英語國家概況 謝福之 Chapter 2(最新修訂版)（基礎教育）

1、A Guide to English-Speaking Countries英語國家概況The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland1沐風書苑iChapter 2 HistoryThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland英語國家概況The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe Founding of the NationITransition to the Modern AgeIIIIIBritain since Wor

2、ld War IIIVAdditional InformationVCONTENTThe Founding of the NationI 1.2 Feudal Society 1.1 Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxons 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons1.1.1 Prehistoric Period (history undocumented)9,000 years ago part of E-Continentabout 3,100 BC the native Neolithic people (Stonehenge) S

3、tonehenge It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. People began building Stonehenge about 5,100 years ago, dragging each stone into place. Stonehenge and its Statue 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-SaxonsThe name of BritainBriton

4、sTribal societyCeltic Language (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh) 1.1.2 Celtic Britain (8th-5th Century BC)First invasionIn August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain SecondCaesars second raid in 54 BCThird and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of BritainLeftG

5、ermanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island. 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century) Julius Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar, 愷撒大帝, 100 BC-44 BC)Changed the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and ir

6、reversibly.Launched a series of political and social reforms.Assassinated by a group of nobles. 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century)Julius CaesarCapable administrators & good builders (towns and cities & roads)Building of London River Thames “London Bridge”Building of roads 1.1.3 Roman Britain (4

7、3 AD-5th Century)1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th Century)Germanic people (the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany)English (language of the Angles)dominant languageRoman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbi

8、shop of CanterburySt. Augustine (圣奧古斯丁, ？-604/605)First archbishop of Canterbury and the apostle (傳道者) of England, who founded the Christian church in southern England.Pope Gregory the Great chose him in 595 to lead a mission, usually known as the Gregorian mission, to Britain to Christianize the Ki

9、ngdom of Kent.Converted many Anglo-Saxons to Roman Christianity.1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th Century)1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066)the Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Denmark and Sweden)Alfred the Great: king of Wessex Peace Treaty: The eastern half of the isla

10、nd was to be subject to the Danish law known as the Danelaw.From 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Danish kingsIn 1042, the English throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons. Alfred the Great (阿爾弗雷德大帝, 871-899)He prevented England from falling to the Danes and promoted learning and literacy. Compilation

11、 of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began during his reign, c. 890.1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066)Alfred the Great Westminster Abbey, an architectural masterpiece of the 13th to 16th centuries.1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066)In 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place.D

12、uke William, often referred to as William the Conquer, challenged Harolds succession, won the Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King. 1.1.6 The Norman ConquestNorman CavalierWilliam the Conquer Norman Conquest (諾曼征服)The military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy.It is primarily effe

13、cted by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066) and results ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles.1.1.6 The Norman ConquestImmediately after Christmas 1066, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress whi

14、ch demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.1.1.6 The Norman Conquest House of Anjou (安茹王朝, 1154-1485)14 kings Also known as the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝)transforming England into one of the most mature kingdoms in EuropeMajor Events: the Magna Carta (大憲章), Hundred Years War 1.2.1

15、Great Charter (Magna Carta) 1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta)In 1154, Henry II ascended the throne.Henry II reformed the courts and the laws:introduced the jury system (陪審團制度)institutionalized common lawJohn ascended the throne in 1199. He demanded feudal taxes and army service.He was forced to sign

16、 the Magna Carta (大憲章). The Magna CartaA charter originally issued in Latin in the year 1215. The charter first passed into law in 1225; the 1297 version, with the long title (originally in Latin) The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest, still remains on the

17、 statute books of England and Wales.Contained 63 clauses.Significance townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today 1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta)Provisions of Oxfordlimiting the Kings powe

18、r by calling regular meetings of a 15-member Privy Council (樞密院)Parlerto talkOfficial formation of the two houses of parliament:House of LordsHouse of Commons1.2.2 Birth of Parliamenta series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security and the throne promoted the concep

19、t of English nationalism promoted the development of the textile industryraised the social position of the bourgeois class1.2.3 Hundred Years War (1337-1453) House of York (約克王朝)Younger branch of the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝) of England.reigned over England from 1461-1485The symbol of the House o

20、f York was a white rose because in Christian symbolism, white is the symbol of light, typifying innocence and purity, joy and glory.House of Lancaster (蘭開斯特王朝)a branch of the house of Plantagenet. The badge of the House of Lancaster was a red rose. It represents the Virgin Mary, who was often called

21、 the Mystical Rose of Heaven. It won the Wars of the Roses.1.2.3 Hundred Years War (1337-1453)A war for the throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. It reduced the power of nobility and helped to increase the power of the new rising bourgeois class. The House of Lancaster won and

22、 their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor (1485-1603). 1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485) House of Tudor (都鐸王朝)An English royal dynasty of Welsh origin, which ruled England from 1485 to 1603Marked by Henry VIIIs break with the papacy (教皇) in Rome

23、(1534) and the beginning of the English ReformationThe period witnessed the high point of the English Renaissance.1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485)Transition to the Modern AgeII 2.1 Religious Reformation 2.2 The Civil War 2.4 The Industrial Revolution 2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution

24、2.1 Religious ReformationReasons2 religious camps: Catholic and Protestant Immediate cause: Henry VIIIs divorceAct of SupremacyHenry VIII“the only supreme head of the church of England” In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise.Henry VIII King Henry VIII (1491-1547)Ki

25、ng of England (1509-1547), who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. His attempt to divorce his first wife is the immediate cause of the Reformation.In 1534, he declared himself to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England.2.1 Religious ReformationHe

26、nry VIIIQueen Elizabeth I (1533-1603)Her reign is often referred to as The Golden Age of English history. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate. In religion she was relatively tolerant.Consolidated the Church of England.Defended the fruit of the Reformation in essence.Elizabeth2.1 Religious Ref

27、ormationGolden Age of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.The age of exploration: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foodsThe American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth.2.1 Religious Reforma

28、tionparliamentary clashes over monopoliesthe monarchy attempted to control commercial activities in the interests of the court King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and ruled the country without it for eleven years.The various classes in England soon split up into two camps:Parliament: mercha

29、nts, artisans and apprentices, peasantsKing: gentry, big landlords and monopolists 2.1 Religious Reformationthe civil war (1642-1651)Between the Royalists (the Cavalier 保王黨人) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads 圓顱黨人) Result: the monarchy was abolishedEngland was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a republic

30、 2.2 The Civil WarRoundheads with pikesThe Commonwealth (1649-1660)Cromwell, the head of the CommonwealthConservative in social reforms and protected property ownershipIn 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth. 2.2 The Civil WarCromwell2.3 Restoration

31、 and the Glorious RevolutionRestoration:1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order1685, James II: to reestablish CatholicismGlorious Revolution1688: joint sovereign of William and Mary1689: Bill of Rights (limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament) removed th

32、e ruling monarch and established Constitutional Monarchy Bill of Rights (人權法案)Formally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown (1689) passed by the Parliament in 1689The main purpose: to declare illegal various practices of James IISignifican

33、ce: limiting the power of the monarch and guaranteeing the authority of Parliament2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Seven Years War (1756-1763)considered as the first global conflict in historyinvolving most of the great powers of the time, such as Britain, France, Austria, Sweden, and Spa

34、in.Causes: overlapping interests in their colonial and trade empires between Britain and France, and territorial conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire2.4 The Industrial Revolution2.4 The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain for the following reasons:huge marketcolo

35、nies in America and Indiacapitalenclosure movementlaborA series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning JennyWater frameSpinning mule Power loomSteam engineSpinning JennyPower loom2.4 The Industrial RevolutionMeans of Transportationcana

36、ls were dug to ship goodsthe steam locomotive was invented in 1814the first railway was completed in 1825large merchant fleetSteam EngineMerchant Fleet2.4 The Industrial RevolutionBy the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain.The influence: Britain changed in m

37、any waysdramatically increased industrial productivitythe process of urbanizationchanges in the social class structurethe conflict between the capitalists and the proletariansthe most important political issue2.4 The Industrial RevolutionThe Rise and Fall of the British EmpireIII 3.1 The Formation o

38、f the British Empire 3.2 Britain in the World Wars 3.3 The Fall of the Empire First British Empire: 19th CenturyIt included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies.Second British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th CenturyQueen V

39、ictorias foreign policyNew ImperialismIt included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and Canadadominions Victoria“Empress of India”In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War against China In Africa, controlled Suez Canal and conquered EgyptUnion of South Africathe 4th dominio

40、n3.1 The Formation of the British Empire 3.1 The Formation of the British EmpireQueen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria, 1819-1901) Ruled from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in the Britain history (the Victorian Age)the Victorian Age: featured by tremendous achievements in almost every aspectHer forei

41、gn policyNew Imperialism, leads to the great expansion of the British Empire.On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. It controlled about a quarter of the worlds landmass.The British boasted that they had “an empire on which the sun never set”.3.1 T

42、he Formation of the British Empire3.2 Britain in the World Wars 3.2.1 World War IBy the beginning of the 20th century, Britains dominance was challenged by other European nations and the US.Two camps in Europe:Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, It

43、aly and US The immediate causeassassination in Sarajevo Most countries support the Allies Powers and Allies Powers won.The cost of the war for Britain was great: drained of its manpowerlost the sea supremacya huge national debt3.2.1 World War IGermanylaunching a plan to conquer EuropeBritainappeasem

44、ent declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939 alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945great costlost its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States3.2.2 World War II Winston Churchill (Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, 1874

45、-1965)British statesman, orator, and author. famous for his speechesThe famous line “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat” comes from his first speech as Prime Minister.As the Prime Minister (1940-45, 1951-55), he rallied the British people during World War II and led Britain fr

46、om the brink of defeat to victory.3.2.2 World War IIWinston ChurchillIndependence movementIndia, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt British Commonwealth of Nations (a loosely organized community of former British colonies)3.3 The Fall of the EmpireIV 4.1 “Three Majestic Circles” 4.2 “Special Relation

47、ship” with the US Britain since World War IIOne of the Big Three after WWIIForeign Policy: Three Majestic Circles less involvement in the Commonwealth circle close cooperation with the United States an isolationist policy towards Europe4.1. “Three Majestic Circles” NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organi

48、zation)Military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) on April 4, 1949 During the Cold WarNATOs primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies military response to a possible invasion by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (華約).

49、In the post-Cold War erato foster dialog and cooperation with former adversaries in the Warsaw Pact and to “manage” conflicts in EuropeBritain joined the NATO in 1949.4.1. “Three Majestic Circles” Margaret ThatcherReestablished “special relationship” with the United Statesagainst European integratio

50、n Tony Blairmore positive towards Europe (but refused to join the Euro)further strengthened the close relationship with the United States4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Cartoon: The Special Relationship between Britannia & Uncle Sam Margaret Thatcher (瑪格麗特希爾達撒切爾, 1925-2013)Britains first fema

51、le prime minister who served three consecutive terms in office (1979-1990).the Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style.She accelerated the evolution of the British economy from statism (國家主義) to liberalism.4.2 “Special Relationship” with the

52、 US Margaret ThatcherMargaret Thatcher (瑪格麗特希爾達撒切爾, 1925-2013)Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasized deregulation (放松管制), flexible labor markets, the privatization of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions.Died of a stroke on April 8, 2013, at

53、the age of 87.Margaret Thatcher4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Tony Blair (Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, 1953- )Served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997-2007.Pursued a more positive policy toward Europe yet refuse to adopt the euro in 1999.Strengthened the close relationsh

54、ip with the United States and joined the U.S. in many military actions, such as the “Operation Desert Storm” in 1991.4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Tony Blair50 Things You Need to Know About British History50 Things You Need to Know About British History In date order： Stonehenge 3100 BCRoman Invasion and Civilisation 43 A