韋曉亮Argu筆記（注釋）

1、 PAGE14 / NUMPAGES14 Argument完整版注：要把242個題目每一個題目都分析一遍以免耽誤考場時間（一）Argument的寫作特點和整體結(jié)構(gòu)給出一篇短文，30分鐘內(nèi)指出文章中主要的邏輯錯誤，并提出建議。外推類錯誤過去比較好的未必會延續(xù)到將來充分必要條件錯誤還有其他原因錯誤類比讓步式攻擊Argument 193：Survey 調(diào)查類錯誤；因果關(guān)系錯誤；錯誤類比第一段：開頭段主要是歸納論點，說明論點有問題，存在邏輯漏洞，準備發(fā)起進攻。第二段和第三段甚至第四段：正文段分類別去攻擊各個邏輯錯誤第五段：結(jié)尾段作者的結(jié)論似乎是合理的，但是通過論證，不是這樣的。因此作者在作出決定之前，

2、應(yīng)該還要考慮其他情況。（二）如何寫開頭段C-E-F結(jié)構(gòu)conclusion結(jié)論 evidence證據(jù) flaw缺陷模板 1 混合態(tài)度表達Merely based on (rely on/ depend on)unfounded assumption and dubious(suspicious)evidence,the statement(the article, the author, the arguer)draws a conclusion that.C(條理化最好)To substantiate(support/strengthen)the conclusion,the arguer

3、points out evidence that .a1. In addition,he indicates that .a2. Furthermore, he cites/ quotes the result of a recent survey in support of his remendation.(Furthermore, the author cites a3 as a typical example in support of his remendation.)E(讓步邏輯)At first sight/glance, this argument appears/seems t

4、o be somewhat convincing, but further reflection (考慮) reveals that it ignores/omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view,this argument suffers from (N) logical flaws.避免主觀陳述模板 2 In this argument, the author concludes that The author cite

5、s about 123In addition, he infers thatFurthermore, the arguer cites sb. sth. as a typical example. In support of However, this ,in favor of (先顛覆宏觀連接在弱化聯(lián)系) Making this argument sound and perfectC和E不要照抄，把原文進行概述、提煉等改寫C最重要argument和issue不一樣，argument要規(guī)X、規(guī)矩，而issue則要多樣。找準c,概述e（三）如何寫正文段一、合理安排邏輯錯誤的攻擊順序 a.按照邏輯

6、錯誤出現(xiàn)的順序進行順序式攻擊；(低級 ) b.按照邏輯錯誤的主次進行攻擊；如果文章的主要錯誤出現(xiàn)在調(diào)查，則先攻擊之。 c.按照邏輯體系進行讓步式攻擊（推薦這種，最合理）與出現(xiàn)順序無關(guān)不是每個題目都可以這樣的按錯誤的演繹關(guān)系，如：A = B = C，則先攻擊A，A不成立；即便A成立，攻擊B，B不成立；假設(shè)即使A和B都成立，攻擊C，C不成立。何況A、B都不成立。Argument 2：外推類錯誤 seven years ago;因果類錯誤 since then;錯誤類比注意：逐步讓步二、各段首句引言局1 這個文章存在的第一個關(guān)鍵性的問題是the major problem with the argu

7、ment is that2 另外一個弱化了原文邏輯的點在于another problem that weaken a logic of this argument is3 Before I e to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out the flaw involved in this argument. (暗示讀者是最后一個了，啟下)【具體沒有記，回頭再補充】3個比較好（四）如何寫結(jié)尾段(虛擬語氣) 2006ETS：結(jié)尾和開頭要有區(qū)別C-S結(jié)構(gòu) C：再次概括原文沒有自圓其說的conclusion。S：suggestion重要模板：To su

8、m up/ all in all,this arguer fails to substantiate the claim that_,because the evidences cited in the analysis do not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_(點到為止). Additionally, he would

9、 have to demonstrate that_. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above,it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable. (這里用虛擬語氣表示遺憾) （五）各個邏輯錯誤的攻擊方法和語言一、調(diào)查類邏輯錯誤（survey/study）題庫中重中之重很多標志詞見手寫版筆記。攻擊：樣本的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量；采樣過程是否科學(xué)合理(1) Procedure調(diào)查過程錯誤核心A.Selective sample (片面性

10、樣本)攻擊點：樣本選擇不隨機、不具代表性攻擊技巧：調(diào)查對象前一系列限定性定語或修飾詞B.Quantity of the sample攻擊點：樣本數(shù)量少，即便有典型性也不能說明問題模板：Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of _樣本集_and did so randomly across the entirespectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge/weigh/assess/value_調(diào)查目標_ generally/universally (評估什么的廣泛性、一般

11、性).The number of respondents/samples,in itself, does not ensure/guarantee/warrant representativeness(代表性).For example, if the sample included only_(某一方面),then the results would no doubt suggest(此處不表示建議，因此不用虛擬語氣，表示暗示)_.Or if grosses are considerable (可觀的),_(1500,1200) would account for only a little

12、percentage,which would render/lead to (導(dǎo)致) the results of the survey meaningless.正反邏輯：正邏輯：順著原文的條件，得出原文的結(jié)論。例如：如果這個樣本只包含了參加這個課程有效果的那部分學(xué)生，毫無疑問會得到這個課程有效的結(jié)果。反邏輯：與原文相反的條件，得到相反的結(jié)論。例如：如果這個樣本只包含了參加這個課程無效的那部分學(xué)生，很有可能結(jié)果就暗示了該課程的無效性。C.回應(yīng)者是否說了真話是個小錯誤，可以不攻擊，即便要攻擊，用一句話合并在QQ里面就可以。一般由于是否匿名、某、利益。We are not informed whe

13、ther the survey response anonymous and confidential, if they were not _.Argument 115D暗含性假設(shè)（我看還是不要攻擊了）【3/113】Argument 115如：是滿意還是非常不滿意？也是一句話概括：We are not informed whether the survey required therespondents to choosetheir proneness between alternative, if indeed, then the result might have distort the

14、genuine想法 of the respondent who might actually prefer A to B or C.(2)Result of the survey調(diào)查結(jié)果類錯誤（一句話）A. Do the statistics make any meaningfulness 數(shù)據(jù)是否有意義數(shù)據(jù)無意義指的是數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論不相關(guān)。The statistic should be relating to the conclusion.Argument 14B.Are the statistics misleadingly vague數(shù)據(jù)是否含糊標志詞：all， many， a number

15、 of， most 絕對化數(shù)量percentage proportion 相對比值注：絕對和相對缺一即要攻擊，題庫中沒有任何一個題兩個都有，所以肯定缺一。1）攻擊“無相對比值”The argument tells us that many(a number of)_.However, the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of_, so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.2)攻擊“無絕對數(shù)值”The author fails to provide information regar

16、ding the absolute number of _.Argument 102C.Respondents（這個詞只要出現(xiàn)肯定回應(yīng)者錯誤）回應(yīng)者錯誤（小錯誤）Argument 11The respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall_.(3)Who conducted the survey調(diào)查者錯誤誰做了這個調(diào)查標志詞：主觀代詞cross-bencher 中立機構(gòu)Nnonaligned中立的AThe surveyor must be cross-benche

17、r/nonaligned.Argument 179(4)When was the survey conducted?調(diào)查時間錯誤在時間軸上，做調(diào)查的時間和通過調(diào)查得出結(jié)論的時間在時間上要足夠的近。A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted.When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be

18、 close enough in time to the generalization(得出結(jié)論這個概括性行為). All we know in the editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey itself is, the less reliable the results are to indicate _current interest levels.Argument 36 (難題)調(diào)查類錯誤的寫作詞匯：名詞：survey, questionnaire, statisti

19、cal study (統(tǒng)計研究), sample, specimen (樣本的最文本化表述), sampling (采樣的動作), quantity, quality, statistic (統(tǒng)計量), poll, absolute value, valid, validity, statistical validity, range (X圍), spectrum, scope動詞：select, choose, sample, investigate, examine, indicate, prise ( vt. 直接加成分，用于表示樣本有什么構(gòu)成)形容詞vs.副詞：valid, authe

20、ntic (可信的), random, quantitative, statistical, typical, representative, characteristic, far-ranging (廣泛的), prehensive (綜合的), expansive (廣泛的，易擴X的), generally, universally二、充分必要條件類錯誤（Sufficient Evidence and Necessary Condition）（1）Sufficient Evidence充分條件標志詞：once攻擊點：A不充分導(dǎo)致B，B的發(fā)生還依賴于其他原因（C,D,E.）；Argument

21、 170模板：a.The argument assumes too hastily that _ will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Perhaps, _ . Moreover, _.b.The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B.（2）Necessary Condition 必要條件作者在原文中一般會指出：A的發(fā)生是唯一導(dǎo)致B發(fā)生的必要條件；攻擊：沒A的發(fā)生，如果有C D E. 任何一個到兩個因素的發(fā)生也可以導(dǎo)致B的發(fā)

22、生標志詞：only, extreme.Argument 195（較難）數(shù)據(jù)含糊 only.模板：The editors remendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than big cityA caused financial troubleB. However, mon sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including prise_ , might just as likely be th

23、e cause of B. To be specific, _. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by small city。_ can _解決financial trouble.充分必要條件的寫作詞匯歸納：名詞：condition、requirement、necessary、sufficient condition、sufficiency（充分性）、oute、aftermath（結(jié)果、余波）動詞：constitute、est

24、ablish、suffice、result（ing）、induce、render、exclude、rule of形容詞、副詞：sufficient、necessary、（必然的、必要的）、necessarily、required三、因果關(guān)系（Cause and Effect Fallacies）因果類錯誤的攻擊原理：原文說A是B的原因，指出A不是原因，原因是C或者D，和充分必要條件是一樣的，不同在于語言的操作。無因果類錯誤（Non sequitur）原文的“因”和“果”之間并不存在因果關(guān)系。標志詞：so，cause，reason，since，link（關(guān)聯(lián)），population（關(guān)聯(lián)、關(guān)系）

25、，connection，therefore，and（并列句能傳達因果關(guān)系）Argument 212：Argument 142：注：a、要讀就讀名校，自身素養(yǎng)會提高，校友自愿會非常豐富。如果做research，越早去越好。我們國家不提原創(chuàng)性東西，都是看人家的論文做算法的改進，做仿真。b、每晚和杯紅葡萄酒、可以安睡。A版本：The arguer fails to establish the causalrelationship between the fact that _（“果”）and the claim that _（“因”）. This argument is unacceptable u

26、nless there is pelling（相當(dāng)于persuasive） evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, _ results from _（隨便幾個原因列進去就可以了）.B版本：The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between A and B. It is highly possible that other factors contribute to B（歸因于也可以用attribut

27、e B to A）. B might have resulted from C. It is also likely that D caused B. Lacking evidence that links A to B, it is presumptuous（武斷的、莽撞的） to suggest that A was responsible for B.2、時序因果關(guān)系類錯誤（Post hoc, ergo proper hoc）錯誤原理：原文構(gòu)建了兩個錯誤，A發(fā)生在B之前，B發(fā)生在A之后，然后說由于A發(fā)生在B之前A就是B的原因。攻擊方式：說兩個時間的時序關(guān)系不能反應(yīng)其邏輯關(guān)系標志詞：bec

28、ause，after this，since then，therefore，consequence（因此）、consequentlyArgument 2Argument 102構(gòu)造一個段落：Based on the fact that A occurred after B, the editor infers that B should be responsible for A. However, the sequence of these events, in itself（在他本身來說）, does not suffice to prove that earlier incident（eve

29、nt） caused the later one. It might have resulted from some other events instead: （這里列舉原因） to just a few possibilities（等等以上這些原因）. Without ruling out scenarios（場景） such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect（專門指代因果關(guān)系） relationship between A and B upon which the editors remendation de

30、pends.該段落focus on了兩個詞：sequence、logic注：推薦電影：幸福終點站（湯姆漢克斯）、蝴蝶效應(yīng)、電子情書、綠色奇跡、小道驚魂、The May（很多人嚇出了毛病）VOICE001-105分鐘之前求求你表揚我、再說一次我愛你（X德華）、童夢奇緣（X德華，看完了很舒服）、神探（英文名為瘋狂的神探）推薦書籍和雜志：科學(xué)美國人、TTC（36g的音頻文件，還有PCF，先下相關(guān)專業(yè)，適合練聽力）、設(shè)置首頁為USNews（沒記全）3、同時因果錯誤（Concurrence）錯誤原理：在時間軸上的某一個段內(nèi)或某一個時刻上，AB兩個事件同時發(fā)生，但作者在兩事件中強行加入了邏輯聯(lián)系或因果聯(lián)系

31、。標志詞：meanwhile、also、with、during、under、over（在期間）、parallelArgument 153Argument 85（有兩層同時因果錯誤）A版本：The argument observes a correlation between A and B, and then concludes that the former is the cause of the later. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for A or B. For example

32、, 其他可能原因. Any of these factors might lead to B. Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.B版本：（首句指出邏輯錯誤的名稱ETS認為是廢話，不提倡）The author mits a fallacy of concurrence（同時性的）、in assuming that4、混淆因果錯誤（Confuse the cause and effect）高檔邏輯錯誤，但是沒有在242個題里出現(xiàn)。錯誤原理：原文說A導(dǎo)致

33、了B的發(fā)生（嵌套這一上三種因果關(guān)系），但實際更多可能是B導(dǎo)致了A的發(fā)生。攻擊方法：首先攻擊兩者之間可能不存在因果關(guān)系；進而讓步，即便真的存在因果關(guān)系，但似乎我們通過常理可以看出，更多的可能性是由于B的發(fā)生導(dǎo)致A的發(fā)生。模板：It is possible that the mayor has confused cause with effect respecting the recent developments in Ocean View. Perhaps A was a response（反應(yīng)） to B. Since the mayor has failed to account for

34、this possibility, the claim that is pletely unwarranted.5、攻擊“忽略他因”也是用于替換，主義語言的多樣化，見講義P4。模板：The arguer fails to account for other possible cause of 果. 果 might have been due to 其他原因. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for 果. The arguer cannot reasonably infer based on those tr

35、ends that 因.因果關(guān)系的寫作詞匯歸納：名詞：relation、causality（因果關(guān)系文本化表達）、relevance、conjunction、connection、nexus（legal nexus）、association、linkage注：金融和法律以及保?。ㄌ貏e是性保?。┟總€人都要學(xué)動詞：associate、link、connect、relate to、ignore、overlook、neglect、lose sight of形容詞和副詞：relational、relevant、related、carcal、sequent（次序的）、traceable（追溯到的）四、X圍

36、變化類錯誤（Changing Scope Fallacies）1、偷換概念（Different concepts）2、由個體推整體（What is true for a member is also true for the group）3、整體推個體（Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each group member）其中第二個和第三個比較常見，但是第一個也有二三十道題。往往和調(diào)查類錯誤嵌套在一起。X圍變化類錯誤的表征現(xiàn)象：a 題干的引言單據(jù)和正文總體出現(xiàn)了一個大的縱向的錯誤b 正文內(nèi)部論據(jù)和結(jié)論之間發(fā)生X圍的變換或者縮小標

37、志詞：throughout（the country）、nationwide、statewide（都表示州而不表示全國）、 overall、across、average偷換概念（Different concepts）Argument 167：攻擊方法：作者沒有對說明的東西給出嚴格的定義以至于他混淆了這個概念。模板：A threshold problem involves the definition of A. The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as B, then how C, is irrelevan

38、t to whether 結(jié)論. In short, without a clear definition of A,it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.注：提神可以早起用鼻子輕輕吸點涼水。每天中午閉眼（眼睛最累的時候）左轉(zhuǎn)三圈右轉(zhuǎn)三圈。頸椎問題：每天在晚上或者中午的時候點一個米二三十下。由個體推整體（What is true for a member is also true for the group）Argument 8：以彼之道還彼之身（又故意設(shè)置的話，一定要找出來，不然會扣分。題庫中這樣的題有二三十道題）模板

39、：The argument resets on the assumption that 個體案例 typify nationwide 整體情況. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一個地方，上述個案的結(jié)果不會發(fā)生相同的情況.Thus, lacking more marketing information about _ nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memos remendation.Argument 206：重要A模板：One

40、 problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide(characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about _ applies equally to 個體成員, yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps _; or perhaps _. Without ruling out such possibilit

41、ies, the author cannot justifiably conclude that _.B模板：（單句可以靈活使用當(dāng)不是主要邏輯錯誤是，用一句話合并到主要邏輯錯誤當(dāng)中去，有主有次）The overall trend in the nation may not reply the basic the conditions of this specific area.講一個特例平均值類錯誤（Average）錯誤原理：平均值不能概括整體信息，或者平均值的采樣根本不包含該個體。Argument 240：注:博客里有出國的時間表。八月份要在網(wǎng)上預(yù)約房租，要和美國人住在一起。整體推個體（As

42、suming that characteristics of a group apply to each group member）寫作詞匯：名詞：scope、localization（本土化、地方化）、diversity（多樣性）、variety（變化性）、individual、unit（整體）、whole（抽象的整體概念）動詞：extend（延伸）、expand（放大）、broaden、enlarge、spread、shrink、distinguish、discriminate（也有歧視的意思）形容詞和副詞：overall、generally、extensive、entire、divers

43、、dissimilar、multiplex（最文本化的表達：多元的）五、考慮問題不全面（Inplete Thought）1、沒有考慮一個事物的正反兩面性（Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly）e. g. 說一個事物具有兩面性：sth 中當(dāng)了 double-edged sword錯誤原理：因為有好處就該做，或反之攻擊：有好處也可能帶來弊端，弊端可能大于好處，或反之Argument 2062、沒有考慮結(jié)論的可行性（Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion

44、）1和2都不是重要錯誤，用單句（即標題）就可以。但是其子類非常重要Profit問題。注：PS中用別人的嘴說出我的優(yōu)點，注重團隊精神。Profit問題：大錯誤！要一個段落。利潤 = 收入成本（也相當(dāng)于偷換概念）攻擊：利潤不僅和收入有關(guān)而且和成本有關(guān)，成本大于利潤會赤字。也有可能是反著說，不過題庫里沒有。關(guān)鍵詞：就是利潤和成本和收入。Argument 170：Argument 180：模板：（第一句概括原文信息，指出在哪里犯了錯誤）The authors conclusion that _ is unwarranted. Profit is a factor relating to not onl

45、y revenue,but also costs. Its entirely possible that the costs of A,or other costs associated with BC, will offset（抵消）, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other unpredictable occurrence, such as unfavorable economic depression, might prevent _ from being as profitable in the foreseeable

46、 future as the argument predicts.美國有一段時間出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟的大蕭條（a great depression），它來自于股市（stock market）的大崩盤（great crash）寫作詞匯歸納：名詞：disadvantage、drawback、demerit、advantage、merit、worthiness、pros and cons（正反兩面性）、revenue、ine（ine gap收入差距）、proceeds、margin、gain（受益）、cost、feasibility（可行性）動詞：consider、balance、weigh、pare形容詞和副

47、詞：allround、allsided、onesided（片面的， love：單相思）、unilateral（片面的、單一的）注：1、認認真真的愛上一個人，被這個人愛上。2、認認真真的做一件事。人這輩子要是不變態(tài)幾次，辦不成大事。夢想的是個矢量。六、外推類錯誤（All things remain unchanged over time）1、過去的情況不能推得現(xiàn)在的情況和未來的情況（Past conditions remain unchanged in the present and future）攻擊：用自己的話表述任何事物在過長的時間軸上都無法保持不變。時間軸上曾經(jīng)一個好的趨勢，但現(xiàn)在未必仍

48、然很好，將來也未必可以保證；因為很多背景信息會發(fā)生劇烈變化，人們無法預(yù)見的變化。注：珍惜你現(xiàn)在擁有的，穩(wěn)步成長，不要急于求成。標志詞：具體時間（seven years ago，last year）、trend、tendency（趨勢）、continue、remain、stayArgument 2：先攻擊時序因果錯誤，再攻擊外推類錯誤模板：The author claims that 改寫原文信息. The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at d

49、ifferent time. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A（現(xiàn)在） and B（將來）.For example, A;however,B .Any of these scenarios,if true, would serve（表示充當(dāng)什么的作用的意思） to undermine（顛覆） the claim that 原文的聲稱.

50、 2、現(xiàn)在的情況不能推出未來的情況（Present Conditions will remain unchanged into future）Argument 240：攻擊：寫作詞匯：名詞：trend、tendency、direction、fixedness（文本化：不變性）、diversity（多樣性）動詞：forecast、anticipate、expect、continue（延續(xù)）、remain、alter（只細微變化，而change往往指的是大的變化）、inflect（文本化：改變、變化）、shift（轉(zhuǎn)移、變化）、transfer（改變、轉(zhuǎn)移）形容詞和副詞：bypast、forepa

51、st（過去的）、current、present、intending（將來的）、continued（延續(xù)的）、changeless（不變的）、unaltered（不變的）、variable注：很多時候?qū)懖幌氯ナ嵌略谠~上七、論據(jù)含糊（Vague evidence）（一類中最小的邏輯錯誤）它的出現(xiàn)標志著讓步式攻擊在False analogy 錯誤中的出現(xiàn)主觀詞匯類錯誤錯誤原理：主觀性表達所引起的詞匯類錯誤，例如promise、guess等。因為結(jié)論要給予事實和例舉。Argument 225：寫作詞匯歸納：vague、invalid（無效的、含糊的）、void（無效的）、illdefined（含糊的）

52、、indistinct、unclear注意：儲備功能段落而不是背X文。2、關(guān)聯(lián)型FA（False Analogy）標志詞：follow。錯誤的機理：作者所A做了某件事，那么B也應(yīng)該效仿之。但作者沒有提到該事件給A帶來的益處。攻擊：先攻擊關(guān)聯(lián)型FA的模糊論據(jù)，再攻擊FA。首先，作者的論據(jù)是invalid，沒有指出A通過取得了收益上的增加，即便如此，同樣的做法也未必適用于B。Argument 43：八、橫比與縱比（Analogy and parison）（重中之重）所謂縱比：是自己和自己在時間軸上比1 錯誤類比（False analogy）錯誤原因：一個東西在一個地方取得成功，同樣做法在另外一個地

53、放未必取得成功。并指出兩個事物存在深層次的差異和不可比性。攻擊方法：首先指出兩個地區(qū)/國家/人/行業(yè)之間的錯誤類比;列舉兩者之間的種種差異;未能排除這些可能的差異的情況下,不能夠?qū)С鼋Y(jié)論.標志詞:similar、same、nearby、neighboring標志現(xiàn)象：兩個行業(yè)或公司的名車個、兩個城市/國家/州就存在地理位置之間的類比關(guān)系錯誤類比的表征現(xiàn)象：引言句（引言句出現(xiàn)的名字而正文未顯現(xiàn)）兩種錯誤上面有提到。Argument 204：寫作詞匯歸納：名詞：analogy、parison、similarity、parability（可比性）、parallelism（相似性、可比性）動詞：res

54、emble（類似于，相似）、differ（區(qū)分）、vary（變化）、distinguish（區(qū)分）、discriminate、secern（區(qū)別，最書面化的用語）形容詞副詞：analogically（類比地、類似地）、homologous（類似的）、distinct、dissimilar、disparate（迥然不同different的文本化表達）注： HYPERLINK mailto:xiaobao_gre_901163. xiaobao_gre_901163.，密碼為1234567890gre。筆考02到07的真題資料（包括答案），也可以買白皮書;Issue寫作資料三X圖（諾貝爾文學(xué)、經(jīng)濟

55、學(xué)等）足夠cover住issue的所有論據(jù)素材；數(shù)學(xué)總結(jié)；形近詞的總結(jié)；難句。選擇性不完整比較（Inplete or selective parison）錯誤原因：原文說A做了一件事，因此B也應(yīng)該follow之攻擊：說A和B不能類比Argument 233：模板：The arguers remendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that _ in both A and B are similar. Howeve

56、r, it is entirely possible that A and B 存在的不同（列舉一兩條）. In short, without accounting for（落下一個詞，沒聽清）possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove B will reap the similar benefits（這里用復(fù)數(shù)對嘛）. 題庫226（兩個行業(yè)間的差異）To strengthen the argument, instead of relying on a dubious analogy betw

57、een A and B, the arguer should supply evidence, perhaps by way of a survey or a marketing program at A,to prove that (the proposed method will indeed help A)/A will indeed reap the similar benefits from the method.（3）parison and Variation 橫比和縱比錯誤類比：空間上的錯誤類比橫比外推類錯誤：時間上的錯誤類比縱比（這部分沒有聽到）九、非此即彼類錯誤（False dilemma）！是個小錯誤（因為出現(xiàn)數(shù)量不多），但是是最難攻擊的因為有的可以用原理一攻擊，有的可以用原理二，有的既可以用一又可以用二原理一：作者往往會對一個現(xiàn)象列