英國文學(xué)史-名詞解釋

1、1.Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2.Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival whic

2、h originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3.Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.4.Enlightenment: a revival of

3、interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5.Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6.Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points o

4、f romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7.Byronic Heroes

5、: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom, named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.8.Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narra

6、tive point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9.Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10.Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts

7、and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.11.Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-10661、這個(gè)時(shí)期的文學(xué)作品分類:pagan(異教徒

8、 Christian(基督徒2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf 貝奧武甫( national epic 民族史詩 采用了隱喻手法3、Alliteration 押頭韻(寫作手法例子:of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350 Canto 詩章1、romance 傳奇文學(xué)2、代表作:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和綠衣騎士 是一首押頭韻的長詩三、

9、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400 杰弗里.喬叟時(shí)期1、the father of English poetry2、heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻 lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚(yáng)格3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英國文學(xué)史的開端大致內(nèi)容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of

10、 life and social groups.小說特點(diǎn):each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.小說觀點(diǎn):he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信 and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命運(yùn).4、Popular Ballads 大眾民謠

11、:a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書上.代表作:Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 羅賓漢和阿林代爾四、The Renaissance (16世紀(jì) 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期(Greek and Roman戲劇drama 詩章cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a

12、 revival of classical (Greek and Roman arts andsciences. 文藝復(fù)興最初是指經(jīng)典藝術(shù)和科學(xué)在英國的復(fù)興。The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama1、key work: humanism 人文主義:admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物:1、Thomas More 托馬斯.莫爾Utopia 烏托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一個(gè)散文家(essayist 3、

13、Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯.懷亞特引入十四行詩的第一人sonnet(十四行詩:form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻 in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓塞poets poet(詩人中的詩人 The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem 史詩 5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.馬洛blank verse(無韻體:不押韻的五步抑揚(yáng)格 是十六世紀(jì)英國戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形式。6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亞戲劇drama四大悲劇:H

14、amlet,Othello,King Lear,The Tragedy of Macbeth五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世紀(jì) 資產(chǎn)階級革命與王權(quán)復(fù)辟prose 散文1、文學(xué)特點(diǎn):the Puritans(清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩和愛情詩、與舊思想脫離。1、John Donne 約翰.多恩“metaphysi

15、cal”poets (玄學(xué)派詩人 的代表人物sonnet 十四行詩Death be not proud(筆記2、John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓a great poet 詩人Defense for the English PeopleParadise Lost“Satan is not a villain”Paradise Regained、John Bunyan 約翰.拜揚(yáng)a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言”Pilgrims Progress天路歷程prose 散文六、The Age of Enlightenm

16、ent (18世紀(jì) 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope. 。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)際上是當(dāng)時(shí)先進(jìn)的資產(chǎn)階級同落后的封建主義斗爭的一種形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false

17、 religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚(yáng)的人類本惡的觀點(diǎn);論證了人生誠實(shí)而友善,而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會(huì)環(huán)境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still he

18、ld strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.無論怎樣講究理性,社會(huì)不平等現(xiàn)象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明顯不足。因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種謀求幸福和社會(huì)公平的手段。2、18th century 文學(xué)的三個(gè)方面:Classicism(古典主義、revival of romantic poetry(新興的浪漫主義詩歌、beginnings of the

19、modern novel(剛啟萌的現(xiàn)代派小說 3、代表人物:1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福realistic novel 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說Novel:Robinson CrusoeJonathan WildMoll Flanders2、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁father of modern fiction(現(xiàn)代小說之父 Joseph Andrews3、Jonathan Swift 喬納森.斯威夫特Gullivers Travelsnovel 反諷作品特點(diǎn):no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the ton

20、e is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832浪漫主義散文prose 1、前浪漫主義代表人物:William Blake 威廉.布萊克詩人poet Robert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯蘇格蘭詩人poet Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Re

21、volution and the French Revolution2、教育意義Educational:liberty, equality and fraternity 自由,平等,博愛3、開始的標(biāo)志: beginning with the publication of William Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads4、lake poets(湖畔詩人:Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物:1、William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯poet-laureate (桂冠詩人作品特點(diǎn):simplicity and purity of

22、 the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry簡單而純潔的語言,反傳統(tǒng)形式的18世紀(jì)詩歌2、Lord Byron 拜倫Childe Harold Pilgrimage查爾德?哈羅德游記cantos 詩章成名作Don Juan唐璜poem 詩satiric masterpiece 諷刺的杰作Hours of Idleness閑散時(shí)刻poem 詩the first volume of poem 首卷詩3、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊Prometheus Unboun

23、d解放的普羅米修斯drama 戲劇Ode to the West Wind西風(fēng)頌poem 詩4、John Keats 濟(jì)慈poet 詩人The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜poem On a Greeian Urn希臘古甕頌poem To a Nightingale致夜鶯poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美學(xué)原則5、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是創(chuàng)造者和歷史小說大師6、Jane Austen 簡.奧斯丁女

24、Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見Sense and Sensibility理智與情感Emma愛瑪寫作特點(diǎn):the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founderof the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中產(chǎn)階級小說的發(fā)

25、起人。7、Charles Lamb 查爾斯.蘭伯essayist散文家6、十九世紀(jì)散文的特點(diǎn):In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的開始,艾迪生和斯蒂爾的社會(huì)散文把散文帶入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century

26、it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世紀(jì)前期,散文變得對自我的表達(dá)越來越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,Victorian Period 維多利亞時(shí)期humanism 人文主義1、意義:Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國的歷史中,憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)是偉大的無產(chǎn)階級政治運(yùn)動(dòng)。2、代表人物:1、Charles Dickens 狄更斯Har

27、d Times艱難時(shí)刻Pickwick Papers匹克威克外傳Oliver Twist霧都孤兒A Tale of Two Cities雙城記(描述了法國大革命French Revolution特點(diǎn):describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦難和苦難的群眾。2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女ShirleyJane EyreEmily Bronte 艾米麗.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼嘯山莊(主人公:Mr. Heathcliff特點(diǎn):brought to the novel an intro

28、spection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone. 3、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South瑪麗.巴頓,北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利場this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. Tha

29、ckeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小說中描繪了廣闊的社會(huì)生活,無情抨擊了殘酷和不擇手段的拜金主義人物:Rebecca Sharp a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and mea

30、ns.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利場中,完美的獲取財(cái)富和地位的手段。特點(diǎn): novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小說是一個(gè)含有諷刺意味的上流社會(huì)寫照。5、George Eliot 喬治.艾略特女Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarchHer preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最認(rèn)真考慮的是