跨文化交際演示課件

1、跨文化交際實訓. Chapter 5 Culture Shock in Intercultural Communication Learning ObjectivesIn this chapter, you should be able toBasic knowledge about culture shock.The elements that cause culture shock.The five stages of culture shock.How do the people feel and react when they are experiencing culture shoc

2、k.How to alleviate culture shock.Have you experienced living in a new place? If the answer is yes, please describe your feelings. What will you do if you experience something like culture shock when you stay in a new place?Can you tell the reason why people may experience culture shock after moving

3、to a completely new environment? Warm-up.I. Definition & Causes of Culture Shock 文化休克的定義和起因Tips for Definition of culture shocka common feeling of confusion and disorientationexperience after moving to a completely new environmentthe inadaptation of ideas or lifestyle in a societynon-consistence bet

4、ween home culture and host culturethe reaction of your mind and bodyTips for Causes of culture shocklanguage difficultiesthe losing all the familiar signs and symbols of social intercoursecustoms and etiquettelack of necessary cultural knowledgecorresponding social skills.Key TermsCulture shock 文化休克

5、 文化休克是1958年美國人類學家奧博格(Kalvero Oberg)提出來的一個概念，是指一個人進入到不熟悉的文化環(huán)境時，因失去自己熟悉的所有社會交流的符號與手段而產(chǎn)生的一種迷失、疑惑、排斥甚至恐懼的感覺。“休克”本來是指人體重要功能的喪失，如身體失血過多，呼吸循環(huán)功能衰竭等。但是，當一個長期生活于自己母國文化的人突然來到另一種完全相異的新的文化環(huán)境中時，其在一段時間內(nèi)常常會出現(xiàn)這種文化休克的現(xiàn)象。.Key TermsHost culture 主文化 主文化指在國外居住或暫時居住時的那個國家的文化或希望習得的別國的文化。比如中國學生想學英美文化，可以指英美文化為host culture。Ho

6、me culture 傳統(tǒng)文化 傳統(tǒng)文化指出生地原有的主流文化。比如中國學生想學英美文化，那么中國文化就是home culture。.Key TermsNon-verbal behaviors非言語行為表現(xiàn) 非言語行為表現(xiàn)是相對于語言溝通而言的，是指通過身體動作、體態(tài)、語氣語調(diào)、空間距離等方式交流信息、進行溝通的過程。 在溝通中，信息的內(nèi)容部分往往通過語言來表達，而非語言則作為提供解釋內(nèi)容的框架，來表達信息的相關部分。因此非語言溝通常被錯誤地認為是輔助性或支持性角色。Body Language 體態(tài)語 體態(tài)語又稱“身體語言”。用身體動作來表達情感、交流信息、說明意向的溝通手段。包括姿態(tài)、手勢、

7、面部表情和其他非語言手段。如點頭、搖頭、揮手、瞪眼等。.手勢語（ sign language ）是體態(tài)語的一種。體態(tài)語（ body language ）包括眼神、走路姿勢、站立的姿勢以及手勢等等。體態(tài)語十分豐富，可以表達各種思想感情，并且不同的文化有著不同的體態(tài)語。Cross-Cultural Communication 跨文化溝通 跨文化溝通通常是指不同文化背景的人之間發(fā)生的溝通行為。因為地域不同、種族不同等因素導致文化差異，因此，跨文化溝通可能發(fā)生在國際間，也能發(fā)生在不同的文化群體之間。Key Terms.Glossarydisorientation n. 迷惑；迷失方向inadaptat

8、ionn. 不適應non-consistencen. 不一致clinicaladj. 臨床的；診所的automatically adv. 自動地；機械地；assistancen. 援助plateaun. 高原；穩(wěn)定水平irritationn. 刺激；刺激物individualistic adj. 個人主義的；利己主義的.Glossaryself-reliancen. 自力更生，依靠自己externally adv. 外表上, 外形上constraints n. 限制；約束collectivist n. 集體主義者facial adj. 面部的，表面的etiquette n. 禮節(jié)，禮儀corr

9、esponding adj. 通信的；一致的sojourner n. 旅居者, 寄居者.Who may experience culture shock?Whats the major difference between different countries?Can you name some of the factors that can lead to culture shock?Comprehension Questions.II. Stages of Culture Shock 文化休克的階段The Honeymoon Stage 蜜月階段 wonderful and romant

10、ic enjoy the differences feel interested feel energetic and enthusiasticlasts from several weeks to half a year.II. Stages of Culture Shock 文化休克的階段The Crisis Stage 危機階段 become confused confront the new environment feeling less competent，overwhelmed and angry. hostile and aggressive attitude towards

11、the host countryevade from the facts lasts several weeks or months .II. Stages of Culture Shock 文化休克的階段The Recovery Stage 恢復階段 accept their problems work on it compromise between exaggerated expectations and reality gain understanding of the new environment confusion and mix feeling pessimistic reac

12、tions and responses are lessened .II. Stages of Culture Shock 文化休克的階段The Adaptation Stage 適應階段 enjoy the new culture understand some of the customs successfully adapted to the new culture regain some of the initial positive regard foster a sense of the integration with their host environment.II. Sta

13、ges of Culture Shock 文化休克的階段The Reverse Culture Shock 逆向文化沖擊.Key TermsThe Honeymoon Stage 蜜月階段 蜜月階段是指人們剛到一個新的環(huán)境，由于有新鮮感，心理上興奮，情緒上亢奮和高漲的階段。這個階段一般持續(xù)幾個星期到半年的時間。人們經(jīng)常是在到其它國家以前對異邦生活、工作布滿美好的憧憬。來到異國文化環(huán)境中后，剛開始，對所見所聞都感到新鮮，對看到的人、景色、食物一切都感到滿足，處于樂觀的、興奮的“蜜月”階段。The Crisis Stage 危機階段 危機階段是指人們真正感受文化沖擊在學習和生活中給他們帶種 種不便

14、的階段。在其它國家的生活正如結(jié)婚一樣,蜜月不會永久 存在。幾周甚至幾個月后,會發(fā)現(xiàn),這里的工作和生活并不像想象 的那么順利,甚至一些小的問題也成了不可逾越的障礙,從而真正 感受到了文化沖擊。這一階段通常要延續(xù)一年或更長時間。 .Key TermsThe Recovery Stage 恢復階段 恢復階段指在經(jīng)歷了一段時間的沮喪和迷惑之后，“外鄉(xiāng)人”逐漸適應新的生活，找到了對付新文化環(huán)境的辦法，解開了一些疑團，熟悉了本地人的語言，以及食物、味道、聲音等非言語語言，了解了當?shù)氐娘L俗習慣，理解到異文化中不僅有缺點，也有優(yōu)點，這樣一個階段。他們于是與當?shù)厝说慕佑|多了起來，與一些當?shù)厝私⒘擞颜x。他們心理

15、上的混亂、沮喪、孤獨感、失落感漸漸減少，慢慢地適應了異文化的環(huán)境。 .Key TermsThe Adaptation Stage 適應階段 適應階段是指“外鄉(xiāng)人”的沮喪、煩惱和焦慮消失了的階段。他們基本上適應了新的文化環(huán)境，適應了當?shù)氐娘L俗習慣，能與當?shù)厝撕推较嗵?。The Reverse Culture Shock 逆向文化沖擊 逆向文化沖擊是指歸國者歸國初期表現(xiàn)出對自己祖國環(huán)境的種種不適應狀況。 .Glossaryinitial adj. 最初的；字首的 enchantment n. 魔法；著迷 fascination n. 魅力；入迷 cordial adj. 興奮的；熱忱的 superf

16、icial adj. 表面的；膚淺的embrace vt. 包含；信奉 invariably adv. 不變地；總是 idiosyncrasies n. 氣質(zhì)；風格 competent adj. 能干的；足夠的 overwhelmed adj. 壓倒性的, 無法抵抗的 .Glossarydisillusioned adj. 醒悟的；幻想破滅的 hostile adj. 敵對的, 敵方的 aggressive adj. 好斗的；侵略性的 genuine adj. 真實的，真正的 marvelously adj. 引起驚異的, 不可思議的 compromise vt. 妥協(xié)；危害 exaggera

17、ted adj. 夸張的，言過其實的 foster vt. 養(yǎng)育，撫育 integration n. 綜合；集成 returnees n. 海歸；回返者 .Comprehension QuestionsCould you describe the characteristics of each stage?2. Do you have any more stages to add?.III. Symptoms of Culture Shock 文化沖擊的癥狀 Physical symptoms of culture shock 文化沖擊的生理癥狀caused by the difference

18、s of climate, food, water and even the differences of the plants in surroundings naturally physical reaction towards the changes of the environmentheadachesallergiesfatigue.III. Symptoms of Culture Shock 文化沖擊的癥狀 diarrheanausea sweating catatoniaovereating loss of appetitefrequent minor illnessesa ne

19、ed for excessive sleep or insomniadry mouthdifficulty swallowingabdominal pain (especially in children).III. Symptoms of Culture Shock 文化沖擊的癥狀 Psychological symptoms of culture shock 文化沖擊的心理癥狀psychological reactions to unfamiliar environmentshelplessboredomlonelinessvulnerablemelancholydisorientatio

20、ndissatisfactionheightened irritability.III. Symptoms of Culture Shock 文化沖擊的癥狀 hostility towards the host cultureunwillingness to interact with othersfeelings of inadequacy or insecuritya sense of being overwhelmed or frustratedfeelings of being unimportant and overlookedextreme homesicknessdesire f

21、or home or old friendssudden intense feeling of loyalty to own culture.III. Symptoms of Culture Shock 文化沖擊的癥狀 Behavioral symptoms of culture shock 文化沖擊的行為癥狀 combination of physical symptoms and psychological symptoms of culture shock stare blanklyunexplainable cryingloss of sense of humordifficulty

22、with concentrationlack of self-belief, or confidencerebellion against rules and authorityconstant complaints about everything.III. Symptoms of Culture Shock 文化沖擊的癥狀 loss of ability to work or study effectively unable to solve simple problems during daily liferefusal to learn the languagedeveloping o

23、bsessions such as over-cleanliness excessive concern over health, securitywithdrawal from people spending too much time alone in their room (only socializing with people from their home country), etc.Key TermsCatatonia緊張癥 一組精神運動和意志的質(zhì)的紊亂，包括刻板、作態(tài)、自動服從癥、僵硬、模仿動作、緘默癥、違拗癥，自動癥和沖動行為等。這些現(xiàn)象可在運動過多、過少或運動不能的背景下出

24、現(xiàn)。本癥并不限于分裂癥，也可見于器質(zhì)性腦?。ㄈ缒X炎）、其他軀體疾病和情感障礙。僅少數(shù)病人癥狀較重，影響工作和生活。.Glossaryphysiology n. 生理學 handicapped n. 殘疾人；缺陷者 comprehensively adv. 包括地；包括一切地 allergies n. 過敏；敏感癥 fatigue n. 疲勞，疲乏 diarrhea n. 腹瀉，痢疾 nausea n. 惡心，暈船 appetite n. 食欲；嗜好 insomnia n. 失眠癥，失眠 .Glossaryabdominal adj. 腹部的 vulnerable adj. 有弱點的；易受傷害的

25、 melancholy adj. 憂郁的；使人悲傷的 inadequacy n. 不適當，不充分 insecurity n. 不安全；不牢靠 utopian adj. 空想的；烏托邦的 rebellion n. 叛亂；反抗 obsession n. 困擾；強迫觀念 perspective n. 透視圖；遠景 .Comprehension QuestionsWhy do individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them? How will you imagine what you would

26、experience if you were studying abroad?How does culture shock affect people who are exposed to a new cultural environment?.IV. Strategies for Managing Culture Shock 應對文化沖擊的策略Learning the target language 學習目標語言Preparing ahead預先準備Finding your possible hobbies or activities探索一些可行的興趣或活動 Trying to unders

27、tand the new culture and get involved with it 嘗試理解和融入新的文化Developing and maintaining support 發(fā)展并保持一些支持因素Keeping your sense of humor 保持幽默.Key TermsDefense Mechanism 防御機制 防御機制是精神分析學派用語。個人在精神受干擾時用以避開干擾，保持心理平衡的心理機制。最早由弗洛伊德提出。常在無意識狀態(tài)下使用。如壓抑、壓制、否認、投射、轉(zhuǎn)移、文飾、解除、自居、補償作用等。 人際互動就是人際相互作用。人的相互作用可能是信息、情感等心理因素的交流，也

28、可能是行為動作的交流。.Key TermsInterpersonal Interactions人際互動 人際互動就是人際相互作用。人的相互作用可能是信息、情感等心理因素的交流，也可能是行為動作的交流。 人際互動是一個過程，是由自我互動、人際互動和社會互動組成的。人際互動專指人們在心理和行為方面的交往、交流，是社會心理學研究較多的領域，它在結(jié)構(gòu)上更強調(diào)角色互動。.Glossaryalleviate vt. 減輕，緩和 ample adj. 豐富的；足夠的 insufficient adj. 不足的，不充足的 advisable adj. 明智的，可取的 combat vt. 與戰(zhàn)斗；反對 con

29、stitute vt. 組成，構(gòu)成 enhance vt. 提高；增加 self-esteem n. 自尊；自大 sole adj. 唯一的；單獨的 burnout n. 燒壞；燃料燒盡 perception n. 感覺；知覺 therapy n. 治療，療法 stimulate vt. 刺激；鼓舞.Glossaryintellectually adv. 智力上；知性上 inferior n. 次品；下級 superior n. 上級，長官 complexity n. 復雜，復雜性 integrate vt. 使完整；使成整體 expatriate n. 被流放者；移居國外者 ameliora

30、te vt. 改善；改良 awkward adj. 笨拙的；尷尬的 perspective n. 透視圖；遠景；觀點 remit vt. 寬恕；免除 counteract vt. 抵消；中和；阻礙 ultimately adv. 最后；根本 .Comprehension QuestionsHave you ever adopted some of them when you begin to live in a new place? What measures are you likely to take to fight against culture shock if you are go

31、ing to study or live in a new country?Which solution do you think is the most effective one, and why?.Case AnalysisCase 1 A British young man is talking with his friends about his experience of his first visiting of his Chinese tutor, “As soon as I sat down with my tutor, the hostess-my tutors wife,

32、 came up to me with a cup of tea. I drank it after a while. Just immediately the cup was full again with water. I drank once more. The hostess refilled the cup at once. I drank it up. Refilled, drank, believe it or not, I drank ten cups of tea in less than an hour staying at my tutors home”Question

33、for discussionIs the British student crazy about tea so that he drank ten cups of tea at tutors home?.Case AnalysisCase 2 While I was studying in America, I met an American classmate named Jimmy. One day I was eager to buy a book, but I did not have enough money, so I borrow three dollars from him.

34、Before he lent me the three dollars, Jimmy asked me three times, “Are you sure you will return the money to me?” Four days later, he kept reminding me about the loan until I paid him back the money.Interestingly enough, weeks later he borrowed $30 from me and said he would pay me back in a week. Aft

35、er one month, there was no sign of the money so I reminded him. To my surprise, he said, “Im sorry, why you didnt remind me earlier?” and returned the money instantly.Americans dont readily give money to others nor receive others readily. If you lent money to an American generously, and said, “Dont

36、mention it again. You dont have to pay me back.” He would be angry and think you were looking down on him, not believing his ability to repay the money. Question for discussionIf you “I” in this case, how would you adjust yourself?.Case AnalysisCase 3 Mr. Kim went to San Francisco from Korea about f

37、ive years ago, together with three other Korea men. Being hard working and adaptable to a new life, he soon found work in a big American firm, where he was working as a salesman. So one year later, he was able to bring the rest of his family over and hence, lived with his family. Although his family

38、 members spoke little English, they could still get along well in the community. They had new friends who gladly helped them to adjust to various aspects of the new culture. In addition, they enjoyed their company, accepted their invitations to dinner or to birthday celebrations. They had also found

39、 some other Korea immigrants and joined some of their organizations.Case AnalysisCase 3 However, Mr. Kims family members still did not feel comfortable in this new society. They felt that people were always so busy and had no time for one another. They missed the days in Korea, where people often st

40、opped by to chat and stay for hours. Although they also had friends here in San Francisco, everyone seemed so business-oriented and they were not like friends at all. When Mr. Kim mentioned this to one of his American friends, he responded by an invitation to dinner. Although he accepted the invitat

41、ion, he still seemed to be disappointed. And his American friend was totally bewildered and frustrated about what to do. Questions for discussion Why do Mr. Kim and his family feel uncomfortable even though they have some new friends in the U.S.? Can you figure out from this case some differences between Koreans and Amer