學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀題目

1、Chapter One IELTS Reading Passages第一章 雅思閱讀文章Part A Academic Reading Passages學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀文章一、科技Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 112 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Lifestyles of the 21st Century Americans in the future will probably not live as Americans do today.

2、Fusion power will be capable of producing energy without limits while saving natural resources. People may live well past a hundred years, be equipped with plastic body parts, and eat man-made foods. Space travelers will walk on the planets. These factors of life were science fiction images a few de

3、cades ago. Today such events are already discussed as if real. How do people image life in the United States in the future? Below are some predictions made by Richard N. Farmer, who gave his light-hearted opinion of the "World of 2084." Since no one wants to do the dirty, uninteresting fac

4、tory-line work any more, we decide not to. So we take some chimpanzees, or if we really want some strength, some great apes, do a bit of scientific engineering here and there, and we create some animals, which are made for the factory line. They work their eight hours a day, and don't mind the r

5、epetition a bit. . Jack Baxter, a common American of 2084, glanced at his stop-watch. He was slowing down; he could only run the kilometer in four minutes flat now, and when he was 80, he could do it in three-fifty. But, being 140 years old made a difference, regardless of what his doctor said. Jack

6、 had received his first cancer shot in 1981; he had received his man-made heart in 2014, before they really got those human ones perfected, so he wasn't a very good example of a complete human. But he felt pretty good; he had been one of the lucky ones, who had received his shots to make him you

7、ng again before he turned 40, so he was still a young-looking fellow. Of course, he looked old in his world, since no one got much beyond 30-looking any more. And, of course, he would die; right now, fellows pushing 200 were in poor shape and kicking off. Death used to be a pretty simple thing. Body

8、 processes stopped, and you left us. But nowadays even, it is not uncommon for a person to be brought back with heart massage perhaps a full hour or more after he's "dead." By 2084, if we can store a dead body in a cold refrigerator room soon enough, lots of people who now would die ma

9、y not. Now we all die, sooner or later; maybe by 2084, we won't die until we are good and ready. And that would be a new freedom indeed. Johnny, who's almost 10, can't read, but no one is worried. Indeed, Johnny has been going to school since he was 3, but it hasn't been the kind of

10、school that we are familiar with. The kids learn all sorts of things about living together and getting along with each other, but nothing about school subjects. You see, we have figured out that age ten is about the time that a child can really put reading and mathematical skills to use. So, on his

11、tenth birthday, Johnny goes to the brain-control center. He sits for an hour or so under a machine that looks something like a hair-dryer, with him attached to it. When he finishes, the entire reading, writing, and math patterns he needs to know are impressed right on his brain. Why fool around for

12、years drilling kids, when all education really is made up of is a set of very mixed brain patterns? Just add them straight onto the brain, and you save lots of time and money. And if you want to teach any other kind of skills, like electrical theory for electricity workers, well, there's a patte

13、rn for that too.Questions 1 - 4In question 14，you are required to make sensible guesses from subtitles. Now please add possible subtitles to the following paragraphs according to your understanding of them.1. Since no one wants to do the dirty, uninteresting factory-line work any more, we decide not

14、 to. So we take some chimpanzees, or if we really want some strength, some great apes, do a bit of scientific engineering here and there, and we create some animals, which are made for the factory line. They work their eight hours a day, and don't mind the repetition a bit. .(Para. 3, passage C)

15、Subtitle: _2. Jack Baxter, a common American of 2084, glanced at his stop-watch. He was slowing down; he could only run the kilometer in four minutes flat now, and when he was 80, he could do it in three-fifty. But, being 140 years old made a difference, regardless of what his doctor said. Jack had

16、received his first cancer shot in 1981; he had received his man-made heart in 2014, before they really got those human ones perfected, so he wasn't a very good example of a complete human. But he felt pretty good; he had been one of the lucky ones, who had received his shots to make him young ag

17、ain before he turned 40, so he was still a young-looking fellow. Of course, he looked old in his world, since no one got much beyond 30-looking any more. And, of course, he would die; right now, fellows pushing 200 were in poor shape and kicking off. . (Para. 4, Passage C)Subtitle: _3. Death used to

18、 be a pretty simple thing. Body processes stopped, and you left us. But nowadays even, it is not uncommon for a person to be brought back with heart massage perhaps a full hour or more after he's "dead." By 2084, if we can store a dead body in a cold refrigerator room soon enough, lots

19、 of people who now would die may not. Now we all die, sooner or later; maybe by 2084, we won't die until we are good and ready. And that would be a new freedom indeed. (Para. 5, Passage C)Subtitle:_4. Johnny, who's almost 10, can't read, but no one is worried. Indeed, Johnny has been goi

20、ng to school since he was 3, but it hasn't been the kind of school that we are familiar with. The kids learn all sorts of things about living together and getting along with each other, but nothing about school subjects. You see, we have figured out that age ten is about the time that a child ca

21、n really put reading and mathematical skills to use. So, on his tenth birthday, Johnny goes to the brain-control center. He sits for an hour or so under a machine that looks something like a hair-dryer, with him attached to it. When he finishes, the entire reading, writing, and math patterns he need

22、s to know are impressed right on his brain. Why fool around for years drilling kids, when all education really is made up of is a set of very mixed brain patterns? Just add them straight onto the brain, and you save lots of time and money. And if you want to teach any other kind of skills, like elec

23、trical theory for electricity workers, well, there's a pattern for that too. (Para. 6, Passage C)Subtitle:_Question 512Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the reading text. 5. Americans in the future will live better than they do now. ( )6. The last sen

24、tence in the first paragraph means that today such events are already discussed as if they were facts. ( )7. Richard N. Farmers opinion of “World of 2084” is regretful. ( )8. In the future some animals will take the place of men, doing the dirty, uninteresting factory-line work because men have more

25、 important things to do. ( )9. The sentence in Paragraph 4 “he could only run the kilometer in four minutes flat now” means that “he couldnt run the kilometer in less than four minutes now.” ( )10. The phrase “kicking off” at the end of Paragraph 4 means “playing football”.（ ）11According to Paragrap

26、h 5, maybe by 2084, we will not die until we are completely ready. ( )12. In the future only some school subjects for children at school will be done by machines. ( )Reading Passage 2AMBERGRISThe name ambergris is derived from the Spanish "ambar gris", ambar meaning amber and gris meaning

27、grey, thus the name signifies grey amber. The use of ambergris in Europe is now entirely confined to perfumeryas a material of perfumery. Its high price varies from $15 to $25 an ounce, though it formerly occupied on inconsiderable place in medicine. Ambergris was also decorated and worn as jewelry,

28、 particularly during the Renaissance. It occupies a very important place in the perfumery of the East, and there it is also used in pharmacy, and as a flavoring material in cookery. Amber, however, is quite a different substance from ambergris and this discrepancy has puzzled some people. Amber is t

29、he fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized for jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent, wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees. In the dense forests of the Mid

30、dle Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, between 10 and 100 million years ago, these resin-bearing trees fell and were carried by rivers to coastal regions. There, the trees and their resins became covered with sediment, and over millions of years the resin hardened into amber. Ambergris and amber are r

31、elated by the fact that both wash up on beaches. Ambergris is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated like marble. It possesses a peculiar sweet, earthy odour not unlike isopropyl alcohol. It is now known to be a morbid secretion formed i

32、n the intestines of the sperm whale, found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Being a very lightweight material, ambergris is found floating upon the sea, on the sea-coast, or in the sand near the sea-coast. It is met with in the Atlantic Ocean, on the coasts of Brazil and Madagascar; also on the c

33、oast of Africa, of the East Indies, China, Japan, and the Molucca Islands; but most of the ambergris which is brought to England comes from the Bahama Islands. It is also sometimes found in the abdomen of whales, always in lumps in various shapes and sizes, weighing from 1/2 oz. to 100 or more lb. A

34、 piece which the Dutch East India Company bought from the King of Tydore weighed 182 lb. An American fisherman from Antigua found, inside a whale, about 52 leagues south-east from the Windward Islands, a piece of ambergris which weighed about 130 lb, and sold for 500 sterling. Like many other substa

35、nces regarding the origin of which there existed some obscurity or mystery, ambergris in former times possessed a value, and had properties attributed to it, more on account of the source from which it was drawn than from its inherent qualities. Many ridiculous hypotheses were started to account for

36、 its origin, and among others it was conjectured to be the solidified foam of the sea, a fungous growth in the ocean similar to the fungi which form on trees. The true source and character of ambergris was first satisfactorily established by Dr. Swediaur in a communication to the Royal Society. It w

37、as found by Dr Swediaur that ambergris very frequently contained the horny mandibles or beaks of the squid, on which the sperm whales are known to feed. That observation, in connection with the fact of ambergris being frequently taken from the intestines of the sperm whale, sufficiently proved that

38、the substance is produced by the whale's intestine as a means of facilitating the passage of undigested hard, sharp beaks of squid that the whale has eaten. It was further observed that the whales in which ambergris was found were either dead or much wasted and evidently in a sickly condition. F

39、rom this it was inferred that ambergris is in some way connected with a morbid condition of the sperm whale. Often expelled by vomiting, ambergris floats in chunks on the water and is of a deep grey color, soft consistence, and an offensive, disagreeable smell. Following months to years of photo-deg

40、radation and oxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark grey or black color, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odor that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalist. Its smell has been described by many as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropan

41、ol without its stinging harshness. In that condition its specific gravity ranges from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at a temperature of about 145 F into a fatty yellow resin-like liquid. It is soluble in ether, volatile and fixed oils, but only feebly acted on by acids. By digesting in hot alcohol, a pec

42、uliar substance termed ambrein is obtained. In chemical constitution ambrein very closely resembles cholesterin, a principle found abundantly in biliary calculi. It is therefore more than probable that ambergris, from the position in which it is found and its chemical constitution, is a biliary conc

43、retion analogous to what is formed in other mammals. The industries founded on ambergris resulted in the slaughter of sperm whales almost to extinction. Sperm whales were killed in two massive hunts, the Moby Dick whalers who worked mainly between 1740-1880, and the modern whalers whose operations p

44、eaked in 1964, when 29,255 were killed. Most recent estimates suggest a global population of about 360,000 animals down from about 1,100,000 before whaling. In the 20th century，90% of ambergris was derived in the processing of killing sperm whales. To this day, ambergris is still the most expensive

45、product in the whole body of sperm whale. Depending on its quality, raw ambergris fetches approximately 20 USD per gram. In the United States, possession of any part of an endangered species including ambergris that has washed ashore is a violation of the Endangered Species Act of 1978. Historically

46、, the primary commercial use of ambergris has been in fragrance chemistry. However, it is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry and chemically s

47、ynthesized. The most important of these is Ambrox, which has taken its place as the most widely used amber odorant in perfume manufacture. Procedures for the microbial production of Ambrox have also been devised. Questions 1-5Classify the following statements as applying to A Ambergris only B Amber

48、only C Both amber and ambergris D Neither amber nor ambergris1. very costly 2. used in medicine 3. used as currency 4. wash up on beaches 5. could be seen through Questions 6-9 Complete the summary of how ambergris forms. Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer. According to Dr. Swediaur, A

49、mbergris is produced by the whale's _ _6_ _ to help the sperm whale digest _ _7_ _ of squid. Often by _ 8_ _, the sick sperm whale expels ambergris. Ambergris then floats on the sea. When exposed in the air, ambergris _ _9_ _ gradually. And it has washed ashore finally. Questions 10-13Do the fol

50、lowing statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 10 13 on your answer sheet write. YES If the statements reflects the writers claimNO If the statement contradicts the writerNOT GIVEN If there is no information about this in the passage10. Ambergris is now used in per

51、fumery and medicine in Europe. 11. In 20th century most ambergris was obtained in the process of killing sperm whales. 12. In the US, it is illegal for a person to collect ambergris even though it has washed on the beach. 13. As the substitute for ambergris, Ambrox boasts the same quality as ambergr

52、is. Reading Passage 3What we know about the Moon and its differences to EarthThe Moon has been worshipped by primitive peoples and has inspired humans to create everything from lunar calendars to love sonnets, but what do we really know about it? The most accepted theory about the origin of the Moon

53、 is that it was formed of the debris from a massive collision with the young Earth about 4.6 billion years ago. A huge body, perhaps the size of Mars, struck the Earth, throwing out an immense amount of debris that coalesced and cooled in orbit around the Earth.The development of Earth is inextricab

54、ly linked to the moon; the Moons gravitational influence upon the Earth is the primary cause of ocean tides. In fact, the Moon has more than twice the effect upon the tides than does the Sun. The Moon makes one rotation and completes a revolution around the Earth every 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minut

55、es. This synchronous rotation is caused by an uneven distribution of mass in the Moon (essentially, it is heavier on one side than the other) and has allowed the Earths gravity to keep one side of the Moon permanently facing Earth. It is an average distance from Earth of 384,403 km.The Moon has no a

56、tmosphere; without an atmosphere, the Moon has nothing to protect it from meteorite impacts, and thus the surface of the Moon is covered with impact craters, both large and small. The Moon also has no active tectonic or volcanic activity, so the erosive effects of atmospheric weathering, tectonic sh

57、ifts, and volcanic upheavals that tend to erase and reform the Earths surface features are not at work on the Moon. In fact, even tiny surface features such as the footprint left by an astronaut in the lunar soil are likely to last for millions of years, unless obliterated by a chance meteorite stri

58、ke. The surface gravity of the Moon is about one-sixth that of the Earths. Therefore, a man weighing 82 kilograms on Earth would only weigh 14 kilograms on the Moon.The geographical features of the Earth most like that of the Moon are, in fact, places such as the Hawaiian volcanic craters and the huge meteor crater in Arizona. The climate of the Moon is very unlike either Hawaii or Arizona, however; in fact the temperature on the Moon ranges between 123 degrees C. to