考研英語長(zhǎng)難句分析技巧PPT通用課件

1、考研英語長(zhǎng)難句分析技巧及實(shí)戰(zhàn) 從結(jié)構(gòu)來說，英語句子中，除了謂語之外，其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)。從句子本身是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。從功能來說，英語有三大復(fù)合句，即:名詞性從句，包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說的定語從句;狀語從句。由于非謂語動(dòng)詞和從句的這些特點(diǎn)，使英語句子從理論上講可以無限延長(zhǎng)。 長(zhǎng)難句的基本語法結(jié)構(gòu) 通常情況下，長(zhǎng)難句的基本語法結(jié)構(gòu)有形式主語或賓語、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、非限定性定語從句、同位語從句、倒裝、虛擬語氣、省略等。長(zhǎng)難句的基本特征1.從句又多又長(zhǎng)：一個(gè)主句帶多個(gè)從句，

2、從句中又含有從句 應(yīng)對(duì)方法：先抓主干，找出復(fù)雜句中最核心的主謂賓語，再層層擴(kuò)展2.句子中帶有長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的插入成分：用插入語來交代某句話是誰說的，或者是說話人的身份，或者是解釋說明前面的內(nèi)容 應(yīng)對(duì)方法：理解句子主干時(shí)，可以先不要理會(huì)插入語，先把主句的意思看完整，然后再看插入部分3.分詞狀語，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的干擾 應(yīng)對(duì)方法：主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是獨(dú)立的謂語部分，一個(gè)看似句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果沒有獨(dú)立的謂語部分，它就不是句子，而是分詞短語或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，可以跳過暫時(shí)不看4.通常是三種情況的混合 應(yīng)對(duì)方法：從前向后，抓住獨(dú)立的謂語部分，從而區(qū)分出主句和分詞狀語，再根據(jù)從句的連接詞，區(qū)分出主句和

3、從句，層層擴(kuò)展理解，插入語在哪個(gè)層次，就放在哪個(gè)層次中理解。分割結(jié)構(gòu) 分割結(jié)構(gòu)是一種修辭手段，在英語句子中，特別是在書面語中，比較常見。分割結(jié)構(gòu)就是指把英語句子中原來屬于一個(gè)整體的句子成分分割開，一部分留在句子的原來位置，另一部分遠(yuǎn)離原來位置。 例句分析：The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. 常見的分割結(jié)構(gòu)形式 常見的分割結(jié)構(gòu)形式有同位語或同位

4、語從句與先行詞的分割，定語或定語從句與先行詞的分割，主語與謂語的分割，謂語與賓語的分割，某些詞語與其所要求的介詞或不定式to分割等 。分割的兩個(gè)原則 英語的分隔應(yīng)遵循尾重原則（應(yīng)當(dāng)把長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末，從而使結(jié)構(gòu)平衡勻稱，以避免主語部分太長(zhǎng)，謂語部分太短）和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則（把新信息,即語義重點(diǎn)放在句子末尾）。閱讀時(shí)要注意把原來屬于一個(gè)整體的各部分找出來。 疑難長(zhǎng)句的理解 提高疑難長(zhǎng)句的理解能力不僅對(duì)應(yīng)試閱讀理解部分重要，而且對(duì)應(yīng)試翻譯和綜合填空部分同樣重要，因此在這方面也要花大力氣練習(xí)。理解疑難長(zhǎng)句，關(guān)鍵的問題是首先把握住句子的主干框架。只有這樣，才能把握住各句子成分之間的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系

5、，才可能抓住句子的核心意思。這時(shí)，即使有個(gè)別單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，也不會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響對(duì)整個(gè)句子的基本理解。其次，要達(dá)到對(duì)疑難長(zhǎng)句的正確理解，考生必須學(xué)會(huì)利用上下文提供的線索把握詞語的確切含義，具體地說，就是要學(xué)習(xí)利用某個(gè)句子的上一句和下一句提供的詞語上的線索，達(dá)到對(duì)這個(gè)句子更確切的理解。這也是我們不主張考生脫離文章的上下文、孤立地分析疑難長(zhǎng)句的原因。 英語長(zhǎng)句的分析方法：去枝葉，留主干。 1）劃出句子中的定語從句和狀語從句; 2）劃出所有介詞短語（位于be動(dòng)詞后的除外）3）名詞性從句看作一個(gè)整體,找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞4）非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個(gè)整體5）找出全句的主語、謂語

6、和賓語，即句子的主干6）分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語動(dòng)詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。 經(jīng)典例題（2001年考研完型填空第二段）In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given t

7、o a case before a trial begins.分析:第一，劃出定語從句和狀語從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二，劃出介詞短語：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:（1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語（L

8、ord Irvine含同位語the Lord Chancellor）+將來時(shí)謂語（will introduce）+賓語（a draft bill）；（2）that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一個(gè)謂語，making payments to witnesses illegal是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語做賓語，在動(dòng)名詞短語內(nèi)部，payments to witnesses做making的賓語，illegal是賓補(bǔ)；第二個(gè)謂語是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的賓語。that can be given

9、to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句（before a trial begins）的定語從句，修飾publicity。 1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是This

10、will be particularly true。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語從句中，that做主語，makes做謂語，it做形式賓語，不定式短語to combine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語（不定式短語內(nèi)部to combine是主干，few farmers是賓語，with high yields是狀語），possible做賓語補(bǔ)足語。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”;infa

11、shion譯為“用方法、方式”。譯文：這種困境將是確定無疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏，高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是we must be sure。sin

12、ce引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由介詞with+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句with which we are comparing our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。譯文：既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估相比較而言的，那么我

13、們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively whenand least ef

14、fectively when。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，每個(gè)并列分句中皆有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句中還有一個(gè)主語從句whatpredicted。the tests是主句的主語，work為動(dòng)詞做謂語。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞，不譯為“質(zhì)量”，而譯為“特征”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應(yīng)譯為主動(dòng)語態(tài)“界定”。譯文：一般來說，當(dāng)所需要測(cè)定的特征能被精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效;而當(dāng)所測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能被明確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試效果最差。4. For examp

15、le，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate，and thus do not tell how。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，第二個(gè)并列分句中由how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句是一個(gè)帶有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句，其中had he gro

16、wn up（=If he had grown up）是省略了連詞if的非真實(shí)條件句。主句主語的they，在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表語。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒有特權(quán)的”，而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。譯文：例如，測(cè)試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公;因此，它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。 5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals sho

17、uld be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that。冒號(hào)后的復(fù)合句是對(duì)冒號(hào)前部分作進(jìn)一步說明。復(fù)合句中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中有eitheror引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞be treated，其中第一個(gè)with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有一個(gè)省略了關(guān)

18、系代詞that或which的定語從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點(diǎn)，即如果對(duì)人權(quán)沒有達(dá)成一致看法，而談?wù)搫?dòng)物的權(quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語at the outset譯為“從一開始”。動(dòng)詞invites應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心”，consideration不應(yīng)譯為“考慮”。譯文：這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物:要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。 6. But even more impo

19、rtant，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that。但I(xiàn)t wasthat在本句中不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團(tuán)（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 bill

20、ion light-years from earth）;that引導(dǎo)的應(yīng)是一個(gè)定語從句，修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導(dǎo)的是表示原因的分句，分句中還有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾the patterns and structure。譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的有關(guān)過去的最為遙遠(yuǎn)的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless an

21、d hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that。it做形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的從句做真正的主語。主語從句中，又有一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural

22、workerswere forced，時(shí)間狀語從句中從句主語the new factories又帶有一個(gè)定語從句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做work的定語從句。spring up意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當(dāng)新辦的工廠紛紛建立，需要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力的時(shí)候，成千上萬無家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動(dòng)者攜家?guī)Э?，被迫進(jìn)入城市;他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不論什么條件，只要不被餓死就行。8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific inve

23、stigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是we have come to believe that。that引導(dǎo)的從句做believe的賓語從句;此從句中有一個(gè)that從句

24、作the sense的同位語從句;同位語從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句;此時(shí)間狀語從句又套嵌一個(gè)定語從句that endure，修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經(jīng)由，通過方法”;reward sb. with意為“以報(bào)答，酬勞”;endure此處應(yīng)譯為“持久，持續(xù)”,不要譯為“忍受，容忍”。譯文:由于兩三個(gè)世紀(jì)以來的科學(xué)研究成果，我們逐漸相信，如果運(yùn)用合適的觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法向大自然探究問題，她會(huì)真心實(shí)意地給我們答復(fù)，并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來報(bào)答我們。從這個(gè)意義上來說，大自然是可以認(rèn)識(shí)的。9. These new observational capabili

25、ties would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in

26、simply a mass of details。后面緊跟省略了if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句were it not for the fact that，即if it were not for the fact that;that從句作the fact的同位語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)定語從句，修飾其先行詞the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting為過去分詞短語修飾the kind of measurements。simply譯為“只不過，僅僅”，不應(yīng)譯為“簡(jiǎn)單地”。譯文：理論上的認(rèn)識(shí)已達(dá)到了這樣一個(gè)階段,即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測(cè)量方式才能可靠

27、地預(yù)報(bào)天氣。如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過提供了一大堆細(xì)節(jié)而已。10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one.結(jié)構(gòu)

28、分析:句子的框架是The storyhas many different versions。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes為名詞性從句做介詞of的賓語。namely that a solid body作the principle of Archimedes的同位語;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語的過去分詞短語，句子補(bǔ)充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修飾其主句a solid body loses a portion of

29、 its weight of the liquid;it displaces是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句修飾the liquid，it代指前面提到的the solid body;同時(shí)，of which the following is one又構(gòu)成先行詞versions的定語從句。displace意為“排（水）”;version不譯為“版本”，此處指“根據(jù)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的（對(duì)事件等的）說法，看法”;句尾的one代指a version。譯文:當(dāng)固體浸沒到液體中時(shí)，固體會(huì)失去它所排出的液體的那部分重量，這就是現(xiàn)在通常所謂的阿基米德原理。有關(guān)這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的故事說法眾多，下面的故事就是其中之一。11. A

30、narchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary. 無政府主義這個(gè)詞描述的是一堆理論和態(tài)度，它們的主要共同點(diǎn)在于相信政府是有害的，沒有必要的。12. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States th

31、an did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.恐怕沒有誰對(duì)大多數(shù)美國(guó)人的日常生活影響能超過汽車生產(chǎn)的先驅(qū)亨利.福特。13.The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.電腦儲(chǔ)存和由于電子微處理機(jī)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的電控運(yùn)用成倍的增加了現(xiàn)代打字機(jī)的功能。14. Television the most pe

32、rvasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is movingsintosa new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.電視，這項(xiàng)從迅速變化和成長(zhǎng)為標(biāo)志的最普及和最有影響力的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，正在步入一個(gè)新時(shí)代，一個(gè)極為成熟和多樣化的時(shí)代，這將重塑我們的生活和世界。15. If, on the ot

33、her hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.參考譯文另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給，而這也就會(huì)反過來降低價(jià)格并允許更多的消費(fèi)者購買產(chǎn)品。16. In t

34、he American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.參考譯文在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對(duì)生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán)，也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利，如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品

35、價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人個(gè)體(經(jīng)濟(jì)單位)自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。17. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.參考譯文同時(shí)這些計(jì)算機(jī)記錄下哪些時(shí)間是最忙的，哪

36、些員工工作效率最高，這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計(jì)算機(jī))也能為促銷活動(dòng)找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。18. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export atcompetitive prices.參考譯文它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價(jià)格被迅速分銷出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，同時(shí)也使以具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格提供出口變得可能。歷年考研英語真題翻譯長(zhǎng)難句薈萃 2009年：1. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience