完整word版,常耀信《英國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史》名詞解釋大全,推薦文檔

1、常耀信英國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史名詞解釋大全I(xiàn)Roma nee: is a long compo siti on in verse or in p rose, describ ing the life and adve ntures of a n oble hero. It gen erally concerns the kni ghts and in volves a large amount of fighti ng as well as a nu mber of miscellaneous adventures and a series of love stories. The most import

2、ant romanee of the p eriod is about King Arthur and his kni ghts of round table.2. Ballad: The most important form of popu lar literature is the popu lar ballad, the ageless n arrative folk song, which flourished with special vigor during the 15th century and most ballads were written down in 18 th

3、century. The ballads are mostly written in quatrains with the first and third lines in iambic tetrameter, and the sec ond and the forth lines in iambic trimester, and the rhyme scheme of abcb or abab. Most important ballad is Robin Hood ballads.3. The miracle play: the miracle play or the mystery pl

4、ay has as its subject either a story from Bible or else the life and martyrdom of a saint. The word miracle deno tes only drama on the livesof sain ts. In con trast, the miracle p lay is app lied to dramas based on the Old and New Testame nts.Interlude: in Latin means between the play”. It is terms

5、applied to a variety of short en terta inments which were ofte n put on betwee n courses of feasts and betwee n the acts of a Ion ger plays.The morality p lays were dramatized allegories of the life of a man, of his temp tatio n and his quest for salvati on, of his confron tati on with death.4. Huma

6、nism was a literary and philosophical system of thought which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the centre of its concerns. Origi nati ng in Italy duri ng Ren aissa nee, it soonspread throughout the most of Western Europe. According to humanist, man should mould the world accord ing to hi

7、s desires and remove the checks by the exercise of huma n in tellect.5. The oxford reformer: During the reign of Henry VIII, there was a group of scholars called oxford reformer. They were stude nts and later the teachers in Oxford Uni versity. They traveled in Italy and introduced to England the cl

8、assical literatures and strove to reform education on huma ni stic line, by emp hasiz ing the study of Greek and Lat in and secular scie nee. They helped to sp read the light of new scie nee and world outlook.6. The Spen seria n sta nza: it is a type of sta nza inven ted by Edm und Spen ser in his F

9、aerie Quee n which is writte n on a nin e-l ined sta nza inven ted by Spen ser and has since born his n ame Spenserian stanza. The first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the ninth line has two more syllables, rhyming ababbebce. This poetical form had been utilized by Thomas, Byron, Shelley and

10、Keats.7. Uni versity wits: among the first p laywrights who wrote for the popu lar pl ayhouses was a group of young men called “ universitywits ”. They had studied at universities of Oxford or of Cambridge and then set up as professional writers, selling their learning and wits to the London public

11、of p laygoers and to the readi ng p ublic as well. These p laywrights were hardworder as they revisedthe old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progresses in dramatic techniques because they had close con tract with the actors and audie nee. Their rep rese ntatives are Marlowe, Lyly, etc.8. T

12、he meta physical p oets app eared in En gla nd in the beg inning of 17 th cen tury. It was a school of po ets who were characterized by mysticism in content and fan tasticality in form. Their po etry isofte n labored and in tellectual and obscure and concerned too much with p hilos op hy. Its hallma

13、rk is the con ceit, a sort of far-fetched and ingenious meta phor. Their rep rese ntatives are Joh n Donne, The cavalier p oets were ofte n courtiers who stood on the side of the king and called themselvesthe sons of Ben Johnson. They wrote the light poems, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but

14、 often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, and love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. But beneath their lightness lies the some foreboding of impending doom.9. Humor: a humor is a theory used by Ben Johnson in his playwriting which according

15、 to the physiology and psychology of the time is one of the liquid constituents of the body, each of which has its peculiar emotional propensity. Thus, each character of his play personified a definite humor, so his characters are like caricatures.10. Neoclassicism: in England the neoclassicism was

16、initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Flourishing in 17 th and 18th century England, neoclassicism was a reaction to the intricacy and obscurity and boldness and extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance as seen for instance in the works of the metaphysi

17、cals, in favor of simplicity, regularity, clarity, restraint and good sense. These writers were called neoclassicist because they modeled themselves on the works of ancient Greek and Latin writers in order to achieve perfect form in literature. The general tendency of neoclassical literature is to l

18、ook at social and political life critically, to emphasize the intellect rather than imagination, the form rather than content of sentence. These writers tend to repress the enthusiasm, and to use precise and elegant method of expression. The term “ classicism in ”the 18th century refers only to the

19、critical and intellectual spirit of many writers, to the fined polish of their heroic couplet or to the elegance of their prose. The neoclassicists invented literary rule of their own: in drama, they adhered to the unity of time, place and action. In diction, they highly regarded the witty expressio

20、n. In poetry, they demanded to follow the ancient division: lyric, epic, didactic, satirical or dramatic and each class should be guided by its principle. In versification, they used closed heroic couplet.11. The literary club: Samuel Johnson is a poet, essayist, lexicographer, literary critic. In 1

21、764, he founded the famous literary club which included many famous figures of the time. At the gathering of the club, Samuel Johnson 's conversational gifts were fully exercised and well enjoyed and he gave his laws upon literature through his talks.transience from neoclassicism to romanticism

22、inth century, a new literary movement came in Europe tendency has been called pre-romanticism. The12. Sentimentalism; in the middle of 18 th century, the sentimentalist came into being as a result of the bitter discontentment with social reality. They were dissatisfied with the reason in the neoclas

23、sicism and appealed to the sentiment. They turned to the countryside for literary material. The poetry of sentimentalist is marked by sympathy with the poor peasants. The appearance and development of sentimentalism marks the English poetry.13. Pre-romanticism: in the second half of 18 called romant

24、ic revival, and this literary representatives are Robert Burns and William Blake. It was marked by the strong protest against the bondage of classicism, by recognition of the claims of imagination and emotion, and by a renewed interest in the medieval literature.14. the special qualities of romantic

25、ism: the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion, the creation of the a world of imagination, return to nature for material, sympathy with the humble and the glorification of commonplace, the emphasis on the expression of individual genius, the return to John Milton and Elizabethans for literary mo

26、del, the interest in the old stories and medieval romances, a sense of melancholy and loneliness, a rebellious spirit.15. The lake poets: The first generations of romantics include Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey, who were called the lake poets. They had lived for a time in a mountainous lake dis

27、trict in the northwest of England. They are regarded as one group because of their community of literary and social outlook. They had traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.16. Byronic hero: Byron introduced into English literature a new

28、 style of character, which has been always referred to as Byronic heroes of satanic spirit. People had imagined that they had seen something of Byron himself in these pirates, rebels, and desperate adventures. They were passionate, haughty, cynical, even dissolute, but undoubtedly against all oppres

29、sion.17. The younger generation of romantics: George Golden Byron, together with Shelley and Keats, belongs to the second generation of Romantic poets. He and Shelley were called by Robert Southey as Satanic because of their revolutionary spirit and their rebellion against society.18. The familiar e

30、ssay. The three greatest essayists if the age, Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, and Thomas De Quincey made the informal essay a pliable vehicle for expressing the writers 'own personality, thus bringing into English literature the personal or familiar essay commentary on a non-technical subject wr

31、itten in a relaxed intimate manner.19. Gothic novel was a new type of fiction prominent in the 18 th century. It was a style of fiction characterized by the use of desolate or remote settings, fantastic, mysterious, or violent incidents and grotesque and ghost characters. Walpole's castle of Otr

32、anto is the representative gothic novel.20. Novel of purpose was new type of fiction popular at the turn of the 19 th century. This style of fiction was characterized by didactic intention to propagate the new social and political theories current in the period of the French revolution combined with

33、 elements of Gothic terrors.21. In Memoriam is a collection of poems written by Tennyson in memory of his friend Arthur Henry Hallam. The friendship between them was the most important experience in Tennyson 'lifse. Hallam 's sudden death was a hard blow to him. Inspired by a deep grief he w

34、rote In Memoriam, which the Victorians considered to be his masterpiece. Not only in this poetical work but also in his other works the tone is elegiac and content is related to God and to nature.22. Dramatic monologue is poetical contribution to English poetry. It is superficially resembles a solil

35、oquy in drama. In this sort of poems, the voice speaking in the poem is not the poet himself but a character invented by poet so that it reflects objectivity. In this way he attempted to explore a wide variety of attitude toward to life and art, and revealed character and society as in the novels of

36、 his days.23. Pre-Raphaelite poets. Pre-Raphaelitism means before Raphaelite, an Italian painter and poet, which begins with the formation of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood before 1850. It is, in fact, a much more important movement in painting than in literature. The Pre-Raphaelite poets oppressed the

37、conventionalism in painting and writing and emphasized a true-to-nature depiction through the use of pictorial details and symbolism. The essence of this movement was opposition against the use of technical skills without inspiration. They used their poetry as a dream world of refuge from social str

38、uggle so that they pave way for the Aesthetic movement.24. Aesthetic movement. The basic theory of aestheticism is art for arts 'sake. It places art above life and holds that life should imitate art, not vice versa. According to aestheticism, artistic creation should be absolutely subjective as

39、opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for arts 'sake, can it be immortal. It is a reaction against materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for money 's sake

40、or art for politics sa'ke. Its representatives are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.25. Streams of consciousness technique. In 20 th century, this term originated from Henry James ' elder brother Williams James psychological works. In English literature, its representatives are James Joyce and V

41、irginia Woolf. The characteristics of streams of consciousness technique are depiction of characters'mental and emotional reaction to external events rather than events themselves and abandonment of the conventional usages of realistic plots and structure and description, and characterization de

42、velopment is achieved through the revelation of extremely personal ad often typical thought process, revelation of action or plot through mental process of the characters, the action of plot seldom corresponding to real and chronological time, but moving back and forth from the present time to the m

43、emories of the past and dreams of the future, the replacement of narration description and commentary with dramatic monologue and free association.26. The movement was a school of poets who appeared in the fifties. They written poems that seem to be an accurate reflection of the post war world with

44、its grief and disappointments. Many of them has turned from urban image of the early part of the 20 th century to return to more pastoral metaphors. The representative of this poetic school is Philip Larkin.31. Irish literary theatre was founded in 1899 with Yeats 'early play The Coutess Cathlee

45、n as its first production. The founders Yeats, Lady Gregory, George Moore and Edward Martyn aimed at Irish literary revival. In 1902, the Irish literary theatre was able to maintain permanent all-Irish company and changed its name to The Irish National Theatre, which was changed again in 1904 to the

46、 Abbey Theatre. They centred on the sufferings of ordinary people, each presenting a range of diverse characters and using rich popular idioms. His later works was influenced by expressionist's techniques suggested by German dramatists.32. The angry young men. In the 1960 's appeared a group of rebellious writers known as the angry young men, led by Kinsley Amis. They deliberately rebelled against the artistic innovations to which writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf had devoted their lives. The angry young men were hostile against anything highbrow, which they labeled as phony