentence this very brief account of fo

30、reign influence in brief account of foreign influence in American landscape architecture,it American landscape architecture,it may be noted that French may be noted that French contributions have been nil:only two contributions have been nil:only two French settlements survived on the French settlem

31、ents survived on the continent,a small one at New Orleans continent,a small one at New Orleans and larger, more prolific and more and larger, more prolific and more permanent one in Quebec in permanent one in Quebec in Canada.Neither has affected American Canada.Neither has affected American culture

32、,least of all American culture,least of all American gardening.gardening.最后用一句話結(jié)束外國對美國園林的影響，也最后用一句話結(jié)束外國對美國園林的影響，也許提到的是法國的影響幾乎為零，僅有兩個(gè)法許提到的是法國的影響幾乎為零，僅有兩個(gè)法國人定居點(diǎn)在北美大陸幸存下來，小一點(diǎn)的在國人定居點(diǎn)在北美大陸幸存下來，小一點(diǎn)的在新奧爾良市，另一個(gè)大一點(diǎn)，更繁華持久的定新奧爾良市，另一個(gè)大一點(diǎn)，更繁華持久的定居點(diǎn)在加拿大魁北克。兩者都沒有影響美國的居點(diǎn)在加拿大魁北克。兩者都沒有影響美國的文化，更不用說影響美國的造園。文化，更不用說影響美國的

33、造園。185、In quite recent times(the 1920s),however, In quite recent times(the 1920s),however, a certain amount of Latin influence, a certain amount of Latin influence, mainly Italian,has been manifest. This mainly Italian,has been manifest. This has flowed in through two openings. has flowed in through

34、 two openings. First has been the stream of wealthy First has been the stream of wealthy (and largely parvenu) Americans who (and largely parvenu) Americans who have traveled and lived abroad.have traveled and lived abroad.在近代（在近代（2020世紀(jì)世紀(jì)2020年代），一定程度上的拉年代），一定程度上的拉丁化影響（主要是意大利）顯現(xiàn)出來。這些丁化影響（主要是意大利）顯現(xiàn)出來

35、。這些影響從兩條渠道開始涌入美國。首先是那些影響從兩條渠道開始涌入美國。首先是那些在國外旅游或生活的美國富人（大部分是暴在國外旅游或生活的美國富人（大部分是暴發(fā)戶）的流動(dòng)，發(fā)戶）的流動(dòng)，19They have found Paris a place They have found Paris a place convenient for the spending of money convenient for the spending of money by persons of limited imagination.If by persons of limited imagination.

36、If they have returned to America at all, they have returned to America at all, they have returned measurably they have returned measurably Europeanized and in a temper to Europeanized and in a temper to imitate the customs of France and imitate the customs of France and Italy, even in the making of

37、gardens. Italy, even in the making of gardens. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)巴黎是一個(gè)便于那些想象力有限的人他們發(fā)現(xiàn)巴黎是一個(gè)便于那些想象力有限的人肆意花錢的地方。一旦他們帶著一定程度的歐肆意花錢的地方。一旦他們帶著一定程度的歐洲化回到美國，會(huì)模仿法國和意大利的習(xí)俗，洲化回到美國，會(huì)模仿法國和意大利的習(xí)俗，甚至在造園方面。甚至在造園方面。20Since the Latin garden forms Since the Latin garden forms offered special opportunities for offered special opportu

38、nities for extravagance, it was natural that extravagance, it was natural that some of them should adopt this way some of them should adopt this way of showing their wealth. of showing their wealth. 因?yàn)槔∈交▓@為奢華提供了特別的機(jī)會(huì)，因?yàn)槔∈交▓@為奢華提供了特別的機(jī)會(huì)，很自然地他們中的一些人會(huì)采取這種方式很自然地他們中的一些人會(huì)采取這種方式來炫耀自己的財(cái)富。來炫耀自己的財(cái)富。216、But t

39、he old garden forms,especially But the old garden forms,especially the Renaissance gardens of the Renaissance gardens of Italy ,have strong attractions for Italy ,have strong attractions for more cultured minds also.Thus it more cultured minds also.Thus it happened,in the second place that happened,

40、in the second place that Americans of refinement began to be Americans of refinement began to be moved by Italian garden traditions.moved by Italian garden traditions. 但是古代花園的形式，特別是意大利文藝復(fù)但是古代花園的形式，特別是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的花園對那些文化人吸引更大。因此，興時(shí)期的花園對那些文化人吸引更大。因此，第二條途徑是這些優(yōu)雅的美國人開始受意大利第二條途徑是這些優(yōu)雅的美國人開始受意大利傳統(tǒng)園林影響。傳統(tǒng)園林影響。

41、22Here entered the new profession of Here entered the new profession of landscape architecture,with a group landscape architecture,with a group of ambitious young men eager to learn of ambitious young men eager to learn all that Europe had to teach.The all that Europe had to teach.The architecture a

42、nd gardening of the architecture and gardening of the Italian villas were studied Italian villas were studied intensively,sympathetically,and with intensively,sympathetically,and with some regard to their acclimatization some regard to their acclimatization in America.in America.接著，新的園林職業(yè)出現(xiàn)了，一群雄心勃勃的

43、接著，新的園林職業(yè)出現(xiàn)了，一群雄心勃勃的年輕人渴望學(xué)到歐洲的全部造園知識(shí)，他們對年輕人渴望學(xué)到歐洲的全部造園知識(shí)，他們對意大利的建筑和園林進(jìn)行了深入學(xué)習(xí)，并研究意大利的建筑和園林進(jìn)行了深入學(xué)習(xí)，并研究它們在美國的適應(yīng)情況。它們在美國的適應(yīng)情況。23These two groups-persons of These two groups-persons of education-both helped to introduce education-both helped to introduce French and Italian ideas,especially French and Ita

44、lian ideas,especially the latter,into American landscape the latter,into American landscape architecture.Later an attempt will be architecture.Later an attempt will be made to estimate more exactly of this made to estimate more exactly of this impact.impact.這兩群人這兩群人富人和受過良好教育的人，都促富人和受過良好教育的人，都促進(jìn)了法國、意

45、大利理念引入到美國園林，特別進(jìn)了法國、意大利理念引入到美國園林，特別是后者。后文將試圖更準(zhǔn)確地評估這個(gè)影響的是后者。后文將試圖更準(zhǔn)確地評估這個(gè)影響的結(jié)果。結(jié)果。247、Before this topic is dismissed Before this topic is dismissed mention should be made of truly mention should be made of truly remarkable cultural unity of the remarkable cultural unity of the North American people.Th

46、ough they are North American people.Though they are derived from many races and derived from many races and nationalities,there is an astonishing nationalities,there is an astonishing uniformity of speech,thought and uniformity of speech,thought and felling.felling.在本專題結(jié)束之前，應(yīng)該提一下真正值得注意的在本專題結(jié)束之前，應(yīng)該提一

47、下真正值得注意的北美人的文化統(tǒng)一。隨人他們源自許多種族和國北美人的文化統(tǒng)一。隨人他們源自許多種族和國籍，但在語言、思想和情感方面卻驚人的一致。籍，但在語言、思想和情感方面卻驚人的一致。25There are of course appreciable There are of course appreciable differences of dialect,but not more differences of dialect,but not more over the whole continent than may be over the whole continent than may

48、 be found in two adjoining counties in found in two adjoining counties in England or than can be diacovered England or than can be diacovered between the German spoken in Hanover between the German spoken in Hanover and that of Bavaria.and that of Bavaria.當(dāng)然在方言方面會(huì)存在顯著差異，但整個(gè)大陸當(dāng)然在方言方面會(huì)存在顯著差異，但整個(gè)大陸的這些差

49、異都不會(huì)超過英格蘭的兩個(gè)相鄰縣或的這些差異都不會(huì)超過英格蘭的兩個(gè)相鄰縣或者德國漢諾威和巴伐利亞州之間的差異。者德國漢諾威和巴伐利亞州之間的差異。26he newspapers,inordinately read,are he newspapers,inordinately read,are highly standardized,printing the highly standardized,printing the same news and the same same news and the same “featuresfeatures”from Maine to from Maine

50、 to California and from Texas to California and from Texas to Canada.Everybody on the continent Canada.Everybody on the continent sees precisely the same sees precisely the same “moviesmovies”. .從緬因州到加利福尼亞州，從德克薩斯州到加從緬因州到加利福尼亞州，從德克薩斯州到加拿大，人們大量閱讀的報(bào)紙，都高度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，拿大，人們大量閱讀的報(bào)紙，都高度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，登載著相同的新聞和相同的專題。登載著相同的新聞和相

51、同的專題。27Everybody listens at the same Everybody listens at the same instant by means of the universal instant by means of the universal radio to the same lectures,the same radio to the same lectures,the same songs,the same ball games.School songs,the same ball games.School are graded exactly alike fr

52、om the are graded exactly alike from the kindergarten through to the college.kindergarten through to the college.整個(gè)大陸人人看相同的電影，人人同時(shí)通過整個(gè)大陸人人看相同的電影，人人同時(shí)通過全球廣播收聽相同的演講、歌曲、球賽。學(xué)全球廣播收聽相同的演講、歌曲、球賽。學(xué)校的分級從幼兒園到大學(xué)也是一樣的。校的分級從幼兒園到大學(xué)也是一樣的。28Every article of daily use is Every article of daily use is “nationally advertisednationally advertised”and and continentally sold.One buys continentally sold.One buys precisely the same precisely the same toothpaste,collars,canned foods or toothpaste,collars,canned foods or cigarettes in Montreal,New cigarettes in Montreal,New Orleans,San Francisco and BostonOrle