英語(yǔ)文體學(xué)Chapter3Surface-StructureDeviation解析說課材料

1、English StylisticsChapter 3 Surface- Structure Deviation第一頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。Surface-Structure DeviationPhonological Deviation1Syntactic Deviation3Lexical Deviation4Graphological Deviation2第二頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvFeatures at the phonological level function more by being overregular rather than being

2、 deviant, since they belong to the surface-structure of the English language.ForExample?第三頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological Deviationv3.1.1 Omission AphesisSyncope Apocope Omission第四頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvAphesis refers to the omission of an initial part of a word.vE.g. Thou on whose stream, mid th

3、e steep skys commotion, Loose clouds like earths decaying leaves are shed. (P. B. Shelley, Ode to the West Wind)v3.1.1 Omission Aphesisamid第五頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvSyncope refers to the omission of a medial part of a word.vE.g. A voice so thrilling neer was heard In spring-time from the c

4、uckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides. (Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper)v3.1.1 Omission Syncopenever第六頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvApocope refers to the omission of a final part of a word.vE.g. Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun I

5、 will love thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. (Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose)v3.1.1 Omission Apocopeallwithof第七頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvThe omissions are conventional means for the sake of sound patterns. It makes easier for poets to arrange the rhymes and meters in poem

6、s.v3.1.1 Omission第八頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvThe use of mispronunciation and substandard pronunciation may help to vividly describe a character. And substandard language is perceived as more forceful, more direct in expression for standard language is perceived as more civilized, more educat

7、ed than the substandard one, and sometimes more indirect. v3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation第九頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvE.g. Dickens, Olive Twistv Mr. Bumblev porochial parochial 牧區(qū)牧區(qū)(mq)的的v blackin-bottle blacking-bottlev prentice apprenticev em themv antimonial antinomian

8、 反對(duì)遵反對(duì)遵從律法的從律法的v3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation第十頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvE.g. T. Dreiser, Sister Carrie An old Irish woman ye you murthering murdering divil devil thafe thiefv3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation第十一頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvE.g. C.

9、 Maclnnes, Absolute Beginners An gang member Arve moved, he said, Darn ear/. Ive moved, he said, down here.v3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation第十二頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvFor convenience of rhyming, the poet may give special pronunciation to certain words.vE.g. The trumpet o

10、f a prophecy! O, Wind, If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (P. B. Shelly. Ode to the West Wind)v3.1.3 Special PronunciationIn this poem, the noun wind /wind/ is pronounced like the verb wind /waind/ to rhyme with behind.第十三頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.1 Phonological DeviationvSome 19th century poets placed word

11、stress in unusual places.vE.g. baluster bal uster v3.1.4 Change of Stress第十四頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。AphesisSyncope Apocope Omission第十五頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。Exercises As far removed from God and light of HeavenAs from the center thrice to th utmost pole.O how unlike the place from whence they fell!There the companions of his fall,

12、oerwhelmedWith floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire. (John Milton, Paradise Lost)theoverwhelmedApocopeSyncope第十六頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。Exercises My Lord Bassanio, let him have the ring:Let his deservings, and my love withal,Be valued gainst your wifes commandment. (William Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice)again

13、stAphesis第十七頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationvGraphology means the encoding of meaning in visual symbols.vGraphological Deviation can occur in any sub-area of graphology, such as the shape of text, the type of print, grammetrics, punctuation, and indentation, etc.語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)法(yf)韻律韻律學(xué)學(xué)第十八頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphol

14、ogical DeviationvThe shape of a piece of literary work, especially a poem, can be designed in an unconventional way so that it may be suggestive of a certain literary theme.v3.2.1 Shape of Text第十九頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 1 R. Draper, Target Practice第二十頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological Deviat

15、ionExample 2 A Christmas TreeStarIf you areA love compassionate,You will walk with us this year,We face a glacial distance, who are hereHuddledAt your feet (W. S. Burford) 第二十一頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 3第二十二頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 4第二十三頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological Devia

16、tionExample 5 He lunges for the stairs, swings down-off, Into the sun for his Easter eggs, On very nearly steady legs (Edwin Morgan, Good Friday) In this poem the poet describes a scene of going down the stairs into the sun for the Easter eggs. The lines of the poetry imitate the shape of the stairs

17、. The format is indicative of the meaning.第二十四頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 6 L(a l e a f f a l l s ) one l inessThe visual effect of this poem is obvious. The lines of poetry imitate the falling of a leaf in late autumn, which is suggestive of the meaning of loneliness.第二十五頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Gr

18、aphological Deviation“grasshopper”“who” “as” “we”“l(fā)ook” “up”“now” “gathering” “into” “a” “the”“l(fā)eaps” “arriving”“to” “rearrangely”“become” Example 7 第二十六頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationvThe interpretation of this type of poetry depends much on what the poem looks like.v3.2.1 Shape of Text第二十七頁(yè)，共53

19、頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationvLiterary writers also choose to express their ideas by manipulating the type of print such as italics, bold print, capitalization and decapitalization.v3.2.2 Type of Print第二十八頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 1 第二十九頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g. 2 Me up

20、at does out of the floor quietly Stare a poisoned mouse still who alive is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E. Cummings)Syntactic DeviationGraphological DeviationFree Direct Speech第三十頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g. 2 a poisoned mouse who still alive does Stare quietly out of t

21、he floor up at Me is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E. Cummings)第三十一頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g. 2 Me up at does out of the floor quietly Stare a poisoned mouse still who alive is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E. Cummings)v3.2.2 Type of Printimportant &

22、 powerful outwardly yet weak inwardlyhumbleness &respect第三十二頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationvGrammetrics means the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzas.v3.2.3 Grammetrics第三十三頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g. 1 This Is Just to Say I have eate

23、n the plums that were in the ice-box and which you were probably saving for breakfast Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so coldTitle does not stand alonestrong pulling-forward effectless strong pulling-forward effect第三十四頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 2 It soared, a bird, it held

24、 its flight, a swift pure cryof the high vast irradiation everywhere all soaring all around about the all, the endlessnessnessnessness (James Joyce, Ulysses)Example 3 Thou last one. All sons on that theme. Yet more Bloom stretched his string. Cruel it seems. Let people get fond of each other; lure t

25、hem on. Then tear asunder. Death. Explos. Knock on the head. Outtohelloutofthat. Human life. (Ditto)第三十五頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvSyntactic deviation refers to departures from normal (surface) grammar. vThese include a number of features such as unusual clause themes, unusual phrase structures.

26、第三十六頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvThe initial unit of a clause may be called its theme.vApart from the last stressed element of the clause structure which most naturally bears the information focus, the theme is the most important part of a clause from the point of view of its presentation of a mes

27、sage in sequence.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第三十七頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvThe theme may be characterized as the communicative departure for the rest of the clause.vThe expected or “unmarked theme” 1. Subject of an indicative clause 2. Auxiliary in a yes-no question 3. Wh-element in a wh-questio

28、n 4. Main verb in an imperative clausev3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第三十八頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvLiterary writers may place any of the rest of the clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect. The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a “ma

29、rked theme”. v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第三十九頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvE.g. 1 My opinion of the coal trade on that river is, that it may require talent, but it certainly requires capital. Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (Dickens, David Copperfield) v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Th

30、eme第四十頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvThe two words talent and capital are placed at the initial position of the clauses. This change in thematic structure may serve the following functions: va. it unites the text together as thus serves a cohesive device; vb. it serves as a contrast between these tw

31、o clauses; vc. the two words put initially are greatly emphasized.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第四十一頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvE.g. 2 The Solitary Reaper (Wordsworth) v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第四十二頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvThe thematic fronting of an element is often associated with inversion

32、 which involves the reversal of subject and verb or subject and operator.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第四十三頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvE.g. 3 Snowflakes (Longfellow) v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第四十四頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvE.g. 4 Parting at Morning (R. Browning) v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第四十五頁(yè)

33、，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvIn order to achieve certain communicative effects, literary writers may use phrases that are structurally deviant.vE.g. a grief agov3.3.2 Deviant Phrase Structure第四十六頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.3 Syntactic DeviationvE.g. 1 O what a noble mind is here oerthrown! The courtiers, soldiers, sc

34、holars, eye, tongue, sword. (Shakespeare, Hamlet)vE.g. 2 Do not go gentle into that good night (Do not go gentle into that good night)v3.3.2 Deviant Phrase StructureoverthrownSyncope第四十七頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.4 Lexical DeviationvLexical deviation in literature refers almost exclusively to neologisms or the coinag

35、e of new words.vThe new words that the literary writers invents are usually made up for use on only one particular occasion, and can therefore be called nonce-formation.第四十八頁(yè)，共53頁(yè)。3.4 Lexical DeviationvIn coining new words, it may be said that the literary writer is not so much breaking rules of word-formation as extending the rules.vE.g. v Unwish through