國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教學(xué)課件：ch04 Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of Trade

1、International EconomicsTenth EditionDemand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of TradeDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER F O U R4In this chapter:Introduction 引言The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price wit

2、h Trade-Partial Equilibrium Analysis 貿(mào)易均衡相對(duì)商品價(jià)格的局部均衡分析Offer Curves 提供曲線 Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.IntroductionThe Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade-General Equilibrium Analysis 均衡相對(duì)商品價(jià)格與貿(mào)易的一般均衡分析Relationship between General and Partial

3、 Equilibrium Analysis 局部均衡與一般均衡分析的關(guān)系Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.IntroductionRelative commodity price differences between two nations in isolation reflect comparative advantage, and forms basis for mutually beneficial trade.孤立條件下，兩國(guó)相對(duì)商品價(jià)格的差異反映了兩國(guó)之間的比較優(yōu)

4、勢(shì),并形成互利貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Can use partial and general equilibrium analysis to determine equilibrium-relative commodity price at which trade will take place.可以使用局部和一般均衡分析來(lái)確定相對(duì)均衡商品價(jià)格發(fā)生的貿(mào)易條件嗎？Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition

5、 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade-Partial Equilibrium AnalysisSee Figure 4-1 (next slide):At a relative price greater than P1, Nation 1s excess supply of X (Panel A) gives rise to Nation 1s international supply curve of X (S in Panel B).當(dāng)PX/PY大于P1的時(shí)候，國(guó)家

6、1對(duì)商品X的額外供給形成了國(guó)家1出口商品X的供給曲線。At a relative price lower than P3, Nation 2s excess demand for X (Panel C) gives rise to Nation 2s demand for imports of X (D in Panel B).當(dāng)PX/PY小于P3的時(shí)候，國(guó)家2對(duì)商品X的額外需求形成了國(guó)家2進(jìn)口商品X的需求曲線。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Only at P2 (Pan

7、el B) does quantity of imports demanded equal quantity of exports supplied.只有P2點(diǎn)，國(guó)家1想要出口的X的數(shù)量才等于國(guó)家2想 進(jìn)口的X的數(shù)量。Thus P2 is equilibrium-relative commodity price with trade. P2點(diǎn)是貿(mào)易中Px /Py的均衡點(diǎn)。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 4-1 The Equilibrium-Relative

8、Commodity Price with Trade with Partial Equilibrium Analysis.貿(mào)易均衡相對(duì)商品價(jià)格的局部均衡分析Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 4-2 Index of Relative U.S. Export Prices (1995 = 100).美國(guó)出口相對(duì)價(jià)格指數(shù)（1995年=100）Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wile

9、y & Sons, Inc.Offer CurvesOffer curves (sometimes called reciprocal demand curves) introduced to international economics by Marshall and Edgeworth.提供曲線（有時(shí)也稱為相互需求曲線）是由馬歇爾 和 埃奇沃思共同提出的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)概念。Shows how much of its import commodity a nation demands for it to be willing to supply various amounts of its e

10、xport commodity.提供曲線反映的是一國(guó)為了進(jìn)口其需要的某一數(shù)量的商品而愿意出口的商品數(shù)量。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Can be derived from production possibilities frontier, indifference map and various hypothetical relative commodity prices at which trade could take place.一國(guó)的提供曲線可以從它的生產(chǎn)可能

11、性曲線、無(wú)差異曲線圖和可能發(fā)生貿(mào)易的假設(shè)的相對(duì)商品價(jià)格中推導(dǎo)出來(lái)。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 4-3 Derivation of the Offer Curve of Nation 1.國(guó)家1供給曲線的推導(dǎo)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 4-4 Derivation of the Offer Curve of Nation

12、 2.國(guó)家2供給曲線的推導(dǎo)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade-General Equilibrium AnalysisEquilibrium-relative commodity price with trade found at intersection of offer curves for two nations. 兩國(guó)提供曲線的交點(diǎn)確定了貿(mào)易均衡相對(duì)商品價(jià)格。Only

13、 at this equilibrium price will trade be balanced。只有在均衡貿(mào)易價(jià)格水平上兩國(guó)貿(mào)易才能達(dá)到平衡。 Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.At any other relative commodity price, quantities of imports do not equal quantities of exports, placing pressure on relative commodity price to move

14、 toward equilibrium.在此外的任一價(jià)格水平，對(duì)兩種商品的進(jìn)口與出口意愿都不會(huì)相等。這將給相對(duì)商品價(jià)格施加一個(gè)向外均衡水平移動(dòng)的壓力。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 4-5 Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade.貿(mào)易均衡的相對(duì)商品價(jià)格Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.R

15、elationship between General and Partial Equilibrium AnalysesBoth partial equilibrium and general equilibrium analysis use production frontiers and indifference maps to find equilibrium trade price.局部均衡和一般均衡分析都使用生產(chǎn)可能性邊界和無(wú)差異曲線圖來(lái)確定貿(mào)易均衡價(jià)格。Only general equilibrium analysis considers all markets together,

16、 not just the market for commodity X.只有一般均衡分析考慮了包括X商品市場(chǎng)在內(nèi)的所有市場(chǎng)。 Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Changes in the market for X affect other markets, which possibly impact the market for X.商品X的市場(chǎng)中的變化會(huì)影響其它市場(chǎng)，而這些影響又可能會(huì)對(duì)商品X的市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生反作用。General equilibrium analysis i

17、s therefore required for more complete analysis.因此，為了獲得完整的分析結(jié)果，還需使用一般均衡分析。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 4-6 Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Partial Equilibrium Analysis.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley &

18、Sons, Inc.The Terms of TradeTerms of trade = the ratio of the price of a nations export commodity to the price of its import commodity.貿(mào)易條件是指一國(guó)出口商品價(jià)格與進(jìn)口商品價(jià)格 的比值。In a two-nation world, the terms of trade of Nation 1 are equal to the reciprocal of the terms of trade of Nation 2.在一個(gè)兩國(guó)世界中，一國(guó)的貿(mào)易條件等于另一國(guó)的貿(mào)

19、易條件的倒數(shù)。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.In a world of many traded goods, the terms of trade is the ratio of the export price index to the import price index, also called commodity or net barter terms of trade.在一個(gè)具有多種貿(mào)易商品（不止兩種）的世界中，貿(mào)易條 件定義為一國(guó)出口商品價(jià)格指數(shù)與該國(guó)進(jìn)口商品

20、價(jià)格指數(shù)的比值。If Nation 1 exports X and imports Y, its terms of trade are given by PX/PY, where P = price index.如果國(guó)家1出口X商品，進(jìn)口Y商品，因此國(guó)家1的貿(mào)易條件表示為PX/PY,這里PX為出口價(jià)格指數(shù)， PY為進(jìn)口價(jià)格指數(shù)。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Appendix to Chapter 4 Derivation of a Trade Indifference C

21、urve for Nation 1 推導(dǎo)國(guó)家1的貿(mào)易無(wú)差異曲線Derivation of Nation 1s Trade Indifference Map 推導(dǎo)國(guó)家1的貿(mào)易無(wú)差異圖Formal Derivation of Nation 1s Offer Curve 推導(dǎo)國(guó)家1的提供曲線Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Outline of the Formal Derivation of Nation 2s Offer Curve 簡(jiǎn)要介紹國(guó)家2的提供曲線的推導(dǎo)Meades

22、General Equilibrium Trade Model 米德的一般均衡貿(mào)易模型Stable and Unstable Equilibria 穩(wěn)定均衡和不穩(wěn)定均衡Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 4-7 Derivation of a Trade Indifference Curve for Nation 1.國(guó)家1的貿(mào)易無(wú)差異曲線的推導(dǎo)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wil