英語段落寫作和標點符號的使用

1、Paragraph By group 7 group 8Paragraph: Paragraph StructureBasic Paragraph-Building Skills Paragraph Structure:The Basic ParagraphFour Elements of the ParagraphMechanics in writing a paragraphThe Basic Paragraph:A paragraph is a writing unit with a group of sentences developing a single a topic or on

2、e main idea.it can be as short as one sentence or as long as ten sentences.The essential elementsFour Elements of the Paragraph: A topic sentence Supporting sentences A concluding sentence Transitional sentencesThe topic sentenceIt starts the main idea of the paragraph. It limits the topic to one or

3、 two areas that can be discussed completely in the space of a single paragraph. The specific areas are usually identified by some words that offer the controlling idea.Supporting sentences They develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, fact, st

4、atistics and quotations. Concluding sentence It signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to rememberTransitional sentenceIt provides a smooth transition between different sets of ideasBlack African NationsDuring the decade of the 1960s,most of the European colonie

5、s of Sub-Saharan Africa achieved independence. In the west ,Nigeria (1960),Sierra Leone (1961),and Gambia (1965)-all former British coloniesjoined the family of free and independent nation. In the east, Tanzania(1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya (1963), and Zambia (1964) also became sovereign states free

6、of British rule. As the African empire of great Britain was being dismantled ,France, the other major European colonizer, withdrew from vast areas south of the Sahara. Thirteen former French colonizers gained national status in the single year 1960: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Upper Vilt

7、a, Togo, Dahomey, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo. Although a few European colonialists still occupy African territory, the 1960s witnessed the birth of more than twenty free black nations.Mechanics in writing a paragraph Indent the first line of every paragraph Pay

8、 attention to the titleBasic Paragraph-Building Skills:The 3 Steps in Paragraph WritingNumbers and Capital LettersPunctuation Step 1: Begin With a Topic You want to know right from the start if you have a clear and workable topic. You will be able to use the topic as a guide while writing your essay

9、. From College Writing Skills With ReadingsUnderstanding a TopicIt tells readers an essays topic.It presents the writers attitude, opinion, idea, or point about that topic. From College Writing Skills With ReadingsWriting A Good Topic:1. Write Topic, Not Announcement I want to talk about the crime w

10、ave in our country.The recent crime wave in our city has several apparent causes.2. Avoid Topic That is Too BroadDisease has shaped human history.In the mid-1980s, AIDS changed peoples attitude about dating. From College Writing Skills With Readings3. Avoid Topic That is Too NarrowThe speed limit ne

11、ar my home is sixty-five miles per hour.The speed limit near my home should be lowered to fifty-five miles per hour for several reason.4. Make Sure Topic Develop Only One IdeaOne of the most serious problems affecting young people today is bullying, and it is time more kids learned the value of help

12、ing others.One of the most serious problems affecting young people today is bullying.1. Topic Sentence at the Beginning2. Topic Sentence at the Beginning and End3. Topic Sentence in the Middle4. Topic Sentence at the End5.Topic Sentence ImpliedPosition:Step 2 Support the Topic with Specific Evidence

13、The Importance of Specific Details1. Details excite the readers interest.2. Details serve to explain a writers points. From College Writing Skills With ReadingsWriting a Helpful Outline in AdvanceTwo Types of Outline1. The Topic OutlineP 892.The Sentence OutlineP 90Rules for Writing an Outline1. Arr

14、ange Our Points in Good and Number Them in a Parallel FormP 922, Avoid Mixed Grammatical StructuresP 943.Do Not Questions in Our OutlineP95Providing Specific EvidenceEXAMPLEWe quickly spruced up the apartment before our guest arrived.1. Hid toys and newspapers in spare closet2.Vacuumed(用真空吸塵器清掃) pet

15、 hairs off sofa3. Spayed air freshener(清涼劑) around living roomFor one thing, many problems of mental disorder（身心機能的失調(diào)) may be nipped(傷害) in the bud(未成熟的人). Many students may find it hard to deal with pressure from study and personal relationships, and therefore pains, puzzles and frustration(挫折)may

16、arise. The workshop will be a place for the young people to release their pressure by talking it away with teachers there. In the meantime, teachers may have a chance to detect(洞察)signs of psychological problems in advance and take precautious measures accordingly. For another, students may know som

17、e ways to improve their mental health. If the experts of the workshop can give lectures on regular basis, those students suffering from mental disturbances(困擾)will know what to do and face their problems bravely.Gaining coherence from logical order :1.Time Order : Narrative paragraph2.Space Order :

18、Descriptive paragraph3.Order of Importance : all types of writing4.Order of Induction or Deduction : all types of writingInduction:歸納法 deduction:推論法Step 3Organize and Connect the Specific EvidenceGaining coherence from transitionPre-testMany people exercise every day and never lose weight. Exercisin

19、g is important. The only sure way to lose weight is to stop eating .Many people exercise everyday and never lose weight. While exercising is important, the only sure way to lose weight is to eating.Many people exercise every day and never lose weight. Exercising is important. Still, the only way to

20、lose weight is to stop eating.1.Transition add coherence in two important ways A. transition help within a paragraph To many foreigners, the American word family is confusing. Foreigners often hear an Ameican say:” My family is coming to visit.” In this sentence, family means grandfathers and perhap

21、s other relatives .However, at other times, the same American might say:” I am going to stay with my family this weekend .” In this case, he is talking about his wife and children. This is a much narrower meaning than the first one. Using family in this way makes a foreigner wonder which term really

22、 describes an American family. The answer ,of course, is that there are two meanings for the word family in the United statesa narrow one and a broad one .And there is another term immediate family to describe something in between. B. transitions that help between paragraphs eg: but,although.(a chan

23、ge, or a shift in the direction of thought)2.The placement of transitions 3.ten groups of transitions used for different reasonsA. transitions that explaineg: now,in addition, futhermore, in fact ,for ,in this case.B. transitions that emphasize eg: certainly ,indeed ,above all, surely, most importan

24、tC. transitions that qualifyeg: however, but, although, though, yet, except forD. transitions that illustrateeg: thus ,next, for example, suchE. transitions that addeg: in addition, futhermore, also, morever, firsrt, second, third, etc.F. transitions that compareeg: like, in the same way, similarly,

25、 equally important, tooG. transitions that contrasteg: unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead H. transiitions that concedeeg:although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly, still, yet transitions that state a consequenceeg: therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly,

26、so, otherwise J. transitions that sum upeg: to sum up, finally, In conclusion, at last, in summary 4、Some Other TransitionsPronouns it, this, that, these, those, I, he, she, they, them, such, one Appearing in two places: within a sentence or linking two sentences together.B. Synonyms A synonyms is a

27、 word that means the same thing as another word to move an idea forward through a paragraph or between paragraphs.Coordinating Conjunctions and, but, for, or, nor Being placed as the first word in a sentence to carry over an idea from another sentence or paragraph.Repeated Words using word repetitio

28、ns as a transition can do the same thing for us in gaining coherence. It can reinforce an important idea that we are presenting. coherence: n. 凝聚，一致，連貫性 reinforce: v. 加強，加固，強化，補充E. Parallel Elements In many ways, parallel elements used effectively serve the function of transitions, carrying the read

29、er easily along from one idea to the next.parallel. adj. 平行的，同時發(fā)生的 ，相應的 n. 相似特征，相似特點5、 Rules for the Use of TransitionsA .Use Enough TransitionsB. Dont Use Too Many Transitions C. Note the Different Ways of Using Transitions in Different LanguagesCapital Letters:1. First word in a sentence or direct

30、 quotation“If you need help,” said Teri, “call me. Ill be over in no time.”2. Names of persons and the world I3. Names of particular placesAlthough Bill dropped out of Port Charles High School, he eventually earned his degree and got a job with Atlas Really Company.4. Names of days of the week, mont

31、hs, and holidays except seasonsOne the last Friday afternoon in May, the day before Memorial Day, my boss is having a barbecue for all the employees.5. Names of commercial products6.Titles of books, magazines, newspapers, articles, stories, poems, films, television shows, songs, papers that you writ

32、e, and the like7. Names of companies, associations, unions, clubs, religious and political groups, and other organizations.Punctuation(標點符號)Well-used punctuation marks add to the unity and coherence of a paragraph, and vice versa.(反之亦然) Comma(,)As Introducer -used after introductory words, phrases o

33、r clauses Eg: However, the new law was largely ignored by the public.As coordinator -used between two independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions and，but， yet，or，for，nor，and so Eg: The exam was quite easy, and most students passed.As inserter -used before and after an inserted element of

34、 a sentence Eg: The students, on the other hand, felt that the test was unfair. Dr. Danielson, a professor in the English Department, has written several books.As linker Eg: We gave them food, clothing, and shelter for the night. As separator - used (a) to separate digits, except telephone numbers,

35、ZIP numbers, and the like；(b) to prevent misreading and misunderstanding Eg: Digits: 5,000,000 Misreading: In the morning, light began to flood our room. Misunderstanding: The problem is, is there time to shower before lunch. As indicator -used to indicate the omission of a word or words, and especi

36、ally a word or words used earlier in the sentence Eg: Common stocks are preferred by some investors; bonds, by others.2) Semicolon (;) A. Between two sentences that are closely connected in idea, or independent Clauses when they are not joined by the coordinating conjunctions and, but, For , or , an

37、d nor. Eg: Computer use is increasing; computer crime is, too. Smoking is dangerous in the woods; it may result in a forest fire.B. Before sentence connectors and some transitional phrases (connectors like however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, etc.; transitional phrases like for example, as a result, that is, in fact, etc.) Eg: I waited for him; however, I saved him a seat. He had smoked all his life; as a result, he died of lung cancer.C. Betwe